Developmental Psychology Overview
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Developmental Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the first motor skill that typically develops in infants?

  • Crawls/Walks with support
  • Lifts chin (correct)
  • Walks unsupported
  • Sits unsupported

    • At what age do toddlers typically start to walk unsupported?

  • 10 months
  • 9 months
  • 12 months (correct)
  • 11 months

    • Which activity is associated with toddlers aged 4.5-5.5 years in terms of gross motor skills?

  • Stands unsupported
  • Runs reasonable distances without falling (correct)
  • Throws and catches a large ball
  • Jumps in the air with both feet

    • What fine motor skill do toddlers typically master between ages 3.5-4.5 years?

    <p>Makes simple representational drawings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do toddlers often topple over while running or walking?

    <p>They have disproportionately large heads and higher centers of gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do toddlers begin to use scissors as part of their fine motor skills?

    <p>4.5-5.5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the motor development milestone of standing unsupported typically occur?

    <p>11 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gross motor skill is expected of a toddler aged 3.5-4.5 years?

    <p>Runs at one third of adult speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of self-care skills sees a significant increase in independence between the ages of 2 and 4?

    <p>Self feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristic changes in school-aged children as they grow?

    <p>Center of gravity drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical outcome of puberty during adolescence?

    <p>Increase in muscle mass in boys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the body's physical systems in adulthood, particularly in the 20s?

    <p>Peak performance of body systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what percentage does collagen in the skin decrease annually from the age of 20?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical change is typically seen in individuals as they reach older age?

    <p>Thinning and greying of hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk-taking behavior is typically seen in adolescents?

    <p>Engaging in reckless driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does muscle strength peak before it starts to decline?

    <p>30s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue is NOT one of the central topics in developmental psychology?

    <p>Cognitive development stages?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prenatal period characterized by?

    <p>A 40 week period extending from conception to birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are teratogens?

    <p>Environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>Congenital problems linked to alcohol use during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do adaptive reflexes, like the sucking reflex, play in infants?

    <p>They aid in feeding and survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental psychology?

    <p>All phases of human development including adulthood and older age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the brain by the age of 80 compared to younger adulthood?

    <p>Brain mass decreases by 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is a fetus most susceptible to the effects of teratogens?

    <p>After the third month from conception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these outcomes has NOT been linked to cigarette smoke during pregnancy?

    <p>High birth weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reduction in the number of neurons affect older adults?

    <p>Slower motor and sensory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does aging have on nerve conduction velocity?

    <p>It decreases, slowing reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social and emotional development aspect is impacted by physical changes in older adults?

    <p>Diminished reflexes and physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cognitive impact of aging?

    <p>Increased problem-solving speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of decreased nerve conduction in older individuals?

    <p>Slower sensory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical change most significantly contributes to the emotional development of older adults?

    <p>Reduction in brain mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of development is most affected by the decline in sensory function due to aging?

    <p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology

    • Developmental Psychology focuses on human development across the lifespan, from infancy to adulthood and beyond.
    • While some theories are 'child-centric', developmental psychologists also focus on adulthood and older age.

    Central Issues in Developmental Psychology

    • Nature vs. Nurture: The debate about the relative contributions of genetics and environment in shaping human development.
    • Critical Periods of Development: Specific timeframes during which certain developmental milestones occur and are particularly susceptible to external influences.
    • Stages vs. Continuous Development: The question of whether development unfolds in distinct stages with qualitative changes or is a gradual, continuous process.

    Prenatal Development

    • Extends from conception to birth, typically a 40-week period.
    • Understanding the different stages of prenatal development is crucial for healthcare workers because different developmental stages are vulnerable to various dangers.
    • Teratogens are environmental agents that can harm the embryo (early stages) or fetus (after the third month of conception), including drugs, radiation, viruses, and toxic chemicals.
    • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) refers to a collection of congenital (prenatal) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.

    Infancy

    • Characterized by rapid physical growth and development.
    • Many infants are born with adaptive reflexes, such as the sucking reflex, essential for feeding.
    • Motor skills generally progress from head to toe.

    Toddlerhood ( 2-4 years old)

    • Toddlers have unusual body proportions with large heads and smaller bodies, resulting in a higher center of gravity.
    • Gross Motor Development: Walking, running, jumping, throwing, catching.
    • Fine Motor Development: Copying shapes, using utensils, manipulating buttons, drawing.
    • Self-Care Skills: Increased independence in self-feeding, dressing, toileting, and simple household tasks, such as setting the table or picking up toys.

    School-Aged Children (5-12 years old)

    • Growth slows during this period, with body proportions becoming more balanced.
    • Gross motor skills become more refined, enhancing running, jumping, and other physical activities.
    • Hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity improve significantly.

    Adolescence (13-18 years old)

    • Marked by the onset of puberty, bringing rapid physical growth and changes in body composition.
    • Internal organs increase in size, especially in boys, who experience a significant increase in red blood cells, contributing to gender differences in athletic abilities.

    Adulthood (18-65 years old)

    • Peak physical performance occurs in the twenties, encompassing cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and sensory systems.
    • In later adulthood, physical changes slow or stop, except during pregnancy.
    • Physical Changes: Increase in fatty tissue, peaking muscle strength in early 30s followed by decline, decreased collagen in skin leading to wrinkles, hair thinning and greying, and gradual height reduction.

    Older Age (65+ years old)

    • Notable physical changes include greying hair, wrinkled skin, and sensory changes.
    • Brain mass decreases, with a 7% reduction at 80 years old compared to younger adulthood.
    • Slowing of reflexes and motor/sensory function due to reduced nerve conduction velocity.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, including nature vs. nurture, critical periods of development, and the distinction between stages and continuous development. It emphasizes the importance of understanding human development from prenatal stages through adulthood.

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