Week 2&3 - Political Ideologies (1) PDF

Lesson 2.1 Liberalism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences What does it mean to be “free” in a society? 2 Why do modern states put emphasis on human rights and individual liberties? 3  Id...

Lesson 2.1 Liberalism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences What does it mean to be “free” in a society? 2 Why do modern states put emphasis on human rights and individual liberties? 3  Identify the basic tenets of major Learning Competencies political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism, conservatism, etc.) (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-6). Differentiate the political ideologies (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-7). 4  Learning Define liberalism and its key principles. Objectives Explain the historical development of liberalism. Identify key liberal thinkers. Compare the variations of liberalism. Assess political systems founded on liberal principles. 5  Defining Liberalism The 1899 Malolos Constitution established a liberal democratic republic of the Philippines after its independence from Spain. 6  Defining Liberalism An ideology refers to a set of ideas that “structure political understanding and so set goal and inspire activism, shape the nature of political systems, and act as a form of social cement” (Heywood 2017, 2) The study of political ideologies often begins with liberalism. 7  Defining Liberalism Liberal values are the building blocks of democracies. Majority of political systems in the world today are The United States and the United Kingdom are powerful democracies. Western democracies. 8 Defining Liberalism Liberalism came from the Latin word liber, which refers to “a class of free men” (Heywood 2017, 24). The liberal ideology was a response to the breakdown of feudalism in Europe. ○ divine right of kings ○ absolute monarchy 9  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism individualism toleration justice freedom reason 10  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism It refers to the human being as an individual. individualism Individuals are capable of making their own choices outside of their membership in social groups or communities. 11  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism Freedom is an important component of an individual’s freedom pursuit of his or her own interests, wants, and needs outside of any external influence. 12  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism The use of reason means that the individual is a thinking creature reason who is capable of discerning his or her aspirations and best interests. 13  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism It refers to fairness and equality. It is just to give what is due. justice It is just to treat every human being as individuals who are born of equal status and worth. 14  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism It allows for differences without conflict. toleration It provides the space for individuals to exercise their freedoms that will allow them to develop as moral beings. Diversity is accepted. 15  Defining Liberalism Principles of Liberalism liberalism individualism a liberal state, freedom wherein a system of laws prevails over a reason government justice related to a toleration democratic state 16  Historical Context of Liberalism English American French Industrial Civil War Revolution Revolution Revolution (17th century) (1765-1783) (1789-1799) (18th-19th century) 17  Historical Context of Liberalism English Civil War The primary conflict was the war between the Crown and the Parliament. ○ absolute power of monarchs ○ right of Parliament to rule over the people 17th century in England 18  Historical Context of Liberalism American Revolution It dealt with the independence of the United States from Great Britain. It led to two key documents: ○ American Declaration of Independence ○ The U.S. Constitution The American Declaration of Independence as a result of the American Revolution from 1765–1783 19  Historical Context of Liberalism French Revolution It sought to overturn the old order of French society. ○ religious conformity ○ aristocratic privilege ○ political absolutism Slogan: liberty, equality, fraternity The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1799. 20  Historical Context of Liberalism Industrial Revolution more of an economic than political revolution led to the breakdown of a mercantilist economic system and the shift towards an industrial and capitalist The Industrial Revolution signaled the system transition from a mercantilist to capitalist society (18th to 19th century). 21  Historical Context of Liberalism Industrial Revolution Mercantilism Capitalism economic strength as invention of steam measured at the expense of machinery others free market principle ownership of gold and silver (laissez faire, laissez passer) as key to economic and supply and demand political power determined the price of economic theory behind goods colonialism no government intervention 22  Main Liberal Thinkers Thomas Hobbes English philosopher He lived during the English Civil War and supported the Crown. He wrote Leviathan (1651). He supported absolute power of the ruler for the protection of individual rights and freedoms. 23  Main Liberal Thinkers John Locke English philosopher author of Two Treatises of Government (1690) He emphasized the individual’s rights to life, liberty, and property and the importance of a representative government. 24  Main Liberal Thinkers Jean-Jacques Rousseau French philosopher author of The Social Contract (1762) He believed that organized societies and states are formed through voluntary agreements called the social contract. 25  Main Liberal Thinkers Adam Smith Scottish economist and philosopher He wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776). He was one of the most influential thinkers behind the idea of the free market and capitalism. 26  Main Liberal Thinkers Immanuel Kant German philosopher He theorized about human reason and morality. His political philosophy emphasizes the concept of the categorical imperative. 27  Main Liberal Thinkers Thomas Jefferson American political philosopher and statesman principal author of the American Declaration of Independence He opposed a strong central government and emphasized individual freedoms and responsibilities. 28  Main Liberal Thinkers Jeremy Bentham British philosopher Key figure behind utilitarianism ○ humans are rational beings ○ principle of general utility: pursuit of the greatest happiness for the greatest number 29  Main Liberal Thinkers James Madison American statesman and political theorist A key figure behind the U.S. Constitution. Madisonian principles emphasize the separation of powers and the principle of checks and balances. 30  Main Liberal Thinkers John Stuart Mill British philosopher and economist utilitarian philosopher He emphasized the individual and individual liberties in his writings ○ limitations of human freedom ○ responsibility of the government in protecting freedom 31 Variations of Liberalism classical liberalism modern liberalism developed during the contextualized within the transition from feudalism consequences of to capitalism industrialization in the late peak was during the nineteenth century industrialization of Europe individuality, positive natural rights, freedom, social liberalism, utilitarianism, economic and economic liberalism, social management Darwinism 32  Variations of Liberalism Classical liberalism natural rights: inalienable human rights (life, liberty, property) utilitarianism: an action is morally good based on the quantity of pleasure (“utility”) that it will produce economic liberalism: laissez-faire capitalism, no government intervention social Darwinism: individualistic tendencies; those who work the hardest will survive 33  Variations of Liberalism Modern liberalism individuality: individuals can grow, develop, and learn through their liberties positive freedom: the individual has the “freedom to…” instead of “freedom from…” (negative freedom) social liberalism: more state intervention in economic affairs; associated with the rise of welfare states economic management: abandonment of the laissez-faire doctrine in favor of economic intervention 34  An ideology refers to a set of ideas that “structure Wrap-Up political understanding and so set goal and inspire activism, shape the nature of political systems, and act as a form of social cement” (Heywood 2017, 2). Liberalism is one of the most dominant political ideologies. It puts prime emphasis on the value of the individual and is best defined in terms of its key principles of individualism, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration. 35  Liberalism is often associated with a democratic Wrap-Up political system and a capitalist economic system. Key events in history that shaped liberal thought are the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution. Variations of liberalism can be generally classified into two: classical liberalism and modern liberalism. 36 Lesson 2.2 Conservatism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Conservatis m rules out the primary role of the government. 38 Conservatives value the hierarchy of power and authority that are primarily lodged in a modern class of leaders. 39 What other values and principles are associated with conservatism? 40  Definition of Conservatism characterized by a resistance to change adheres to the importance of maintaining traditional values insists that any form of change be organic rather than subversive 41  Definition of Conservatism highlights the customs and came from the conventions existing in a Latin word community conservare, based on an attempt to which means “conserve” the political, social, to “protect or and economic practices that are preserve” beneficial to the nation 42  Forms of Conservatism It upholds laissez-faire markets along with the typical concern for Liberal established traditions and respect Conservatism towards authority and religious indifferences. 43  Forms of Conservatism It frowns upon the enforcement Libertarian of business regulations, corporate subsidies, and other Conservatism forms of intervention by the government. 44  Forms of Conservatism It focuses more on the interests of National the nation and its own citizens than those of external groups. Conservatism 45  Forms of Conservatism It believes that government Social intervention is necessary in Conservatism promoting traditional values and behaviors. 46  Forms of Conservatism It believes in the importance of preserving a cultural identity, Cultural together with its associated values, Conservatism beliefs, and norms. 47  Forms of Conservatism Religious It looks for ways to preserve religious traditions and beliefs. Conservatism 48  Founders of Conservatism Edmund Burke One of the founding fathers of conservatism in Anglo- American circles He argued in Reflections on the Revolution in France that continuity and stability in institutions must be prized and protected. 49 Founders of Conservatism Joseph de Maistre He believes that humans are generally prone to temptation and evil unless otherwise governed by a strict political structure composed of leaders and rulers (e.g., monarchy). 50  Founders of Conservatism Russell Kirk One of the fathers of post- war American conservative intellectual revival. Through The Conservative Mind, he restored the idea of intellectual conservatism. 51 Historical Background The roots of conservatism can be generally traced back to the occurrences during the French Revolution in 1789. 52 Comparison with Other Ideologies Liberals Conservatives argue that there favor reduced tax should be reliance on imposition and less democratic intervention in the institutions when economic industry by making economic the government decisions 53 Comparison with Other Ideologies Socialists Conservatives have a positive view humans as being perspective towards imperfect and humans; they are unperfectable individuals within society 54 Lesson 2.3 Socialism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Sports usually level the playing field through rules and regulations. 56 The government levels the playing field for products through taxation. 57  Learning Objectives Characterize socialism. Outline the historical background that led to socialism. Differentiate socialism from liberalism and communism. 58  Definition of Socialism Society collectively owns and controls the means of production, such as: Machineries Lands Transportation 59  Definition of Socialism The nation’s wealth is equitably distributed to each individual, such as the following: Health services Education Food 60  Definition of Socialism Capitalism recognizes that individuals are separate from society and have their own initiatives. 61  Definition of Socialism Socialism recognizes that a person is not just a mere individual but an individual who forms part of society. 62 Examples of Socialism Sweden controls majority of businesses. It provides free education for kids age six to 19. 63 Examples of Socialism Algeria mainly controls the economy. In turn, it gives heavy subsidies to the healthcare system. 64  Principles of Socialism Social Equality unique to socialism equal circumstances results in cooperation Social equality focuses on eliminating unfair treatment of the marginalized. 65  Principles of Socialism Community bond to another person experiences and interactions social groups Community shapes the identity of an individual. 66  Principles of Socialism Cooperation develops concern for other people avoids conflict, aggression, and selfishness Cooperation leads towards the good of the community. 67  Principles of Socialism Social Class grouped because of common social and economic status proletariat Socialism aims to eliminate or narrow bourgeoisie the gap between social classes. 68 Principles of Socialism Common Ownership property that produces wealth property that can be used in Common ownership resolves production competition. 69  Variations of Socialism Democratic Socialism Communism seeks reforms seeks revolution aims for government aims to completely change positions to implement the structure of reforms government to ameliorate working conditions 70  Historical Context of Socialism Robert Owen pushed for a utopian community kept children 10 years and below from working required only 10 hours per day of work Portrait of Robert Owen 71  Historical Context of Socialism Charles Fourier pushed for a utopian community imagined a community where people are self-sufficient and organized thought that private individuals can invest in the economy Portrait of Charles Fourier 72 Historical Context of Socialism Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto capitalism as the root cause of the sharp divide collective control of the means of production away from the bourgeoisie Portrait of Karl Marx 73 Historical Context of Socialism Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto provided the scientific bases for Marx’s ideas Portrait of Friedrich Engels 74  Historical Context of Socialism Socialism spread to African, Asian, and Latin American countries. Class struggle was not the focus. Their focus was the anti-colonial struggle. They were basically concerned with their daily conditions. 75 Comparison with Other Ideologies Liberalism Socialism Communism maximizes improves overthrows capitalism capitalism capitalism follows free uses mixed imposes state market economy economy collectivization 76 Comparison with Other Ideologies Liberalism Socialism Communism allows private surrenders surrenders all property private property private property that generates wealth to the government maintains class eliminates or eliminates class divisions eases class divisions divisions 77 Comparison with Other Ideologies Liberalism Socialism Communism sees the state as regards the state uses the state as a neutral arbiter as a an instrument to representation of ease class conflict the common good views human regards humans regards humans nature as intrinsic as social as social to the individual creatures creatures 78 Comparison with Other Ideologies Liberalism Socialism Communism believes everyone considers equality considers equality is born equal fundamental in a fundamental in a society society 79 Lesson 2.4 Communism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Can you imagine a society where there are no concepts of “rich” and “poor”? 81  Learning Explain the tenets of communism as an Objectives ideology. Identify the different variants of communism. Differentiate communism from socialism and other political ideologies. 82  Recalling Socialism Communism shares the basic tenets of socialism: community cooperation equality class politics common ownership Communism is rooted in the socialist ideology. 83  Recalling Socialism Understanding Communism Communism is defined by “a rejection of private property and a clear preference for common or collective ownership” (Heywood 2017, 114). Its goal is the complete abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society. 84  Recalling Socialism Understanding Communism Different variants of communism: Marxist communism (pioneered by Karl Marx) Soviet communism (pioneered by Vladimir Lenin) Chinese communism (pioneered by Mao Zedong) 85  Recalling Socialism Understanding Communism Marxist tradition of communism: Ownership of private property is central to capitalism. The means of production (land, labor, capital) are privately owned by capitalists. Capitalism treats human labor as a commodity. Commodifying human labor leads to alienation. 86  Recalling Socialism Understanding Communism Different types of alienation under a capitalist system: alienation from the product of one’s labor alienation from the process of labor alienation from fellow workers alienation from themselves 87  Recalling Socialism Understanding Communism Alienation from the product of one’s labor The workers cannot enjoy the fruits of their own labor. Alienation from the process of labor Labor is unfulfilling; its only reason is to produce commodities. 88  Recalling Socialism Understanding Communism Alienation from fellow workers People develop selfish and individualistic tendencies towards fellow men. Alienation from themselves Working is no longer an expression of the person’s creative skills and interests. 89 The alienated conditions of workers are also exploitative. 90 Marxist Communism “The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.” –The Communist Manifesto (1948) The leading figure in communist thought is Karl Marx, a German philosopher and revolutionary. 91  Marxist Communism Two main classes in society according to Marx: bourgeoisie: private owners of the means of production (capitalists) proletariat: laborers who suffer alienation and exploitation from the capitalists To transform society is to alter the relationship between these two classes, which are always in conflict. 92  Marxist Communism How will the proletariat dismantle the private ownership of the means of production? The proletariat The proletariat The proletariat rises seizes state power replaces the up against the out of the bourgeoisie as the bourgeoisie. bourgeoisie. new ruling class. Classes will “wither The bourgeoisie The proletariat’s away” and will eventually dies out interest is to abolish usher into a and the proletariat classes. classless society. remains. 93  Marxist Communism The proletariat rising up against the bourgeoisie to seize state power and to eventually become the new ruling class is the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. In a classless society, people will no longer be alienated and will become free to assume multiple roles and pursue fulfilling activities. 94 Soviet Communism This variant is also known as Marxism-Leninism. Pioneered by Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) Lenin developed Marxist communism according to the global context during his time. 95 Soviet Communism Russia was politically and economically backward in the 19th century. It was headed by a tsar and was a developing capitalist country. 96  Soviet Communism Important contributions of Soviet communism: The proletarian revolution will be led by peasants and not the industrial working class. There has to be a vanguard party to lead the proletariat into consciousness. The proletariat suffers from false consciousness, thus the need for a vanguard party. 97  Soviet Communism Important contributions of Soviet communism: Imperialism is the highest and last stage of capitalism. Advanced capitalist countries are imperialists that exploit smaller and weaker countries. The revolution of the proletariat will begin in backward countries like Russia and China, not in advanced capitalist societies. 98  Chinese Communism The leading figure of Chinese communism is Mao Zedong of China (1893–1976). There are many similarities and differences between Chinese and Soviet communism. China was a poor agricultural country back then that lacked industries. 99  Chinese Communism Important contributions of Chinese communism: Mao Zedong adhered to Lenin’s idea that imperialist countries exploit China for its cheap labor and raw materials. Majority of the Chinese people were also peasants. Mao Zedong believed in a revolution from the countryside where the proletariat should organize and mobilize peasants into a revolutionary force. 100  Chinese Communism Important contributions of Chinese communism: Poor peasants made up the proletariat in Chinese society. The peasants could be mobilized into an irresistible force to overturn oppressive forces. Mao Zedong forwarded a global view on class struggle: PRC is a proletarian state that must support the liberation of other colonized nations. 101  Quick Comparison Marxist Soviet Chinese communism communism communism The end goal is the The end goal is the The end goal is the abolition of private abolition of private abolition of private property and the property and the property and the establishment of a establishment of a establishment of a communist society. communist society. communist society. The proletarians are The proletarians are The working class are industrial wage industrial laborers; the peasants; PRC is a laborers. USSR is a proletarian proletarian state. state. 102  Quick Comparison Marxist Soviet Chinese communism communism communism The bourgeoisie are The bourgeoisie are The bourgeoisie are the capitalist owners the capitalist owners the capitalist owners of the means of of the means of of the means of production. production; advanced production; advanced capitalist countries capitalist countries are bourgeois. are bourgeois. 103  Quick Comparison Marxist Soviet Chinese communism communism communism The revolution of the The revolution of the The revolution of the proletariat will occur proletariat will proletariat will out of their own succeed with the succeed through the consciousness of guidance of an active organization and their material vanguard party. mobilization of the conditions. peasants from the countryside. 104 Lesson 2.5 Populism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences How would society look like if our government followed the “will of the people”? 106  Learning Define populism as an ideology. Objectives Explain the characteristics and development of populism. Differentiate populism from other political ideologies. 107  Defining Populism Approaches to Defining Populism The The People Populists 108  Defining Populism Approaches to Defining Populism Popular agency approach Laclauan approach Socioeconomic approach Political strategy approach Folkloric style of politics Ideational approach All definitions of populism adhere to the primacy of the people as the key subject of politics. 109  Defining Populism Populism as an Ideology All ideologies have the following attributes (Heywood 2017): an account of the existing order a model of a desired future how political change can and should be brought about Populism does not strongly possess these features. Still, it can be considered as an ideology, albeit a weak, augmentary, and thin-centered one. 110  Defining Populism Populism as an Ideology Populism has many of the attributes of an ideology, but not all of them (Taggart 2000). It is a thin-centered ideology that can easily be identified with fuller ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, communism, etc. (Mudde and Kaltwasser 2017). 111  Defining Populism Populism as an Ideology Populism is “a thin-centered ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic camps, ‘the pure people’ versus ‘the corrupt elite,’ and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volonté générale (general will) of the people.” Mudde and Kaltwasser (2017, 6) 112  Core Concepts of Populism The People 1. the people as sovereign 2. the people as the common people 3. the people as the nation It is an ambiguous but central concept to populism. The vision of populism cannot be realized without an appeal to “the people.” 113  Core Concepts of Populism The Elite 1. the political elite 2. the economic elite The elites favor interests that are contrary to the people’s genuine wants and needs. The elites pursue their self-serving interests to the detriment of the people. 114  Core Concepts of Populism General Will It is the capacity of people to join together into a community and legislate to enforce their common interest (Mudde and Kaltwasser 2017, 16). Populism holds that this capacity is being sabotaged by elite interests. Populists claim to be “one” with the people by appealing to the general will. 115  Core Concepts of Populism Relationship between the People, the Elite, and the General Will There is persistent conflict between the people and the elite. Elite dominance over politics, economics, and society sabotages the genuine exercise of the people’s general will. Populists take advantage of the hostile situation by claiming to be “one” with the people while establishing themselves in power. 116  Core Concepts of Populism Populism and Democracy The emergence of populism is linked to the spread of democracy. Populism is at odds with liberal democracy. Populism invokes the principle of popular sovereignty. There should be no constraints on the will of the people. 117  Key Scholars Scholar Title of Work Gino Germani Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism (1978) Edward Shils The Torment of Secrecy (1956) Ghița Ionescu and Ernest Gellner Populism, Its Meanings and National Characteristics (1969) Margaret Canovan Populism (1981) Yves Mény and Yves Surel Democracies and the Populist Challenge (2001) Ernesto Laclau On Populist Reason (2005) 118 Populism is widespread all over the world. 119  Populism around the World North America Description of Populism Early years Linked to the development of infrastructure, (19th century) modernization, and industrialization that affected the agrarian way of life ○ “the people” = farmers ○ “the elite” = bankers and politicians 120  Populism around the World North America Description of Populism Cold War Era Another wave emerged at the height of anti- communist sentiments. Populism attached itself to conservative ideological tendencies. ○ “the people” = patriotic, real, white Americans ○ “the elite” = those who supported socialist views 121  Populism around the World North America Description of Populism 21st Century Public discontent was fueled by the Great Recession (2007–2009). Populism attached itself to a progressive agenda in light of the people’s economic distress. ○ “the people” = the common people ○ “the elite” = the political and economic establishment 122  Populism around the World Europe started in nineteenth-century Russia with the Narodnik movement (Narod means “people”) ○ “the people” = peasants ○ “the elite” = landlords 123  Populism around the World Europe Later populist movements in Europe in the 1990s were centered on European integration and immigration issues. ○ “the people” = nationals (“natives”) ○ “the elite” = outsiders (immigrants or “aliens”) 124  Populism around the World Latin America Description of Populism First Wave Occurred at the onset of the Great Depression (1929–1960s) and lasted until the rise of authoritarian regimes Issues were the effects of industrialization, rural to urban migration, and immigration ○ “the people” = Latin American inhabitants ○ “the elite” = imperial powers such as the United States 125  Populism around the World Latin America Description of Populism Second wave Built on resentment following the major (early 1990s) economic crises of the 1980s ○ “the people” = those who supported neoliberal reforms and opposed the strong state ○ “the elite” = those who supported the strong state and were against neoliberal reforms 126  Populism around the World Latin America Description of Populism Third Wave Alignment with socialist and progressive ideas (late 1990s to that promised genuine development for the 2000s) poor who were disenfranchised by political and economic crises ○ “the people” = those oppressed by the system ○ “the elite” = the political and economic establishment 127  Populism Around the World In other parts of the world, Australasia was identified as the region with clearest populist tradition. Countries in Southeast Asia also had their share of populist leaders. ○ Fueled by the Asian financial crisis of 1997 ○ Populists attacked the elites who supported detrimental globalization policies that contributed to the economic crisis. 128  Demand and Supply of Populist Politics Demand Side Supply Side political/socioeconomic crises populist political actors public discontent “people versus elite” narrative anti-establishment strong political leaders with sentiments populist agenda 129 The Populist Leader A defining feature of populism is its reliance on strong leaders. Populist leaders present themselves as the voice of the people. Populist leaders are often characterized as charismatic strongmen. 130  The Populist Leader The Charismatic Strongman 1. a masculine and potentially violent figure 2. a man of action, not of words 3. simple and vulgar language to relate to the “common man” 4. “the voice of the people” especially in times of crisis 131  The Populist Leader The Charismatic Strongman A key element is the charisma. Central to one’s appeal is the exploitation of political and economic crises to fuel public discontent. A charismatic strongman appeals to the people’s struggles by presenting oneself as a leader of immediate action. The rule of a charismatic strongman can make populism episodic. 132 The Populist Leader Juan Domingo Perón Hugo Chávez (Argentina) (Venezuela) 133 The Populist Leader Joseph “Erap” Estrada Thaksin Shinawatra (Philippines) (Thailand) 134  The Populist Leader Silvio Berlusconi Donald Trump Rodrigo Duterte (Italy) (USA) (Philippines) 135 Lesson 2.6 Feminism Philippine Politics and Governance General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences  Define feminism. Learning Objectives Explain the origins of feminism. Differentiate feminism from other political ideologies. 137  Definition of Feminism Feminism is an ideology that advocates for women’s political, economic, personal, cultural, and social rights in the spirit of equality between the sexes. Women are disadvantaged. Disadvantages are not biological but societal. Women are perceived as the “weaker sex.” 138  Divisions of Feminism Liberal Feminism Liberal feminists believe that men and women are of equal worth, so both of them should receive equal rights and opportunities in the public sphere. seeks equal access to politics, education, etc. is against confinement of women in the domestic life does not seek to completely upturn the existing order 139  Divisions of Feminism Socialist Feminism The root of inequality between the sexes goes beyond politics and laws. Inequality exists in the way society and economy themselves are structured. believes that oppression of women stems from men’s ownership of property, resulting in economic dependence seeks to narrow the gap between social and economic classes 140  Divisions of Feminism Radical Feminism The oppression of women does not exclusively occur in the political and economic sphere. It exists in every aspect of social experience. Gender and sexual oppression is the most profound social and political issue. The patriarchal system perpetuates oppression and must be overthrown. 141  Characteristics of Feminism The Public–Private Divide This ensures the separation of the public sphere and the private sphere. Feminists have aimed to eradicate these spheres. public sphere = anything done outside of home private sphere = anything done inside of home 142  Characteristics of Feminism The public sphere is associated with men, while women are left in the private sphere. 143 Characteristics of Feminism Patriarchy refers to the dominance of the male figure in the family and symbolizes male dominance in society. 144  Characteristics of Feminism Patriarchy Liberal feminists Patriarchy excludes women from the public sphere. Socialist feminists ○ Patriarchy and capitalism work together in enabling gender and class inequality. Radical feminists Patriarchy is the primary source of women’s oppression. 145  Characteristics of Feminism Sex and Gender Feminists differentiate between sex and gender while the patriarchal society does not. The latter assumes that social roles are rooted in biological differences. sex = biological differences gender = roles ascribed to men and women 146 Characteristics of Feminism Feminists emphasize that there is no link between sex and gender. Gender is a social and political construct. 147  Characteristics of Feminism Equality and Difference These are the two end goals of feminism. Equality is advocated albeit different spheres of experience. Liberal feminists equality in the public sphere Socialist feminists political and economic equality Radical feminists equality even in family and personal life 148  Characteristics of Feminism Equality and Difference Equality feminism struggles to provide women the same opportunities and privileges that men enjoy. Examples: equal pay equal political opportunities equal career opportunities 149 Characteristics of Feminism Difference feminists do not advocate for equality. They hold the idea of being “woman identified” and champion the goal of being a fulfilled woman. 150  Origins of Feminism First Wave This period started when the women’s movement acquired a central goal: women’s suffrage. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott’s Declaration of Sentiments (1848) Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst and the Women’s Social and Political Union (1903) 151  Origins of Feminism Second Wave The goal of the second wave was not merely political emancipation but women’s liberation. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics (1970) Germaine Greer’s The Female Eunuch (1970) 152  Origins of Feminism Third Wave The goal of the third wave was to redefine the movement and address the different disadvantages that women experience because of race, ethnicity, religion, and class. Rebecca Walker and the Third Wave Foundation (1997) Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards’ Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future (2000) 153  Origins of Feminism Fourth Wave There are still debates whether there is a fourth wave of feminism or not. Social media has played an increased role in addressing concerns of rape culture, sexual harassment, and body shaming experienced by women. Example: #MeToo movement on Twitter 154  Comparison with Other Ideologies Feminism shares its ideas with other ideologies such as liberalism and socialism. Critics often question whether feminism can even be called an ideology or not. Some critics label feminism as a literary theory or a cultural movement only. 155  Bibliography Ball, Terence and Richard Dagger. Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal, 6th edition. New York: Pearson Education, 2006. Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideologies: An Introduction, 6th edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Heywood, Andrew. Politics, 4th edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Declaration of Independence: A Transcription.” Accessed April 21, 2021. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript. 156  Bibliography Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. McCullough, H. B. Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. Garnett, Mark. “Conservatism.” Political Ideologies, 2017, doi:10.1093/hepl/9780198727859.003.0003. Ochoa, Danielle P., Christie P. 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