WEEK 3 - FACTORS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR.pdf

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY College of Physical Therapy A N T I P O L O C AM P U S PSYCHOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL THERAPY(PSYP111) BASIC NEUROANATOMY FACTORS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR...

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY College of Physical Therapy A N T I P O L O C AM P U S PSYCHOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL THERAPY(PSYP111) BASIC NEUROANATOMY FACTORS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Jonathan R. San Juan, PTRP LEARNING OBJECTIVES– 3 WEEK rd At the end of the session, students must be able to: Differentiate behavioral changes observable in the different stages of growth Discuss the parts of the nervous system and their functions TOPIC OUTLINE Basic Neuroanatomy Factors of Human Development Physiological Bases of Human Behavior  Factors of Human Development GROWTH Principally implies an increase in physical size of the whole human body or any of its parts. More inclined to physical changes An increase in physical measurements DEVELOPMENT A series progression of changes that is more inclined with respect to ‘psychological changes’ that never escape the influence of the environment.  Principles of Human Growth and Development Principles of Human Growth and Development a) Proceeds from the head downward Cephalocaudal Principle or ‘head to tail’ The sequence in which the fastest growth occurs at the top – the head – with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom. Sensory and motor development also generally proceed according to this principle. Principles of Human Growth and Development b) Proceeds from the center of the body outward Proximodistal Principle or ‘near to far’ The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities. Principles of Human Growth and Development c) Depends on Maturation and Learning Maturation refers to the sequential characteristics of biological growth and development. Maturational patterns are innate; genetically programmed. The quality of behavior will depend on the readiness of the body or body parts involved to do the action. Principles of Human Growth and Development d) Proceeds from simple (concrete) to more complex Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems. Principles of Human Growth and Development e) A continuous process Skills already acquired and the new skills become the basis for further achievement and mastery of skills. Most children follow a similar pattern. One stage of development lays the foundation for the next stage of development. Principles of Human Growth and Development f) Proceed from the general to specific An infant’s first motor movements are very generalized, undirected, and reflexive. Growth occurs from large muscle movements to more refined. Principles of Human Growth and Development g) There are individual rates of growth and development Each child is different and the rates at which individual children grow are different. Although the patterns and sequences for growth and development are usually the same for all children, the rates at which individual children reach developmental stages will be different. HEREDITY It is the transmission of genetic characteristics from the parents to their offspring. ENVIRONMENT Includes all the conditions inside and outside the organism that in any way influence its behavior, growth, and development, or life processes except the genes. Internal environment External environment  Physical environment  Social environment Internal Environment The immediate environment within which the genes exists. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC External Environment Physical environment  Made up of all the things in the world that affect us directly and all the things that stimulate our sense organs. External Environment Social environment  All the human beings who in any way influence us, directly or indirectly. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Basic Neuroanatomy & Physiological Bases of Human Behavior NERVOUS SYSTEM A network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body. NEUROSCIENCE A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue that form the nervous system. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR BEHAVIOURAL NEUROSCIENCE The branch of neuroscience that focus on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior and learning. NEURON The basic unit or cell that makes up the nervous system. It receives and send messages within that system. DENDRITES The parts of the neuron that receive messages from other cells. The name dendrite means “tree-like,” or “branch”. SOMA part of the cell that contains the nucleus which keeps the entire cell alive and functioning. soma means “body” AXON Tube-like structure attached to the soma that carries the neural message to other cells. NEURON NEURON GLIAL CELLS Cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around. Deliver nutrients to neurons Produce myelin to coat axons Clean up waste products and dead neurons Influence information processing During prenatal development, influence generation of new neurons. GLIAL CELLS Two special types: Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells Generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin Oligodendrocytes Produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the peripheral NS) MYELIN SHEATH Wraps around the axon forming an insulating and protective sheath. Also speeds up the neural message traveling down the axon THE NEURAL IMPULSE GENERATING THE MESSAGE WITHIN THE NEURON NEURON RESTING POTENTIAL The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse. A neuron that’s at rest– not currently firing a neural impulse or message– is actually electrically charged. Inside cell is a semi- liquid (jelly-like) solution in which there are charged particles, or ions. ACTION POTENTIAL The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. when a neuron does fire, it fires in an all-or-none fashion, called the All or None Principle. That is, neurons are either firing at full strength or not firing at all– there’s no such thing as “partial” firing of a neuron. ACTION POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL SYNAPTIC VESICLES Little sac-like structures contained inside the presynaptic terminal. Vesicle is Latin meaning “little blister” or “fluid-filled sac” SYNAPTIC VESICLES NEUROTRANSMITTERS Molecules of substances suspended in fluid inside the synaptic vesicles. SYNAPSE or SYNAPTIC GAP A fluid-filled space in between an axon terminal and the dendrite of another neuron. THE SYNAPSE Instead of an electrical charge, the vesicles at the end of the axon contain the molecules of neurotransmitters. The surface of the dendrite next to the axon contains ion channels with receptor sites, proteins that allow only particular molecules of a certain shape to fit into it. THE SYNAPSE Some neurotransmitters and their functions THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: The Central Processing Unit Composed of the brain and spinal cord  BRAIN Core of the nervous system Makes sense of the information received from the senses Makes decisions and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body Involved in preparing us for an appropriate response to the information received Responsible for cognition and thoughts incl learning, memory and language  SPINAL CORD A long bundle of neurons that serves two vital functions for the nervous system. Outer section (white matter) Composed mainly of myelinated axons and nerves which appear white The purpose of the outer section is to carry messages from the body up to the brain and from the brain down to the body Message pipeline SPINAL CORD Inner section (gray matter) Composed of cell bodies of neurons which appear gray Responsible for certain reflexes – very fast, lifesaving reflexes Three Basic Types of Neurons 1) Afferent (sensory) neurons carry messages from the senses to the SC 2) Efferent (motor) neurons carry messages from the SC to the muscles and glands 3) Interneurons connect the afferent neurons to the motor neurons The Spinal Cord Reflex The Spinal Cord Reflex THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Nerves on the Edge THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Made up of all the nerves and neurons not contained in the brain and spinal cord This system allows the brain and SC to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin and mouth Allows the brain and SC to control the muscles and glands of the body Two Major Systems of PNS: 1) SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS) consists of nerves that control the voluntary muscles of the body. 2) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) consists of nerves that control the involuntary muscles, organs and glands. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory Pathway - comprises all the nerves carrying messages from the senses to the CNS (afferent neurons) Motor Pathway - consists of nerves carrying messages from the CNS to the voluntary or skeletal muscles of the body (efferent neurons) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division Primarily located in the middle of the spinal column – running from near the top of the ribcage to the waist “fight or flight system” This system’s job is to get the body ready to deal with stress Parasympathetic Division “eat-drink-and-rest system” Located at the top and bottom of the spinal column, on either side of the sympathetic division. para means “beyond” or “next to” This systems job is to return the body to normal functioning after a stressful events ends. Parasympathetic Division Allows the body to restore all the energy it burned Responsible for most of the ordinary, day-to- day bodily functioning, such as regular heartbeat, and normal breathing and digestion. It is what is most typically active 24/7 STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN The three main divisions of the brain: FOREBRAIN cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system MIDBRAIN sensory and motor functions HINDBRAIN medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum MEDULLA OBLONGATA located at the top of the spinal column It is the first “swelling” on top of the spinal cord controls heartbeat, breathing, swallowing sensory nerves coming from left and right side of the body crossover PONS large “swelling” just above the medulla means “bridge” motor nerves coming from left and right side of the body crossover coordinates the movements of the left and right sides of the body  THE RETICULAR FORMATION a network of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and pons responsible for people’s ability to generally attend to certain kinds of information in their surroundings. THE RETICULAR FORMATION allows people to ignore constant, unchanging information, and become alert to changes in information helps keep people alert and aroused Reticular Activating System (RAS) stimulates the upper part of the brain, keeping people awake and alert CEREBELLUM “little brain” controls all involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement coordinates voluntary movements that have to happen in rapid succession STRUCTURES UNDER THE CORTEX: The Limbic System “marginal” these structures are found in the inner margin of the upper brain includes: THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS HIPPOCAMPUS AMYGDALA CINGULATE CORTEX THALAMUS “inner chamber” round structure in the center of the brain acts as a kind of relay station for incoming sensory information THALAMUS perform some processing of that sensory information before sending to the top part of the cortex that deals with that kind of sensation – hearing, sight, touch or taste damage to the thalamus might result in the loss or partial loss of any or all of those sensation smell is the only sense that does not have to pass first through the thalamus HYPOTHALAMUS “below the inner chamber” very small but extremely powerful part of the brain located below and front of the thalamus HYPOTHALAMUS regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleeping and waking, sexual activity and emotions controls the pituitary ultimate regulation of hormones lies with the hypothalamus HIPPOCAMPUS “seahorse” Located within the temporal lobe on each side of the brain instrumental in forming long-term (permanent) declarative memories AMYGDALA “almond” involved in fear responses and memory of fear information from the senses goes to the Amygdala before the upper part of the brain is involved CINGULATE CORTEX found in the cortex plays an important role in both emotional and cognitive processing active during cognitive tasks such as selective attention, written word recognition and working memory CEREBRAL CORTEX “rind” or outer covering outermost part of the brain gets more wrinkled as the brain increases in size and complexity – “corticalization” CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE two sections dividing the cortex corpus callosum (“hard body”) thick, tough band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres CORPUS CALLOSUM two sections dividing the cortex corpus callosum (“hard body”) thick, tough band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres CORPUS CALLOSUM allows the left and right hemisphere to communicate with each other each hemisphere is responsible for the opposite side of the body OCCIPITAL LOBE processes visual information from the eyes in the primary visual cortex visual association cortex helps identify and make sense of the visual information from the eyes PARIETAL LOBE somatosensory cortex processes information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature and body position TEMPORAL LOBE primary auditory cortex auditory association area FRONTAL LOBE all the higher mental functions of the brain – planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making and language also helps in controlling emotions by means of its connection to the limbic system FRONTAL LOBE Perseveration A phenomena caused by damaged to the frontal lobe wherein people may experience problems with performing mental or motor tasks FRONTAL LOBE motor cortex a band of neurons located at the back of each lobe these cells control the movements of the body’s voluntary muscles by sending commands out to the somatic division of the PNS ASSOCIATION AREAS made up of neurons in the cortex that are devoted in making connections between the sensory information coming from the brain and stored memories, images and knowledge. temporal, occipital and frontal BROCA’S AREA left frontal lobe an area of the brain devoted to the production of speech allows the person to speak smoothly and fluently BROCA’S AREA Broca’s aphasia damage in this area causes a person to be unable to get the words out in a smooth, connected fashion WERNICKE’S AREA left temporal lobe area involved in understanding the meaning of words WERNICKE’S AREA Wernicke’s aphasia able to speak fluently and pronounce words correctly, but the words would be the wrong ones entirely