Developmental Psychology PowerPoint PDF

Developmental Psychology fchs.ac.a Session outline Introduce developmental psychology and the scope and practices of this area Describe some of the major changes in physical development over the lifespan fchs.ac.a Developmental psychol...

Developmental Psychology fchs.ac.a Session outline Introduce developmental psychology and the scope and practices of this area Describe some of the major changes in physical development over the lifespan fchs.ac.a Developmental psychology Developmental psychology focuses on human development It is important to note that while some of the theories covered in the next two lectures are ‘child centric’, adulthood and older age is also a focus on developmental psychologists. fchs.ac.a Developmental psychology There are three central issues in developmental psychology. 1. Nature versus nurture? 2. Critical periods of development? 3. Stages or continuous development? fchs.ac.a Prenatal development Prenatal period extends from conception to birth, usually a 40 week period Understanding the different stages of prenatal development is important to healthcare workers because at different stages the developing foetus is susceptible to different dangers. Teratogens are environmental agents that harm the embryo (early stages) or foetus (after third month from conception) fchs.ac.a Teratogens Include drugs, radiation, viruses that cause maternal illness such as rubella (German measles) and toxic chemicals. Other substances like cigarette smoke have been linked to a number of harmful outcomes including low birth weight, respiratory problems and irritability. fchs.ac.a  Teratogens Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a collection of congenital (prenatal) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j437LK wBEzE fchs.ac.a fchs.ac.a fchs.ac.a  Infancy Infancy is a rapid period of physical growth and development At birth, many infants possess adaptive reflexes such as the sucking reflex (aids feeding). In general, motor skills progress from head to toe fchs.ac.a Age Motor development milestones 2 months Lifts chin 5 months Sits unsupported 6 months Stands with support 9 months Crawls/Walks with support 11 months Stands unsupported 12 months Walks unsupported fchs.ac.a fchs.ac.a Toddlers Toddlers have unusual body characteristics in that they have large heads and disproportionately smaller bodies. As such, their center of gravity is higher (sometimes causing them to topple over!) fchs.ac.a Toddlers gross motor activities 2.5-3.5 years Walks competently; runs in straight line; jumps in the air with both feet 3.5-4.5 years Walking stride 80% of adult; runs at one third adult speed; throws and catches large ball, but stiff- armed 4.5-5.5 years Balances on one foot; runs reasonable distances without falling; can swim for short distances Hoffnung, et al. (2010), p 195 fchs.ac.a Toddlers fine motor development 2.5-3.5 years Copies a circle; can eat using utensils; stacks a few small blocks 3.5-4.5 years Copes with large buttons; copies simple shapes; makes simple representational drawings 4.5-5.5 years Uses scissors; draws people; copies simple letters and numbers; builds complex structures with blocks Hoffnung, et al. (2010), p 195 fchs.ac.a Toddlers self care skills Huge increase in independence between 2 and 4 years Areas include: Self feeding Dressing Toileting Instrumental ADL skills Setting the table Picking up toys Washing vegetables Helping mum fchs.ac.a Case study You are a presented with a three year old child who has recently toppled into a pool. His parents had directed him not to go near the edge but he proceeded regardless. What factors appear to have contributed to his fall. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBW5v dhr_PA fchs.ac.a School aged child Growth slows during this period Body characteristics ‘even out’ as body grows and center of gravity drops Gross motor skills improve to include more refined skills like running, jumping, etc Hand-eye coordination develops as does manual dexterity fchs.ac.a School aged child fchs.ac.a Adolescence Onset of puberty typically at this time Internal organs increase in size Number of red blood corpuscles increases in boys. This difference contributes to the athletic differences between the genders, due to boys greater capacity to carry O2. fchs.ac.a Adolescence What types of risk taking are typical of teenagers? fchs.ac.a Adulthood In our 20s our body systems are in peak performance. This includes cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous and sensory. After that, its all down hill! Physical changes slow down or stop (except in pregnancy) fchs.ac.a Adulthood Fatty tissue increases and most will experience weight gain Muscle strength increases until it peaks in early 30’s, then declines Collagen in skin decreases by 1% per year from age 20 and hair thins and greys from around 30 yrs Spaces between vertebrae settle with a loss in height Reaction times level off and stabilize fchs.ac.a Older age Some of the most apparent changes of aging are in physical appearance, notably greying hair, wrinkled skin, etc. Sensory changes fchs.ac.a Older age Number of neurons decrease Brain mass 7% less at 80 years of age compared to younger adulthood Reduction in nerve conduction velocity results in slowing of reflexes and motor/sensory function fchs.ac.a Discussion Consider the impact that physical changes in older age may have on emotional and social development. fchs.ac.a  Case study of non-normative aging process video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8D4S3pDjPiU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzBs2Tn655k fchs.ac.a Discussion 15 minutes Please discuss in peers the development stages (childhood, adolescence, adult and old age) in terms of physical, cognitive and thinking, Social and emotional. We’ll have general discussion once you finish, fchs.ac.a Summary fchs.ac.a Images Older woman: http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2012/04/03/ Prenatal development: http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGDlab11cc.htm Child growth: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/ Soccer: http://kj33sblog.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/physical-and-social-deve lopment-of-school-age-children/ Guitar: http://www.123rf.com/photo_8897185_school-aged-girl-with-classic- guitar-on-black-background.html Development: http://www.yalemedicalgroup.org/stw/Page.asp?PageID=STW02384 0 fchs.ac.a FAS: http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page5a.htm References Berk, L.E. (1997). Child development (4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon: Sydney. Burton, L. Westen, D. & Kowalski, R. (2009). Psychology, Australian and New Zealand Edition (2nd ed.). Milton, Qld: John Wiley and Sons. Hoffnung, et al. (2010). Lifespan development (1st ed.). Milton, Qld: John Wiley and Sons. fchs.ac.a References Passer, M.W. & Smith, R.E. (2009). Psychology: the science of mind and behavior (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Weiten, W. (2011). Psychology: themes and variations (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Westen, D. Burton, L. & Kowalski, R. (2010). Psychology: Australia and New Zealand Edition (2nd ed.). Sydney: John Wiley & Sons. fchs.ac.a