Week 3 Notes - Ergogenic Aids PDF

Ergogenic aids  Learning Outcomes Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology 1. Define ergogenic aid 2. Explain why a “placebo” treatment in a “double-blind design” is used in research studies involving ergogenic aids. 3. Understand if / how / why a number of ergogenic aids may...

Ergogenic aids  Learning Outcomes Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology 1. Define ergogenic aid 2. Explain why a “placebo” treatment in a “double-blind design” is used in research studies involving ergogenic aids. 3. Understand if / how / why a number of ergogenic aids may improve exercise performance (anabolic steroids, blood doping, supplemental oxygen, sodium bicarbonate, beta-blockers, caffeine, creatine, CNS stimulants, alcohol, protein etc) History of Use Icarus Documentary Ancient Greek Olympians ate hallucinogenic mushrooms Aztec athletes ate human hearts In late 1800s, European cyclists took heroin, cocaine "speedballs," and ether-soaked sugar tablets Winner of 1904 Olympic marathon took strychnine and brandy during race Winner of 1920 Olympic 100-m dash drank sherry with raw egg before race In 1960 Olympics, Danish cyclist died in road race from amphetamine In 1967 Tour de France, famed British cyclist died, also from amphetamine Olympic testing began in 1968 for stimulants 2015 - Cyclist at TdF (Katusha) tested positive for cocaine Russia banned from 2016 Rio and 2018 Winter Olympics Ergogenic Ergogenic Faculty Aid: of Science, Aid:Definition Definition Engineering & Technology A physical, mechanical, nutritional, psychologic or pharmacologic substance or treatment that either directly improves physiologic variables associated with exercise performance or removes subjective restraints that may limit physiologic capacity. In WADA's fight against doping, there are three criteria for a substance to be on the doping list: Acupuncture, Blood Doping, Creatine, Colostrum, EPO, 1. Enhances performance. Herbal Medicines, Homeopathy, Human growth hormone, 2. Have harmful effects to Physiotherapy, Sports Massage, Sauna, Imagery, Music, the body. Relaxation, Bicarbonate of Soda, Carbohydrate Loading, 3. Contradicts the spirit of sports. Caffeine, Creatine, Sports Drinks, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), Hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB), Magnesium, Phosphatidylserine  Research Design for ergogenic aids Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Difficulty with scientific studies – placebo effect double-blind – randomised – control group Consider doseage, subject demographic, task, use The placebo effect refers to when your body’s expectations of a substance determine your body’s response to it. While the effect is psychological in origin, the body’s physical response to the substance is real. Factors Affecting Performance Blood Doping Just as gladiators of yore Artificially increasing the drank the blood of foes blood’s ability to transport for courage, Olympians oxygen in order to improve of today infuse the blood athletic performance of friends for stamina Effective in improving (Eichner, 2007) VO2max and endurance performance  Blood Doping Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Procedure (autologous): Remove blood 4-8 weeks prior to competition (1–4 x 450ml) Preserve RBC’s (4 or -80◦C) Retrain to full aerobic capacity Reinfuse 1 week prior to event http://ddnews.gov.in/sites/default/files/blood.jpg Doping methods Infusion of RBCs to increase haemoglobin concentration and O2 carrying capacity of blood Autologous vs. homologous transfusion Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone that stimulates RBC production Part of therapy for chemotherapy or dialysis patients More difficult to detect than traditional blood doping Artificial blood Perfluorochemicals - toxic Blood Doping Does it Work? YES! (un/fortunately) RBC mass O2 delivery & utilisation endurance capacity (~25%)  Blood Doping Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology side-effects: - ↑ blood viscosity - hypertension - myocardial infarction/stroke - Transfusions: risks of phlebitis, septicaemia, bacterial infections, and air embolism, viral infections (homologous) Supplemental Oxygen Coleman, stepping off the stage after a competition, is dependent on supplemental oxygen. “The strain of intense dieting, dehydration and muscle-flexing,” says Zed Nelson (who took the picture) “places high levels of strain on the heart and lungs, rendering many contestants dizzy, light-headed and weak.”  Supplemental O2 Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology To increase O2 content of blood At rest: haemoglobin 97% saturated with O2 200ml O2 / L of blood Supplementation provides additional 6ml/L 5L blood volume can store ~100 ml of oxygen by breathing in pure O2 pre-race amount of O2 dissolved in solution in the blood is proportional to arterial ppO2 Example: elite athlete running 10km in 28 min consumes ~140,000ml of O2 100ml out of 140,000ml = 0.0007%  Supplemental O2 Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Research: No effect of breathing 100% O2 on running to exhaustion (Robbins et al, 1992) 100% O2 applied for short periods offers no advantage on recovery from exhaustive exercise or on subsequent exercise performance (Winter, 1989) May be beneficial at altitude to allow a greater amount of work to be performed or conditions associated with a reduced arterial saturation of O2 (EIAH) Too cumbersome to be practical No serious risks known  Sodium Bicarbonate Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Enhances ability to buffer H+ during exercise Improves performances of 1-10 minutes duration or repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise No benefit for tasks of less than one minute Optimal dose 0.3 g kg -1 body weight (with 1 litre of water) Side effects include diarrhoea and vomiting Sodium Bicarbonate Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid Lactate + H+  Nitrate NO-3 Regulator and mediator of numerous processes in the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems Vascular smooth muscle relaxation, resulting in arterial vasodilation and increasing blood flow ↓O2 cost of walking, submaximal and high intensity running? Mechanism: NO3− → NO2− → NO  Dose response Wiley 2013  Caffeine Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology CNS stimulant Increases catecholamines (6 mg/kg: 51%↑ in epinephrine) Commonly found stimulant - food - drinks - legal drugs Banned by IOC (1962) Legalised in 1972 High doses banned in 1984 -injections -suppositories Removed from banned list 2004 Dose [milligram] Dose: 3-9 mg/kg associated with improved endurance performance (≥ 2 cups) Non-prescription Drugs Level at which caffeine was banned was Caffedrine Capsules 200 mg. 12 mg/ml in urine, which requires about NoDoz Tablets 200 mg. 1,200 mg of pure caffeine or 8 cups of Vivarin Tablets 200 mg. strong coffee May improve performance at the muscle, nervous system, or the delivery of fuel to muscle Role in skeletal muscle -increased calcium availability in fatigued muscles in submaximal exercise increased tension development Role in CNS -passes through the blood brain barrier to 1. increase alertness / arousal 2. decrease drowsiness https://proxy.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Freeve-assets- production%2FBloodBrainBarrier.jpg&f=1 Caffeine increases cAMP in cells - ↑ FFA availability - ↑ calcium release  Caffeine USE Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Endurance exercise increased plasma FFA & triglyceride use glycogen-sparing Short-term exercise decreased perception of effort increased motor unit recruitment / Ca2+ release vary due to dose & habituation Potential side effects insomnia, diarrhoea, anxiety, irritability diuretic effect @YLMSportsScience  Creatine Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology ATP-Phosphocreatine system (ATP-PCr) ATP Energy ATP Pi ADP + Pi Creatine Kinase PCr Creatine Creatine supplementation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BR3dDO1Sz0E 0:24  Creatine Monohydrate Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Increase muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) - for short-term, explosive exercise Supplementation increases muscle creatine levels Loading: 20–25 g/day Maintenance: 2–5 g/day Improves ability to maintain force and power output Increase in muscle mass Side effects - some reported, but no long-term adverse effects  Creatine Monohydrate Individuals with low levels of creatine may be more responsive to supplementation (Burke et al 2003) Creatine supplementation in combination with strength training amplifies the training-induced increase in satellite cell number Creatine Protein Placebo Control 16wk strength training (Olsen et al, 2006) Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology Usage discontinued Reduced dosage (2 g)  Anabolic Steroids Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology testosterone, stanzolol, nandrolone, DHEA, androstenedione https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRJ6On5wXh0 tradebit.com Anabolic Steroids Are nearly identical to male sex hormones; synthetic form maximises anabolic effects Increase muscle mass (fat-free mass) and strength Can cause testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, and prostate and breast enlargement in men Can cause breast regression, masculinisation, and menstrual disruption in women Can cause personality changes, liver damage, and cardiovascular disease ↓ HDL ↑LDL  - liver & kidney tumors - heart damage Bronson & Matherne, Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:615-619 Factors Affecting Performance Innovation If you were to design a new ergogenic aid for a: Power athlete what physiological pathways / systems would you target to improve performance? Mechanical Aids Altitude Training Aqua (water) Training Heart Rate Monitors Computers - analyse VO2 max, technique, test results etc. Video recorders - analyse technique Tyre towing - develop strength Weights - develop strength Hypoxic Tents Nasal Strips Parachutes - develop strength Elastic cord (pulling)- develop speed Elastic cord (restraining) - develop strength Downhill running (3° to 5° slope) - develop speed Uphill running (5° to 10° slope) - develop strength Treadmills Weighted vests (5% to 8% of body weight) - develop strength Sports clothing, footwear and equipment Timing equipment Vibration Training Pharmacological Aids Amphetamine Psychological Aids Androstenedione Centering Anabolic Steroid Cheering Beta Blocker Hypnosis Creatine Monohydrate Imagery Caffeine Meditation Choline Music Carnitine Chromium Psychology Clenbuterol Relaxation Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) T'ai Chi Gamma hydroxybutyric acid - GHB Hydroxymethylbutyrate - HMB Magnesium Phosphatidylserine Protein Supplements Sodium Bicarbonate Vanadyl Sulphate