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Questions and Answers
What is the first motor skill that typically develops in infants?
What is the first motor skill that typically develops in infants?
At what age do toddlers typically start to walk unsupported?
At what age do toddlers typically start to walk unsupported?
Which activity is associated with toddlers aged 4.5-5.5 years in terms of gross motor skills?
Which activity is associated with toddlers aged 4.5-5.5 years in terms of gross motor skills?
What fine motor skill do toddlers typically master between ages 3.5-4.5 years?
What fine motor skill do toddlers typically master between ages 3.5-4.5 years?
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Why do toddlers often topple over while running or walking?
Why do toddlers often topple over while running or walking?
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At what age do toddlers begin to use scissors as part of their fine motor skills?
At what age do toddlers begin to use scissors as part of their fine motor skills?
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What does the motor development milestone of standing unsupported typically occur?
What does the motor development milestone of standing unsupported typically occur?
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Which gross motor skill is expected of a toddler aged 3.5-4.5 years?
Which gross motor skill is expected of a toddler aged 3.5-4.5 years?
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What area of self-care skills sees a significant increase in independence between the ages of 2 and 4?
What area of self-care skills sees a significant increase in independence between the ages of 2 and 4?
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What physical characteristic changes in school-aged children as they grow?
What physical characteristic changes in school-aged children as they grow?
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What is a typical outcome of puberty during adolescence?
What is a typical outcome of puberty during adolescence?
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What occurs to the body's physical systems in adulthood, particularly in the 20s?
What occurs to the body's physical systems in adulthood, particularly in the 20s?
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By what percentage does collagen in the skin decrease annually from the age of 20?
By what percentage does collagen in the skin decrease annually from the age of 20?
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What physical change is typically seen in individuals as they reach older age?
What physical change is typically seen in individuals as they reach older age?
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What type of risk-taking behavior is typically seen in adolescents?
What type of risk-taking behavior is typically seen in adolescents?
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At what age does muscle strength peak before it starts to decline?
At what age does muscle strength peak before it starts to decline?
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Which issue is NOT one of the central topics in developmental psychology?
Which issue is NOT one of the central topics in developmental psychology?
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What is the prenatal period characterized by?
What is the prenatal period characterized by?
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What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
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Which of the following is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
Which of the following is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
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What role do adaptive reflexes, like the sucking reflex, play in infants?
What role do adaptive reflexes, like the sucking reflex, play in infants?
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Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental psychology?
Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental psychology?
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What physiological change occurs in the brain by the age of 80 compared to younger adulthood?
What physiological change occurs in the brain by the age of 80 compared to younger adulthood?
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At what stage is a fetus most susceptible to the effects of teratogens?
At what stage is a fetus most susceptible to the effects of teratogens?
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Which of these outcomes has NOT been linked to cigarette smoke during pregnancy?
Which of these outcomes has NOT been linked to cigarette smoke during pregnancy?
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How does the reduction in the number of neurons affect older adults?
How does the reduction in the number of neurons affect older adults?
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What impact does aging have on nerve conduction velocity?
What impact does aging have on nerve conduction velocity?
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What social and emotional development aspect is impacted by physical changes in older adults?
What social and emotional development aspect is impacted by physical changes in older adults?
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Which of the following is NOT a cognitive impact of aging?
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive impact of aging?
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What is one consequence of decreased nerve conduction in older individuals?
What is one consequence of decreased nerve conduction in older individuals?
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Which physical change most significantly contributes to the emotional development of older adults?
Which physical change most significantly contributes to the emotional development of older adults?
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Which stage of development is most affected by the decline in sensory function due to aging?
Which stage of development is most affected by the decline in sensory function due to aging?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental Psychology focuses on human development across the lifespan, from infancy to adulthood and beyond.
- While some theories are 'child-centric', developmental psychologists also focus on adulthood and older age.
Central Issues in Developmental Psychology
- Nature vs. Nurture: The debate about the relative contributions of genetics and environment in shaping human development.
- Critical Periods of Development: Specific timeframes during which certain developmental milestones occur and are particularly susceptible to external influences.
- Stages vs. Continuous Development: The question of whether development unfolds in distinct stages with qualitative changes or is a gradual, continuous process.
Prenatal Development
- Extends from conception to birth, typically a 40-week period.
- Understanding the different stages of prenatal development is crucial for healthcare workers because different developmental stages are vulnerable to various dangers.
- Teratogens are environmental agents that can harm the embryo (early stages) or fetus (after the third month of conception), including drugs, radiation, viruses, and toxic chemicals.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to a collection of congenital (prenatal) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.
Infancy
- Characterized by rapid physical growth and development.
- Many infants are born with adaptive reflexes, such as the sucking reflex, essential for feeding.
- Motor skills generally progress from head to toe.
Toddlerhood ( 2-4 years old)
- Toddlers have unusual body proportions with large heads and smaller bodies, resulting in a higher center of gravity.
- Gross Motor Development: Walking, running, jumping, throwing, catching.
- Fine Motor Development: Copying shapes, using utensils, manipulating buttons, drawing.
- Self-Care Skills: Increased independence in self-feeding, dressing, toileting, and simple household tasks, such as setting the table or picking up toys.
School-Aged Children (5-12 years old)
- Growth slows during this period, with body proportions becoming more balanced.
- Gross motor skills become more refined, enhancing running, jumping, and other physical activities.
- Hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity improve significantly.
Adolescence (13-18 years old)
- Marked by the onset of puberty, bringing rapid physical growth and changes in body composition.
- Internal organs increase in size, especially in boys, who experience a significant increase in red blood cells, contributing to gender differences in athletic abilities.
Adulthood (18-65 years old)
- Peak physical performance occurs in the twenties, encompassing cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and sensory systems.
- In later adulthood, physical changes slow or stop, except during pregnancy.
- Physical Changes: Increase in fatty tissue, peaking muscle strength in early 30s followed by decline, decreased collagen in skin leading to wrinkles, hair thinning and greying, and gradual height reduction.
Older Age (65+ years old)
- Notable physical changes include greying hair, wrinkled skin, and sensory changes.
- Brain mass decreases, with a 7% reduction at 80 years old compared to younger adulthood.
- Slowing of reflexes and motor/sensory function due to reduced nerve conduction velocity.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, including nature vs. nurture, critical periods of development, and the distinction between stages and continuous development. It emphasizes the importance of understanding human development from prenatal stages through adulthood.
