Week 11 Psych Lecture Notes PDF

Early Adulthood - Emerging Adulthood (18-29) * higher educa onal needs *rising cost of living so.. many people are spending their 20s in an in between state - feminist/poli cal movements: increased earning poten al, professional opportuni es * more people are building skill buildi...

Early Adulthood - Emerging Adulthood (18-29) * higher educa onal needs *rising cost of living so.. many people are spending their 20s in an in between state - feminist/poli cal movements: increased earning poten al, professional opportuni es * more people are building skill building and career development in their 20s - shi in social expecta ons: living together before ge ng married, or having children without ge ng married - Established Adulthood (30-45) Key Concepts: Human development is poli cal  Late capitalist economy - postgraduate study, high cost of living  Feminist poli cs - economic independence, birth control, abor on access  Social expecta ons - marriage not required for cohabita on or children Emerging Adulthood (18-29) - Lost the dependency of adolescence but have not taken on full adult responsibili es ** Jeffrey Arne suggested that there are key 6 features of emerging adulthood  Iden ty explora on - we con nue the iden ty explora on that we started in adolescence. - larger emphasis on career building - ex. Selec ng a major, exploring roman cally  Instability -moving apartments, changing jobs, changing friends, changing partners - trying to sort through what we want and what works for us  Self-focus - perks of adulthood independence but don’t have all of the obliga ons - friendships are o en most important - you are free to put yourself first  Feeling in between - life phase in between adolescence and adulthood (having children, financial  independence)  The age of possibili es - new purpose, future looks bright - op mis c Established adulthood (30-45) - Taking on adult responsibili es  Career development - working on financial independence  financial independence  In mate partnerships  Children Physical Development in early adulthood - Peak physical performance between 19-26 (emerging adulthood) - Poor health increasingly a ributable to lifestyle - nutri on, exercise, substances use, stress, sleep - report no weekly exercise - 5% of adolescents (12-18) - 46% of emerging adults (19-26) - 9 hours and 48 minutes of our daily waking me is spent sedentary - regular exercise improves both physical and mental health - recommended 7-9 hours of sleep/night - 70% of uni students do not meet this - cogni ve benefits of sleep - sleep consolidates memory, enhances memory precision, and allows us to retrieve informa on efficiently - sleep depriva on distorts memory and impairs concentra on - sleep improves mood and mental health. Recommenda ons:  20 minutes of moderate to physical ac vity  twice a week: muscle strengthening (yoga, hiking, gym)  a few hours of light, physical ac vity everyday (anything we do while standing) - preparing meals - cleaning the house  trying to limit sedentary me to 8 hours or less - no more than 3 hours a day of recrea onal screen me - limbic system matures in late childhood and early adolescence (processing emo ons and rewards) - amygdala prefrontal cortex: reasoning, decision making, self control - doesn’t’ finish developing un l early adulthood Neurologic development: - full development of prefrontal cortex - reasoning, decision-making, execu ve func on, self control - peak efficiency of func onal brain networks - ability to integrate the perspec ves of others - Increasingly able to dampen reward reac vity, including peer-related rewards, rela ve to adolescence. Sexuality: - Sexual ac vity in early adulthood varies across cultures - In emerging adulthood, the majority of Canadians are both sexually ac ve and unmarried - 71.5% of adults between 20-24 report they are sexually ac ve - mean age of marriage in Canada is 31.6 for men and 29.6 for women - long term rela onships, short term rela onships, hook ups, friends with benefits - na onal survey of sexual health and behaviour - mul -year, na onally representa ve survey 3000-6000 par cipants each round - 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018 - Over 20,000 par cipants between ages 14-102 findings: 1) - Adults are less likely to use condoms than adolescents - 33% of single adults use condoms during vaginal sex, compared to 70-80% of teens - Could be due to increased use of other forms of birth control - Condoms could be easier to obtain during teens 2) - discrepancy between men and women’s percep ons of pleasure - 85% of men report their female partner experiences orgasm while only 64% of women self report 3) - partnered adults ages 18-59 have sexual intercourse 4 mes as o en as single adults. - Sexual orienta on: 1) Iden ty 2) A rac on 3) Behaviour - While about 7% of adult women and 8% of men iden fy as gay, lesbian or bisexual, the propor on of individuals in the US who have had same-gender sexual interac ons at some point in their lives is considerably higher (17.4% of women, 12% of men) - research strongly supports role of sexuality in well-being - frequency of sexual interac ons strongly linked to life sa sfac on for both women and men - sexual ac vity linked to greater well-being the next day, especially when scores on sexual pleasure and in macy are high Cogni ve Development: * Cri ques: does not consider cogni on during adulthood and how it changes across adulthood - not everyone reaches formal opera onal thought - some suggests adding a final cogni ve stage called… Post formal thought: Reflec ve, rela vis c, contextual - correct answer to a problem requires cri cal reflec on and may vary from one situa on to another - more likely to suggest that the correct answer varies based on the problem at hand - provisional - more skep cal about the truth and finality of knowledge - be er at looking for evidence, evalua ng evidence, becoming more cri cal - realis c - willingness to balance idealism and pragma sm - thought is influenced by emo on. - realize the role of emo on in shaping their cogni on - strong emo ons distort judgement and can lead to unreliable reasoning Cogni on: - Cogni ve tasks: reasoning, word fluency, spa al orienta on, prac cal intelligence all con nue to improve or plateau in early adulthood - exper se: knowledge, organiza on skills, social skills - emerging adulthood: developing exper se - established adulthood: demonstrated exper se - crea vity: peaks in established adulthood - crea vity requires exper se - need to have a be er understanding of what the problem is mo va on: - self efficacy: The belief that one can master a situa on and produce favourable outcomes ** scaffolded by our parents and teachers in childhood - growth mindset  people believe their quali es can change over me, can improve our ability to learn something new * Associated with higher professional achievement - fixed mindset  belief that quali es cant be changed, set in stone - individuals with high self efficacy report being much more engaged in their work and studying than those with low self efficacy - intrinsic mo va on: internal mo va on to do something for its own sake - agency and self-direc on - ex. Wri ng a paper on a topic because you think its interes ng, vs one that is most likely to get you be er grades (emerging adulthood) - research suggest providing more opportuni es for agency and choice, self direc on is one of the best things that can help students and employees be more intrinsically mo vated and engaged in their work - extrinsic mo va on: doing something as a means to an end Substance Use: - alcohol is a common features of: Canadian uni culture, workplace culture, da ng culture, friendship culture – par cularly in early adulthood - public health guidelines have changed drama cally over the last decade - health Canada 2011: low risk drinking = 10 drinks/week for women, 15 drinks/week for men - Health Canada 2023: Low risk drinking = 2 drinks/week - in 2019, 83% of the people aged 15 and older who consumed alcohol in the past year reported to drink within 2011 guidelines Substance abuse: - Binge drinking is defined as drinking more than 5 drinks per episode - increased risk of injury, sexual assault, cogni ve decline, reduced academic and workplace ac vity - peaks in emerging adulthood and decreases in established adulthood Toxic drug crisis: - toxic drug supply claimed nearly 2300 lives in BC in 2022 (6.2 lives per day) according to the BC coroners services - 94% of overdose deaths happen by accident, 15-24 year olds represent fastest growing age demographic requiring hospitaliza on - in 2022, 70% of toxic drug deaths in BC were aged 30-59 - Public health emergency declared in 2016, with health strategy shi ing toward harm reduc on - safe injec on sites, needle exchanges - naloxone trainings and educa on - drug tes ng kits, safe supply - Decriminaliza on in BC: - health Canada has approved a 3 year trial of this harm reduc on strategy ( Jan 31, 2023 – Jan 31 2026) - BC granted limited exemp on from controlled drugs and substances act - personal possession under 2.5g of: - opiates - crack and powder cocaine - methamphetamine - MDMA * idea is: by decriminalizing, they will be removing the barrier that kept people from calling in when they need health support (overdoses) Post secondary educa on: - primary occupa on in emerging adulthood - in 2019, 73% of young Canadians ages 25 to 34 had a ained a postsecondary qualifica on, rising from 59% in 2000. - A higher propor on of younger Canadians aged 25 to 34 have a ained a bachelors, masters, or doctoral degree compared to older Canadians aged 55 to 64 (39% vs. 24%) - Popula on trends:  - Young women are achieving a university creden al in higher propor ons than young men. - South Asian and Chinese adults have the higher propor ons of bachelor’s degree or higher a ainment. - Postsecondary graduates have higher employment levels and higher average and median incomes - University graduates aged 25-34 earned on average $18,868 more annually than similarly ages secondary school graduates - Male bachelor’s degree graduates earned $1,292,247 over the 15 year period. - By contrast, male high school graduates earned $723,499 ( a difference of $568,748). - For women, the gap was $472,270 - Working during postsecondary educa on - Over ½ of postsecondary students are also employed (60% colleges, 51% universi es) - at UFV, a much larger propor on of UFV first year respondents (61%) are employed, compared with other comparably sized universi es (45%) and universi es overall (39%) - UFV students are working an average of 18.8 hours per week. Careers in early adulthood Challenges: Adap ng to workplace culture, exploring career op ons, explore voca onal iden ty, build experience in desired field. - Emerging adulthood 18-29: median number of job changes is 10 (1/year). - Gig economy: short term jobs or tasks which do not guarantee steady work - Gig work as part me occupa on: 1.5 million Canadians - Gig work as primary occupa on: 871,000 Canadians - Not eligible for EI, parental leave, and other benefits Careers in Established Adulthood - Established adulthood 30-45: - Career stabiliza on, focus on moving up career ladder, increasing responsibility, building financial security - The Career and care crunch: The challenge of growing a successful career while building in mate rela onships and caring for young children. - Income inequality and sexism mean women regularly compromise career prospects to manage domes c labor - Young adults delaying parenthood to build financial security In macy and A achment: A achment: - figures: Parents > friends > roman c partners - secure a achment in infancy predicts secure a achment in adulthood rela onships - Insecure a achment at 8 years of age predicts lower social ini a ve and prosocial behaviour and higher social anxiety and loneliness at 21 years of age. Adult a achment styles:  Secure: posi ve view of rela onships, easy me ge ng close to others, less social stress  Avoidant: hesitant about rela onships, in a rela onship: finds ways to emo onally distance from partners  Anxious: demand closeness, less trus ng, more emo onally jealous and possessive Rela onships: Triarchic theory of love: (Sternberg)  Passion: sexual a rac on - infatua on (hook up, physical connec on is there but no trust or inten on to stay together)  In macy: warmth and closeness  Commitment: Inten on to maintain in the face of problems * Consummate love incorporates all 3 of these - rela onship high in in macy or commitment, but low in passion is called affec onate love - couples who have been together for a long me - rela onships with both passion and commitment but not in macy = fatuous love - one person is a racted to somebody over a long period of me, but at a distance - early crushes during childhood Early adulthood (18-45) - Characterized by many changes in rela onship status - Single - Cohabita ng - Engaged - Married - Parents - Divorced - Remarried - Monogamous/ non monogamous Single adults: - Popula on of adults living alone is now the highest in Canadian history - Canadians married at 25-29  1981: 68%  2016: 43%  2021: 39% Single Canadians 20-34: - Open to living common-law in the future (72%) - Intended to marry in the future (60%) - Intended to have a child someday (67%) Online da ng: - 14.3 million singles in Canada are da ng online, regardless of sex, age, sexual orienta on, educa on, income, personality - S gma is diminishing – fewer than 20% of the Canadian popula on believe online da ng is s gma zing - In emerging adulthood, women have more pursuers than men online, but in established adulthood, men have more pursuers than women - Roman c rela onships ini ated online appear slightly less likely to break up and are characterized by higher marital sa sfac on than those that start in an offline context. - Cohabita ng:  living together in a roman c rela onship - Common law: living together for at least 2 years in a commi ed rela onship/partnership without being married - Legally considered a spouse under BC’s Family Law Act for purposes of dividing property, debt, and spousal support - 1981: 6.3% of Canadian couples living common law - 2016: 21.3% of Canadian couples living common law - 2021: 79% of couples ages 20-24 were living common law - Increasingly viewed as an acceptable alterna ve to marriage - increasing number of children growing up with never married parents - Legal issues remain related to joint ownership of property and dissolu on of rela onship - Same gender, transgender or non binary couples represented 1.5% of all couples in the country  - In 2021, of the 8.6 million couples in Canada, 32,205 included at least one transgender or non-binary person. Same-gender couples, (couples in which there were either 2 women or 2 men, and both members were cisgender) numbered 95,435. - compared to heterosexual couples: - different challenges: s gma - similar strengths: love, joy, companionship, support, etc. - If a couple lives together before they marry, does cohabita ng help or harm their chances of a happy and stable marriage?  Strong correla on between cohabita on and divorce: - couples who cohabitate are twice as likely to get divorced compared to couples who do not cohabitate before marriage - Possible 3rd variables: people who cohabitate are less religious, less commi ed to marriage - Cohabita on increases marital sa sfac on and decreased divorce in the 1st year of marriage. Married Adults - Marriage rates in Canada have declined steadily over the last 50 years - decreases in marriage rate a ributed to increases in common law couples - Average age at first marriage: - Men: 31 - Women: 29 - Covid: - 2020: Fewest registered marriages since 1938 - 2020-2021: 3.757.76 million common law - Marriage rates increasing among same sex couples - legaliza on of same sex marriage in 2005 - Marriage rates differ by couple type - 2021 census: couples with at least one transgender partner are most likely to be married (74%) - same sex couples with two women were the next most likely (40%) - at least 1 non binary partner (38%) - two male partners (34%) - Individuals who are happily married live longer healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who are unhappily married - Physiological and qualita ve research on 700 couples: - established love maps - nurturing fondness and admira on  - turning toward each other instead of away - le ng your partner influence you - crea ng shared meaning Divorced Adults: - decreasing divorce rates in Canada: 12.7/1000 in 1991 to 7.5/1000 in 2019 - divorce act (1986) - including no fault divorce, which increased divorced rates in 1987 - common law partnerships - 10 year cri cal point in a rela onship - years 5-10 of marriage (ages 35-40) - stressors: - children/teenagers - career - aging parents - decreased me for personal ambi ons - Unhappy marriage increases stress and can shorten life by 4 years YET - Divorce or separa on increases risk for poor health outcomes, including a 23% higher mortality rate - increases cardiovascular risk, especially for women - increased depression both in the years leading to divorce as well as a er, par cularly for men - women show be er emo onal adjustment post divorce but worse financial impact. Coping strategies: 1) Personal Growth - think of divorce as a chance to grow personally. Helps to stop focusing energy on bi er or hos le feelings, and redirect it to personal growth or change 2) Careful Decision-Making - seek counselling, seek advice from those with experience 3) Future Focus - what’s important to you going forward vs. what went wrong for you 4) Personal Strengths 5) Persistence - Trend towards less acrimonious divorce?  in 2020: 1/3 of divorces were filed jointly Remarried adults: - Remarriage rates increase in established and middle adulthood - 26% of married or common-law Canadians 35-64 were in their second married or common-law rela onship - Canadians spend 5 years single before re-partnering - ½ of all previously separated Canadians reported having been in their new rela onship for at least 12 years - Prefer common law to marriage - Only 18% of those who married their new partner, did so without first living with them in a common law union Paren ng: - parental age at first child has increased over me to 29.4 years for women and 33.6 years for men in 2019 - Late Capitalist Economy - Feminist Poli cs Number of children/women is decreasing, falling from 1.7 in 2008 to 1.43 in 2021 - late capitalist economy - feminist poli cs - fer lity rates decline with age Couples with Children in the home: 2021: 50% 2016: 51% 1981: 64% Desired number of children: - no children: 34% - 1 child: 12.5% - 2 children: 36% - 3 children: 14% - 4+ children: 6% Co-paren ng: - Vast majority of children ages 0-14 are living with parents in married 60.1% or common law (17/2%) households - 60.8% of households with children are dual earner couple families - Career and care crunch Nego ate paren ng prac ces - paren ng style: authoritarian, authorita ve, permissive, neglec ul - technology - family values - educa on Distribute domes c labour: - childcare - housework - Household management - emo onal labour Single Paren ng: - one parent families comprise 16.4% of Canadian families - kids in lone-paren ng families more likely to live with their mother (81.3%) than their father (18.7%) - from 2001-2016, single father households grew by 34.5% Challenges: manage paren ng, manage domes c labour, increased economic precarity - more likely to be low income - 21% of all single mothers are low income compared to just 5.5% of married couples - more likely to stay low income - exit rate of 23.3%  - One parent families tended to remain in low income for longer periods (3.0 years) compared to couple- parent families with children (1.8 years) Step Paren ng: - Step families: family included at least one biological or adopted child whose birth preceded the current union - In 2021, just over 1 in 10 couples with children (12%) were step families - Propor on has been stable since data on stepfamilies were first collected in the 2011 census Challenges: nego ate paren ng prac ces, distribute domes c labour, manage separa on, develop new family culture - nego ate rela onship to former spouses - nego ate rela onship to adopted children