Human Development: A Life-Span View 8th Edition PDF

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  8e Human Development...

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203  8e Human Development A Life-Span View Robert V. Kail Purdue University John C. Cavanaugh Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  This is an electronic version of the print textbook. 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Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Human Development: A Life-Span View, © 2019, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc. Eighth Edition Robert V. Kail and John C. Cavanaugh Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard ­reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copy- Product Team Manager: Star Burruto right law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. 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To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, visit www.cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  To Dea and Chris Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. About the Author Robert V. Kail is Distinguished Professor of Psychological Sciences at Purdue ­ niversity. His undergraduate degree is from Ohio Wesleyan University and his PhD is U from the University of Michigan. Kail is editor of Child Development Perspectives and edi- tor emeritus of Psychological Science. He received the McCandless Young Scientist Award from the American Psychological Association, was named the Distinguished Sesquicen- tennial Alumnus in Psychology by Ohio Wesleyan University, is a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, and is an honorary professor at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. Kail has also written Children and Their Development and ­Scientific Writing for Psychology. His research focuses on cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. Away from the office, he enjoys photography and working out. John C. Cavanaugh is President and CEO of the Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Delaware and his PhD from the University of Notre Dame. Cavanaugh is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Association for P ­ sychological Science, and the Gerontological Society of America, and has served as president of the Adult Development and Aging Division (Division 20) of the APA. Cavanaugh has also written (with the late Fredda Blanchard-Fields) Adult Development and Aging. His research interests in gerontology concern family caregiving as well as the role of beliefs in older adults’ cognitive performance. For enjoyment, he backpacks, enjoys photography and cooking, and is an avid traveler. v Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents 1 The Study of Human Development 3 part 1 Prenatal Development, Infancy, and Early Childhood 39 2 Biological ­Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal ­Development, and Birth 39 3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development 79 4 The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 117 5 Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 155 part 2 School-Age Children and Adolescents 189 6 Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood 189 7 Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood 227 8 Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 263 9 Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 289 part 3 Young and Middle Adulthood 317 10 Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood 317 11 Being with Others: Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood 355 12 Working and Relaxing 387 13 Making It in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial Challenges of Middle Adulthood 421 part 4 Late Adulthood 457 14 The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues 457 15 Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues 501 16 Dying and Bereavement 541 vii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents About the Authors v Preface xxi To the Student xxxi Neuroscience Index xxxv Diversity Index xxxvii 1 The Study of Human Development 3 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Would You Want to Live to Be 142? 4 1.1  Thinking About Development 5 Recurring Issues in Human Development 5 Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework 7 Neuroscience: A Window into Human Development 10 Real People Applying Human Development: Muhammad Ali 11 1.2 Developmental Theories 12 Psychodynamic Theory 12 Learning Theory 13 Cognitive-Developmental Theory 14 The Ecological and Systems Approach 17 Life-Span Perspective, Selective Optimization with Compensation, and Life-Course Perspective 18 The Big Picture 21 1.3 Doing Developmental Research 22 Measurement in Human Development Research 23 General Designs for Research 26 Designs for Studying Development 28  Spotlight on Research The Stability of Intelligence from Age 11 to Age 90 Years 29 Integrating Findings from Different Studies 31 Conducting Research Ethically 32 Communicating Research Results 33 Applying Research Results: Social Policy 33 Summary 34 Key Terms 36 part 1 Prenatal Development, Infancy, and Early Childhood 38 2 Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal ­Development, and Birth 39 2.1  In the Beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes 40 Mechanisms of Heredity 40 ix Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Genetic Disorders 43 Heredity, Environment, and Development 45  Real People Applying Human Development: Ben and Matt Pick Their Niches 50 2.2 From Conception to Birth 51 Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2) 51 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Conception in the 21st Century 52 Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8) 53 Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38) 55 2.3  Influences on Prenatal Development 57 General Risk Factors 57 Teratogens: Drugs, Diseases, and Environmental Hazards 59 Drugs 59 How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development 62 Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment 64 2.4  Labor and Delivery 67 Stages of Labor 67 Approaches to Childbirth 68 Adjusting to Parenthood 69  Spotlight on Research Links Between Maternal Depression and Children’s Behavior Problems 70 Birth Complications 71 Infant Mortality 72 Summary 74 Key Terms 76 3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development 79 3.1  The Newborn 80 The Newborn’s Reflexes 80 Assessing the Newborn 80 The Newborn’s States 82 Temperament 85 3.2 Physical Development 87 Growth of the Body 87 The Emerging Nervous System 91 3.3 Moving and Grasping: Early Motor Skills 96 Locomotion 96 Fine Motor Skills 100  Spotlight on Research Benefits of Training Babies to Grasp 101 3.4 Coming to Know the World: Perception 102 Smell, Taste, and Touch 103 Hearing 103 Seeing 104 Integrating Sensory Information 108 x Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  3.5  Becoming Self-Aware 109 Origins of Self-Concept 110 Theory of Mind 111  Real People Applying Human Development: “Seeing Is Believing...” for 3-Year-Olds 112 Summary 113 Key Terms 115  The Emergence of Thought and Language: 4 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early ­Childhood 117 4.1  The Onset of Thinking: Piaget’s Account 118 Basic Principles of Cognitive Development 118  Real People Applying Human Development: Learning About Butterflies: Accommodation and Assimilation in Action 119 Sensorimotor Thinking 120 Preoperational Thinking 122 Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 125 Extending Piaget’s Account: Children’s Naïve Theories 126  Spotlight on Research Have a Heart! Preschoolers’ Essentialist Thinking 129 4.2  Information Processing during Infancy and Early Childhood 130 General Principles of Information Processing 130 Attention 131 Learning 131 Memory 132 Learning Number Skills 134 4.3 Mind and Culture: Vygotsky’s Theory 136 The Zone of Proximal Development 137 Scaffolding 137 Private Speech 138 4.4  Language 139 The Road to Speech 139 First Words and Many More 142 Speaking in Sentences: Grammatical Development 146 Communicating with Others 149 Summary 151 Key Terms 153 5 Entering the Social World: Socioemotional ­Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 155 5.1  Beginnings: Trust and Attachment 156 Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development 156 The Growth of Attachment 157 What Determines Quality of Attachment? 160 xi Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Attachment, Work, and Alternative Caregiving 161 Real People Applying Human Development: Lois, Bill, and Sarah 162 5.2  Emerging Emotions 163 The Function of Emotions 163 Experiencing and Expressing Emotions 164 Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions 166 Regulating Emotions 167 5.3  Interacting with Others 168 The Joys of Play 169 Helping Others 172 5.4  Gender Roles and Gender Identity 176 Images of Men and Women: Facts and Fantasy 177  Spotlight on Research Reasoning About Gender-Related Properties 178 Gender Typing 180 Evolving Gender Roles 184 Summary 185 Key Terms 186 part 2 School-Age Children and Adolescents 189 6 Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood 189 6.1 Cognitive Development 190 More Sophisticated Thinking: Piaget’s Version 190  Real People Applying Human Development: Combinatorial Reasoning Goes to the Races 191 Information-Processing Strategies for Learning and Remembering 192 6.2  Aptitudes for School 194 Theories of Intelligence 195 Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing 198 Do Tests Work? 199 Hereditary and Environmental Factors 200 The Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status 201 6.3 Special Children, Special Needs 204 Gifted Children 204 Children with Disability 204  Spotlight on Research Improving Children’s Knowledge of the Structure of Words Enhances Their Reading Comprehension 206 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 208 6.4  Academic Skills 209 Reading 209 Writing 212 Math Skills 213 xii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Real People Applying Human Development: Shin-Ying Loves School 214 Effective Schools, Effective Teachers 216 6.5 Physical Development 218 Growth 218 Development of Motor Skills 219 Physical Fitness 220 Participating in Sports 220 Summary 222 Key Terms 224 7 Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional ­Development in Middle Childhood 227 7.1 Family Relationships 228 The Family as a System 228 Dimensions and Styles of Parenting 229 Siblings 235 Divorce and Remarriage 238 Parent–Child Relationships Gone Awry: Child Maltreatment 239 7.2 Peers 243 Friendships 243 Groups 245 Popularity and Rejection 246 Aggressive Children and Their Victims 248 7.3  Electronic Media 249 Television Programs 250 Video Games 251  Spotlight on Research Playing a Video Game Improves Children’s ­Visual-Spatial Skill 251 Social Media 252 7.4  Understanding Others 253 Describing Others 253  Real People Applying Human Development: Tell Me About a Girl You Like a Lot 254 Understanding What Others Think 254 Prejudice 256 Summary 258 Key Terms 260 8 Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive ­Development in Adolescence 263 8.1 Pubertal Changes 264 Signs of Physical Maturation 264 Mechanisms of Maturation 266 Psychological Impact of Puberty 267 xiii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  8.2  Health 270 Nutrition 270  Spotlight on Research Evaluating a Program for Preventing Eating Disorders 273 Physical Fitness 274 Threats to Adolescent Well-Being 275 8.3  Information Processing During Adolescence 276 Working Memory and Processing Speed 276 Content Knowledge, Strategies, and Metacognitive Skill 277 Problem-Solving and Reasoning 277 8.4 Reasoning About Moral Issues 279 Kohlberg’s Theory 280 Real People Applying Human Development: Schindler’s List 282 Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory 282 Promoting Moral Reasoning 283 Summary 285 Key Terms 286 9 Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 289 9.1  Identity and Self-Esteem 290 The Search for Identity 290 Ethnic Identity 293 Self-Esteem in Adolescence 294 The Myth of Storm and Stress 296 9.2 Romantic Relationships and Sexuality 297 Romantic Relationships 297 Sexual Behavior 298 Sexual Minority Youth 300 Dating Violence 300 9.3  The World of Work 302 Career Development 302  Real People Applying Human Development: “The Life of Lynne”: A Drama in Three Acts 303 Part-Time Employment 305 9.4  The Dark Side 307 Drug Use 307 Depression 308  Spotlight on Research Does Racial Discrimination Lead to Depression? 309 Delinquency 310 WHAT DO YOU THINK? When Juveniles Commit Serious Crimes, Should They Be Tried as Adults? 313 Summary 313 Key Terms 315 xiv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. part 3 Young and Middle Adulthood 317 10 Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood 317 10.1  Emerging Adulthood 318 Role Transitions Marking Adulthood 319 Neuroscience, Behavior, and Emerging Adulthood 320 Achieving Milestones: Education, Workforce, and Erikson’s Intimacy 321 So When Do People Become Adults? 323  Real People Applying Human Development: Does Being Rich and Famous Mean You’re an Adult? 324 10.2 Physical Development and Health 325 Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning 325 Lifestyle Factors in Health 325 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Healthcare Disparities in the United States 333 10.3 Cognitive Development 334 How Should We View Intelligence in Adults? 334 Primary and Secondary Mental Abilities 335  Spotlight on Research The Seattle Longitudinal Study 336 Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 337 Neuroscience Research and Intelligence 339 Going Beyond Formal Operations: Thinking in Adulthood 340 Integrating Emotion and Logic in Emerging and Young Adulthood 342 10.4  Who Do You Want to Be? Personality in Young Adulthood 345 Creating Life Stories 346 Possible Selves 347 Personal Control Beliefs 348 Summary 350 Key Terms 352 11 Being with Others: Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood 355 11.1 Relationship Types and Issues 356 Friendships 356 Love Relationships 358  Spotlight on Research Patterns and Universals of Romantic Attachment Around the World 361 Violence in Relationships 363 11.2  Lifestyles and Relationships 365 Singlehood 365 Cohabitation 366 LGBTQ Relationships 367 xv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Marriage 368 Real People James Obergefell and John Arthur Make History 369 11.3 Family Dynamics and the Life Course 372 The Parental Role 372 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Paid Family Leave 374 Diverse Family Forms 376 11.4 Divorce and Remarriage 379 Divorce 379 Remarriage 382 Summary 384 Key Terms 385 12 Working and Relaxing 387 12.1  Occupational Selection and Development 388 The Meaning of Work 388 Occupational Choice Revisited 389 Occupational Development 392 Job Satisfaction 394 12.2  Gender, Ethnicity, and Discrimination Issues 397 Gender Differences in Occupational Selection 397 Women and Occupational Development 398 Ethnicity and Occupational Development 399 Bias and Discrimination 400 Gender Bias, Glass Ceilings, and Glass Cliffs 400 What Do You Think? Helping Women Lean In 401 12.3  Occupational Transitions 404 Retraining Workers 404 Occupational Insecurity 405 Coping with Unemployment 405 Real People The Politics of Unemployment 406 12.4 Work and Family 408 The Dependent Care Dilemma 408 Juggling Multiple Roles 410 12.5  Taking Time to Relax: Leisure Activities 413 Types of Leisure Activities 413 Developmental Changes in Leisure 414  Spotlight on Research Long-Term Effects of Leisure Activities 415 Consequences of Leisure Activities 415 Summary 417 Key Terms 419 xvi Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  13 Making It in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial ­Challenges of Middle Adulthood 421 13.1 Physical Changes and Health 422 Changes in Appearance 422 Changes in Bones and Joints 423 Reproductive Changes 427 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Menopausal Hormone Therapy 429 Stress and Health 430 Exercise 434 13.2 Cognitive Development 436 Practical Intelligence 436 Becoming an Expert 438 Lifelong Learning 439  Spotlight on Research Designing Software for Middle-Aged and Older Nonexperts 440 13.3 Personality 441 The Five-Factor Trait Model 441 Changing Priorities in Midlife 443 13.4 Family Dynamics and Middle Age 447 Letting Go: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Children 447 Giving Back: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents 448 Real People Applying Human Development: Taking Care of Mom 448 Grandparenthood 450 Summary 453 Key Terms 454 part 4 Late Adulthood 457 14 The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues 457 14.1 What Are Older Adults Like? 458 The Demographics of Aging 458 Longevity 461 The Third–Fourth Age Distinction 464 14.2 Physical Changes and Health 465 Biological Theories of Aging 466 Physiological Changes 468 Chronic Disease and Lifestyle Health Issues 475 Real People The “Angelina Jolie Effect” 477 14.3 Cognitive Processes 479 Information Processing 479 xvii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Memory 481 Creativity and Wisdom 485 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Does Creativity Exist? 486 14.4 Mental Health and Intervention 488 Depression 488 Anxiety Disorders 490 Dementia 491  Spotlight on Research Training Persons with Dementia to Be Group Activity Leaders 496 Summary 497 Key Terms 499 15 Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues 501 15.1  Theories of Psychosocial Aging 502 The Goal of Healthy Aging 502 Competence and Environmental Press 503 Preventive and Corrective Proactivity Model 505  Real People Applying Human Development: Katherine Johnson: Human Computer for NASA 507 15.2 Personality, Social Cognition, and Spirituality 508 Integrity Versus Despair 508 Well-Being and Emotion 509  Spotlight on Research The Aging Emotional Brain 510 Spirituality in Later Life 512 15.3  I Used to Work at... : Living in Retirement 514 What Does Being Retired Mean? 514 Why Do People Retire? 515 Adjustment to Retirement 516 Employment and Volunteering 516 15.4 Friends and Family in Late Life 519 Friends, Siblings, and Socioemotional Selectivity 519 Marriage and Same-Sex Partnerships 521 Caring for a Partner 523 Widowhood 523 Great-Grandparenthood 524 15.5 Social Issues and Aging 525 Frail Older Adults 526 Housing Options 528 Elder Abuse and Neglect 532 Social Security and Medicare 533 WHAT DO YOU THINK? What to Do About Social Security and Medicare? 535 Summary 536 Key Terms 538 xviii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  16 Dying and Bereavement 541 16.1 Definitions and Ethical Issues 542 Sociocultural Definitions of Death 543 Legal and Medical Definitions 544 Ethical Issues 544 WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Brittany Maynard Case 547 16.2  Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects 548 A Life-Course Approach to Dying 549 Real People Randy Pausch’s Last Lecture 549 Dealing with One’s Own Death 550 Death Anxiety 551 16.3  End-of-Life Issues 554 Creating a Final Scenario 554 The Hospice Option 556 Making Your End-of-Life Intentions Known 558 16.4 Surviving the Loss: The Grieving Process 560 The Grief Process 561 Typical Grief Reactions 563 Coping with Grief 564 Ambiguous Loss 566 Complicated or Prolonged Grief Disorder 567  Spotlight on Research The Costs of Holding in Grief for the Sake of One’s Partner 568 Disenfranchised Grief 568 16.5 Dying and Bereavement Experiences Across the Life Span 569 Childhood 570 Adolescence 571 Adulthood 572 Late Adulthood 574 Conclusion 575 Summary 576 Key Terms 578 Glossary 580 References 588 Name Index 653 Subject Index 667 xix Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface “W hat do you want to be when you grow up?” “Where do you see yourself in the next 5 or 10 years?” “What kind of person do you want to become?” These and other questions about “becoming” confront us across our lives. Answering them requires us to understand ourselves in very thorough ways. It requires us to understand how we develop. Human development is both the most fascinating and the most complex science there is. Human Development: A Life-Span View, Eighth Edition, introduces you to the issues, forces, and outcomes that make us who we are. Contemporary research and theory on human development consistently emphasize the multidisciplinary approach needed to describe and explain how people change (and how they stay the same) over time. Moreover, the great diversity of people requires an appreciation for individual differences throughout development. Human Development: A Life-Span View, Eighth Edition, incorporates both and aims to address three specific goals: To provide a comprehensive, yet highly readable, account of human development across the life span. To provide theoretical and empirical foundations that enable students to become educated and critical interpreters of developmental information. To provide a blend of basic and applied research, as well as controversial topics and emergent trends, to demonstrate connections between the laboratory and life and the dynamic science of human development. Organization A Modified Chronological Approach The great debate among authors and instructors in the field of human development is whether to take a chronological approach (focusing on functioning at specific stages of the life span, such as infancy, adolescence, and middle adulthood) or a topical approach (following a specific aspect of development, such as personality, throughout the life span). Both approaches have their merits. We have chosen a modified chronological approach that combines the best aspects of both. The overall organization of the text is chronological: We trace development from conception through late life in sequential order and dedicate sev- eral chapters to topical issues pertaining to particular points in the life span (such as infancy and early childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late life). Because the developmental continuity of such topics as social and cognitive devel- opment gets lost with narrowly defined, artificial age-stage divisions, we dedicate some chapters to tracing their development over larger segments of the life span. These chap- ters provide a much more coherent description of important developmental changes, emphasize the fact that development is not easily divided into “slices,” and provide stu- dents with understandable explications of developmental theories. Balanced Coverage of the Entire Life Span A primary difference between Human Development: A Life-Span View, Eighth Edition, and similar texts is that this book provides a much richer and more complete descrip- tion of adult development and aging. Following the introductory chapter, the remaining xxi Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  15 chapters of the text are evenly divided between childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging. This balanced treatment reflects not only the rapid emergence of adult development and aging as a major emphasis in the science of human development but also recognizes that roughly three-fourths of a person’s life occurs beyond adolescence. As a reflection of our modified chronological approach, Human Development: A ­Life-Span View, Eighth Edition, is divided into four main parts. After an introduction to the science of human development (Chapter 1), Part One includes a discussion of the biological foundations of life (Chapter 2) and development during infancy and early ­childhood (­Chapters 3–5). Part Two focuses on development during middle childhood and adolescence (Chapters 6–9). Part Three (Chapters 10–13) focuses on young and middle adulthood. Part Four examines late adulthood (Chapters 14 and 15) and concludes with a consideration of dying and bereavement (Chapter 16). Content and Approach: The Biopsychosocial Emphasis Our text provides comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of research and theory from con- ception to old age and death. We explicitly adopt the biopsychosocial framework as an organizing theme, describing it in depth in Chapter 1, then integrating it throughout the text—often in combination with other developmental theories. An Engaging Personal Style On several occasions, we communicate our personal involvement with the issues being discussed by providing examples from our own experiences as illustrations of how human development plays itself out in people’s lives. Additionally, every major section of a chapter opens with a short vignette, helping to personalize a concept just before it is discussed. Other rich examples are integrated throughout the text narrative and showcased in the Real People features. Emphasis on Inclusiveness In content coverage, in the personalized examples used, and in the photo program, we emphasize diversity—within the United States and around the world—in ethnicity, gender, race, age, ability, and sexual orientation. Changes in the Eighth Edition The eighth edition has been updated with new graphics and several hundred new refer- ence citations to work from the past 3 years. Of particular note are these content additions, updates, and revisions: Chapter 1 New Real People feature on Muhammad Ali Chapter 2 Much revised What Do You Think? feature on conception in the 21st century Much revised coverage of the period of the fetus Much revised coverage of nutrition during pregnancy New material about noninvasive prenatal testing xxii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Chapter 3 Much revised coverage of co-sleeping Much revised coverage of breastfeeding New Spotlight on Research feature on infant reaching Much revised coverage of handedness Chapter 4 Much revised description of young children’s naïve theories of biology New Spotlight on Research on preschool children’s essentialist thinking Much revised description of memory Much revised description of infants’ number skills Much revised coverage of infant-directed speech New coverage on the benefits of touchscreen devices for children’s word learning Chapter 5 Much revised coverage of pretend play and solitary play Much revised coverage of father–infant relationships Much revised coverage of the impact of child care Much revised coverage of emotion regulation Chapter 6 New Spotlight on Research feature on impaired reading comprehension Much revised coverage of ADHD New material on children’s mastery of conceptual and procedural knowledge of math Chapter 7 New coverage of impact of quality of sibling relationships New coverage of open adoptions Much revised coverage of divorce Much revised coverage of maltreatment Much revised coverage of groups Much revised coverage of bullying Much revised coverage of electronic media, including new Spotlight on Research feature Chapter 8 Much revised material on evaluating Kohlberg’s theory, including new material on adolescents’ balancing of fairness with group loyalty Much revised coverage of analytic and heuristic solutions in problem-solving Chapter 9 Revised coverage of adolescent storm and stress Much revised coverage of dating violence Much revised coverage of sexual minority youth New material on social cognitive career theory Much revised coverage of adolescent depression, including new Spotlight on Research feature xxiii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Chapter 10 Revised Emerging Adulthood section that now includes subsections on Neurosci- ence, Behavior, and Emerging Adulthood; and Achieving Milestones: Education, Workforce, and Erikson’s Intimacy Expanded discussion of relation between educational attainment and employment Expanded discussion of quarter-life crisis, including Robinson’s reframing of ­Erikson’s intimacy-isolation to commitment-independence and the addition of an emerging adult transition phase. Revised discussion on binge drinking, sexual assault, and alcohol use disorder. Revised nutrition discussion to reflect new dietary guidelines and work with Native American tribes New discussions of emotional intelligence and impression formation Chapter 11 Discussion of Social Baseline Theory to explain how the brain activity reveals how people seek social relationships to mitigate r