Psychology of Human Development Midterm Study Guide PDF

CHAPTER 1 „Know what developmental science studies and how it is done „Know the 5 steps of the scientific method „Know the nature/nurture controversy and the way it is viewed today in science „Know the difference between studies of genetics and epigenetics, as well as the ideas related to differenti...

CHAPTER 1 „Know what developmental science studies and how it is done „Know the 5 steps of the scientific method „Know the nature/nurture controversy and the way it is viewed today in science „Know the difference between studies of genetics and epigenetics, as well as the ideas related to differential susceptibility in studies of development- „Describe the aspects of development that show continuity.- „Differentiate between a critical period and a sensitive period. „Identify some of the social contexts of life. „Differentiate between cohorts and age groups. „Explain how human development is plastic.- „Understand and explain the advantages and disadvantages of different scientific methods used in developmental science, including- „observations, experimental versus control group studies, survey method, cross-sectional research, longitudinal research, cross-sequential research, correlational research, quantitative research and qualitative research. „What is an IRB and what are the specific issues in developmental science that are of concern regarding ethics in developmental studies- CHAPTER 2 „Describe the three functions of theories. „Know the basics of older grant theories (we discussed these within the ages and topics too) „Psychoanalytic theories-Freud and Erikson „Behaviorism and Social learning theories—Skinner, Bandura the basics „Cognitive Theories-Piaget and Vygotsky and Information Processing „Compare and contrast these grand theories „Explain what neuroscience has made possible that was impossible for Freud, Skinner, or Piaget. „Goals of Newer theories—multicultural, multidisciplinary, universal „Sociocultural Theories „Evolutionary theory „Describe the criticisms of each of the five theories. „Explain why most developmentalists adopt an eclectic approach with regard to theories. „ Describe why it is beneficial to know more than one theory to explain human behavior. CHAPTER 3 „Identify the number of chromosomes and genes that humans have. „Explain what an allele is and what is the effect of the microbiome. „Describe what makes each zygote unique, genetically (including what determines whether a baby is a boy or a girl). „Explain what makes a cell a “stem cell.” „Describe the similarities and differences between an in vitro fertilization (IVF) and a traditional pregnancy. „Understand why CRISPR is illegal for human embryos. „Explain the major difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. „Differentiate between additive and dominant–recessive inheritance. „Explain what heritability means. „Explain the cause and consequence of Down syndrome. „Describe how common recessive conditions are. „Describe why sickle-cell disease is very common in some parts of Africa. „Explain the role of a genetic counselor. „Describe the various ethical mandates that are required of genetic counselors. CHAPTER 4 „Describe the three stages of prenatal development. „ Identify the parts of the embryo that form first. „Describe what occurs in the last three months of pregnancy. „Explain what the APGAR is and what does it measure and how do the score related to newborn health „What makes a baby premature and differentiate between low, very low, and extremely low birthweight. „Explain what a teratogen is and what is a behavioral teratogen and why it is difficult to determine whether behavioral teratogens will affect a child. „Describe the stages of birth „Describe how a newborn can be socially interactive. „What is the Brazelton and what does it measure „Describe some of the newborn reflexes „Describe how the parent–infant bond forms. „Other IMPORTANT newborn issues: Maternal depression, fathers, breastfeeding, Kangaroo care CHAPTER 5, 6, & 7 „Explain the facts that indicate that infants grow rapidly in the first year. „Explain brain development in infancy and how pruning can increase brain potential. „Differentiate between experience-expectant and experience-dependent growth. „Describe the effect of stress or social deprivation on early development. „Know the changes that occur in the infant’s sensory abilities, including sight, sounds, taste as well as motor skills across the first year or more „Describe why doctors worry about immunization rates in the United States. „Describe the reasons for breast-feeding until a child is at least 1 year old. „Describe the relationship between malnutrition and disease. „Describe the emotions that appear first in infants and explain how emotions differ between the first and second year of life. „Describe some experiences that trigger anger and sadness in infants. „Identify some typical fears that 1-year-olds commonly have. „Explain whether traits of temperament endure or change as development continues. „Explain how context affects temperament. „Explain why synchrony affects early emotional development. „Describe how proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining attachment is expressed by infants and caregivers. „Describe the different ways in which infants with each of the four types of attachment behave. What is the goal of assessing children using the Ainsworth Strange Situation? „Explain how each of the attachment types may be expressed across development „Explain how social referencing is important in toddlerhood. „The end of the chapter discusses the theoretical basis of attachment, Erikson trust/mistrust and more current evolutionary theories. What do they agree on regarding parental care? CHAPTER 8, 9, & 10 „Describe the normative growth in height and weight between ages 2 and 6 „Explain why adults often overfeed children. „Explain why today’s children are more at risk of obesity than children 50 years ago. „Describe the extent of brain growth between ages 2 and 6. „Explain why myelination is important for thinking and motor skills. „Identify the three factors that help children develop their motor skills. „Describe some inferences that may be drawn from the data on rates of childhood injury. „Explain why very few people recognized childhood maltreatment 50 years ago. „Explain why childhood neglect is considered more harmful than abuse. „Explain why it is difficult to know exactly how often child maltreatment occurs. „Describe the long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment. „Explain why Piaget called the first stage of cognition sensorimotor intelligence and what changes in preoperational thinking „Understand information processing theories „Explain how object permanence serves „What are the critiques of Piaget in infancy and early childhood „Explain why 10-month-olds refuse to crawl over visual cliffs. „Describe research evidence that suggests that very young infants have some memory abilities in infancy and why this changes across development. „What are the changes in language skills from infancy to early childhood „Differentiate between egocentrism in a child and selfishness in an adult. „Explain why Vygotsky thought that talking to oneself is an aid to cognitive development „Describe the advantages of teaching a child in two languages. „Describe some advantages of children learning in preschools. „Describe the goals of the Head Start program and the long-term results of intervention preschools. „Describe emotional development in early childhood and the role of emotion regulation (in chapter 7 too) „Discuss effortful control and how it is defined in early childhood „Discuss the changes in attachment and parent’s roles in early childhood „Describe the characteristics of the parenting style that seems to promote the happiest and most successful children in Baumrind’s theory and others. „Describe the limitations of Baumrind’s description of parenting styles. „Explain how culture can affect parenting style. „Explain corporal punishment and it effect on child discipline. „Describe the advantages and problems of using induction as punishment. „Explain why many experts want to limit children’s screen time. What do children learn from screens? „Explain how children develop empathy and antipathy as they play with one another. „Explain the connection between empathy and prosocial behavior. CHAPTER 11, 12, & 13 „Explain how childhood health habits affect adult health. „Know the risks of obesity „Explain traditional IQ tests and what they do and do not do. „Describe some possible explanations for the Flynn effect. „Explain whether or not brain scans should replace traditional intelligence tests. „Explain why cognition in middle childhood is termed as concrete operational by Piaget. „Language, Memory (working memory) and Schools in Middle childhood „Explain why social comparison is powerful during middle childhood. „Identify and describe the factors that help children become resilient. „Explain the importance of family and siblings in middle childhood