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Questions and Answers
What is a possible side effect of blood doping?
What is the optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate for enhancing exercise performance?
How does supplemental oxygen primarily benefit athletes?
What effect does breathing 100% oxygen have on running to exhaustion?
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Which substance helps buffer H+ ions during high-intensity exercise?
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What is the definition of an ergogenic aid?
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What is a primary effect of nitrates in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for a substance to be included on the doping list according to WADA?
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What is a common side effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation?
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Why is a placebo treatment used in research studies involving ergogenic aids in a double-blind design?
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At rest, how saturated is hemoglobin with oxygen?
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Which of the following ergogenic aids is primarily associated with improving oxygen transport in the body?
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What was one of the substances that ancient athletes used as an ergogenic aid?
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Which ergogenic aid is commonly associated with reducing fatigue during high-intensity exercise?
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What was a significant consequence of doping violations that affected the Olympics in 2016 and 2018?
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Which ergogenic aid is primarily used for its potential to buffer lactic acid during exercise?
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Which of the following mechanical aids is specifically used to develop speed?
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What is a common purpose of using nasal strips in training?
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Which pharmacological aid is primarily used for its stimulant properties?
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Which psychological aid can help athletes focus and reduce anxiety?
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What is the main function of timing equipment in athletic training?
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What is the primary purpose of blood doping in athletic performance?
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What is a major factor that complicates scientific studies on ergogenic aids?
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What procedure is commonly used in autologous blood doping?
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Which of the following substances is more difficult to detect than traditional blood doping methods?
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Why might a control group be important in research studies on ergogenic aids?
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In the context of blood doping, what does 'homologous transfusion' refer to?
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Which of the following factors is NOT important when conducting research on ergogenic aids?
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What is the psychological origin of the body's response known as the placebo effect?
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What is the main role of caffeine in skeletal muscle during exercise?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of high caffeine consumption?
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Which mechanism describes the transformation of nitrate to nitric oxide?
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What dosage of creatine is typically recommended for maintenance after loading?
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What primary effect does caffeine have on the central nervous system?
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Which of the following substances is classified as an anabolic steroid?
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At what dosage is caffeine generally associated with improved endurance performance?
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What is a common mechanism of action for creatine supplementation?
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Which condition is NOT a side effect of anabolic steroids?
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What is the purpose of the ATP-phosphocreatine system during exercise?
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In which year was caffeine first banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)?
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What aspect of performance can creatine supplementation improve?
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What effect does caffeine have on fatty acid availability in the body?
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Study Notes
Ergogenic Aids
- An ergogenic aid improves sports performance by directly impacting physiological performance or removing subjective restraints that hinder performance.
- Ergogenic aids can be classified as physical, mechanical, nutritional, psychological, or pharmacological.
- Research on ergogenic aids is difficult due to the placebo effect, which requires double blind and randomized control groups.
- Factors that influence the effects of ergogenic aids include dosage, individual demographics, exercise task, and frequency of use.
Blood Doping
- Blood doping artificially increases the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, improving VO2 max and endurance performance.
- Autologous blood doping involves withdrawing blood 4-8 weeks before competition, storing red blood cells, and reinfusing them a week before an event.
- Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates red blood cell production, making it difficult to detect compared to traditional blood doping.
- Blood doping can lead to increased blood viscosity, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, and infection risks.
Supplemental Oxygen
- Supplementation provides minimal additional oxygen to the blood, with a practical advantage only at high altitude.
- Research suggests little to no benefit for exercise performance at sea level.
- Supplemental oxygen has no known serious health risks.
Sodium Bicarbonate
- Enhances buffering capacity during exercise, improving performance in short-duration, high-intensity activities or repeated bouts of exercise.
- It has no benefit for tasks under one minute.
- The optimal dose is 0.3 g/kg body weight with one liter of water.
- Side effects include diarrhoea and vomiting.
Caffeine
- Acts as a CNS stimulant, increasing catecholamines.
- Improves endurance performance at doses of 3-9 mg/kg.
- It is banned in large doses and via injections or suppositories.
- Mechanism of action includes increased calcium availability in fatigued muscles, increased tension development, increased alertness, and decreased drowsiness.
- Caffeine increases cAMP, leading to increased free fatty acid availability and increased calcium release.
- Benefits include increased plasma FFA and triglyceride use, glycogen sparing, and decreased perception of effort.
- Potential side effects include insomnia, diarrhoea, anxiety, irritability, and a diuretic effect.
Creatine
- Creatine supplementation increases muscle phosphocreatine, which improves short-term explosive exercise by supporting the ATP-PCr system.
- Loading doses are 20-25 g/day, followed by a maintenance dose of 2-5 g/day.
- It improves force and power output and increases muscle mass.
- Potential side effects are minimal but no long-term adverse effects have been reported.
Anabolic Steroids
- Synthetic forms of male sex hormones that maximize anabolic effects.
- Increase muscle mass and strength.
- Potential side effects include testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, prostate and breast enlargement in men, menstrual disruption and masculinisation in women, personality changes, liver damage, and cardiovascular disease.
Factors Affecting Performance
- This section discusses various factors influencing performance but does not provide details for each factor.
Innovation
- This section encourages the development of new performance-enhancing aids, targeting physiological pathways or systems to improve performance.
Mechanical Aids
- This section lists various mechanical aids used to enhance performance, including altitude training, aqua training, heart rate monitors, and computers for performance analysis.
Pharmacological Aids
- This section provides a list of pharmacological aids, including amphetamines, anabolic steroids, beta-blockers, creatine monohydrate, and caffeine.
Psychological Aids
- This section provides a list of psychological aids, including centering, cheering, hypnosis, imagery, meditation, music, relaxation, and tai chi.
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Description
Explore the concepts of ergogenic aids and blood doping that enhance sports performance. This quiz covers classifications, mechanisms, and the implications of these practices in athletics. Test your knowledge on the physiological and ethical aspects involved.