Human Development: Emerging & Established Adulthood
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Questions and Answers

How do strong emotions impact judgment and reasoning?

  • They lead to unreliable reasoning. (correct)
  • They always improve judgment.
  • They enhance the accuracy of reasoning.
  • They have no effect on reasoning.

What is a characteristic of individuals in established adulthood regarding creativity?

  • Creativity is highest in childhood.
  • Creativity peaks during emerging adulthood.
  • Creativity requires experience. (correct)
  • Creativity declines with age.

Which mindset is associated with the belief that qualities cannot be changed?

  • Fixed mindset (correct)
  • Growth mindset
  • Adaptive mindset
  • Transformative mindset

What impact does high self-efficacy generally have on individuals?

<p>They report higher engagement in work and studying. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intrinsic motivation is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Motivation driven by internal desires and agency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a determining factor for life satisfaction according to the research on sexual interactions?

<p>Frequency of sexual interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of sexual orientation as defined in the content?

<p>Personality traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes postformal thought?

<p>Critical reflection and context dependence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sexual activity have the next day, according to the content?

<p>It contributes to greater well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of common law in the context of relationships?

<p>Living together in a committed relationship for at least two years without being married (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the increasing acceptance of cohabitation over marriage?

<p>An increase in the number of couples living together without marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of provisional reasoning in postformal thought?

<p>Skepticism about the permanence of knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cohabitation before marriage statistically affect divorce rates?

<p>It increases the likelihood of divorce compared to couples who do not cohabitate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of emerging adulthood?

<p>Identity exploration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadian couples were living common law as of 2021 for those aged 20-24?

<p>79% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of couples in Canada identified as same-gender, transgender, or non-binary as of 2021?

<p>1.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range is considered as emerging adulthood?

<p>18-29 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical peak physical performance age range for young adults?

<p>19-26 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary focus during established adulthood?

<p>Career development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of emerging adults report no weekly exercise?

<p>46% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sleep considered important for cognitive health?

<p>It consolidates memory and enhances precision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social expectation has shifted in emerging adulthood regarding relationships?

<p>Cohabitation can occur without marriage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor is increasingly linked to poor health in early adulthood?

<p>Nutrition and exercise habits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes extrinsic motivation?

<p>Doing something as a means to an end (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the change in Health Canada's low-risk drinking guideline from 2011 to 2023 for women?

<p>Reduced from 10 to 2 drinks per week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered binge drinking?

<p>Exceeding 5 drinks in a single episode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of overdose deaths in BC occurred accidentally in 2022?

<p>94% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group represented the fastest growing demographic requiring hospitalization due to toxic drug use?

<p>15-24 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies included in the harm reduction approach to the toxic drug crisis?

<p>Decriminalization of personal drug possession (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of young Canadians aged 25 to 34 that attained a postsecondary qualification in 2019?

<p>73% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intent of decriminalizing the possession of certain drugs in BC?

<p>To remove barriers for individuals seeking health support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of effective decision-making in the context of personal relationships?

<p>Enhanced personal growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding remarriage rates in Canada is accurate?

<p>26% of adults aged 35-64 are in a second relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the parental age at first child changed recently?

<p>Increased to 29.4 years for women and 33.6 years for men. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend concerning the number of children per woman in Canada?

<p>It decreased from 1.7 in 2008 to 1.43 in 2021. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of households with children were dual earner couple families in 2021?

<p>60.8% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following challenges do single-parent families often face?

<p>Higher likelihood of low income (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a step family?

<p>Families that include at least one biological or adopted child from prior unions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has NOT been associated with the decline in fertility rates?

<p>Enhanced childcare options (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of single-parent families in Canada as of 2021?

<p>16.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is not among the identified categories?

<p>Coercive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sexual Orientation

A person's enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to others. It encompasses identity, attraction, and behavior.

Sexual Identity

How a person labels their sexual orientation. It is how an individual perceives and defines themselves based on their attraction.

Postformal Thought

A cognitive stage beyond formal operational thought, characterized by relativistic thinking, critical reflection, and the ability to handle complex, multifaceted issues.

Reflective Thinking

A key aspect of postformal thought involving critical examination of one's own beliefs, assumptions, and reasoning processes.

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Provisional Thinking

A hallmark of postformal thought where individuals are more open to new knowledge and readily accept the possibility of change and uncertainty.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something because you find it enjoyable or fulfilling, for its own sake.

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Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for external rewards or to avoid punishment.

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Binge Drinking

Consuming more than 5 alcoholic drinks in one sitting.

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Toxic Drug Crisis

A public health emergency marked by a surge in overdose deaths due to contaminated drug supply.

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Harm Reduction Strategies

Public health approaches that aim to reduce the negative consequences of drug use without necessarily stopping use.

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Decriminalization

Removing criminal penalties for personal possession of small amounts of drugs.

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Emerging Adulthood

The transition stage between adolescence and full adulthood, typically spanning ages 18-25.

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Post-Secondary Education

Education beyond high school, such as college or university.

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Emotion's Role in Cognition

Emotions can significantly influence our thinking and decision-making. Strong emotions often lead to distorted judgments and unreliable reasoning.

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Cognitive Skills in Early Adulthood

Reasoning, language, spatial skills, and practical intelligence continue to develop or stabilize during early adulthood.

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Expertise: Emerging and Established

Expertise is gained through knowledge, organization skills, and social skills. It develops gradually during emerging adulthood and becomes more established later in life.

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Creativity and Expertise

Creativity tends to peak in established adulthood. To be creative, you need a strong understanding of your field and its challenges.

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Growth Mindset vs. Fixed Mindset

Growth Mindset: Belief that abilities can change and improve over time. Fixed Mindset: Belief that abilities are fixed and cannot be changed.

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Common Law Relationship

A committed partnership where two people live together for at least 2 years without being married. They enjoy legal protections under the Family Law Act, including property division, debt sharing and spousal support.

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Cohabitation Increase in Canada

The number of Canadian couples living together without being married has significantly increased over the past decades, from 6.3% in 1981 to 21.3% in 2016 and even higher in recent years.

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Cohabitation and Marriage Challenges

While seen as a viable alternative to marriage, cohabitation poses legal hurdles related to property ownership and relationship dissolution. Additionally, couples facing societal stigma contribute to the unique challenges faced by same-gender, transgender or non-binary couples.

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Cohabitation's Impact on Marital Stability

Studies suggest a correlation between cohabitation and higher divorce rates. Couples who cohabit before marriage are twice as likely to divorce compared to those who don't.

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Cohabitation's Effect on Early Marriage

Cohabitation can positively impact marital satisfaction and reduce divorce rates in the first year of marriage. This suggests a potential for adaptation and adjustment before the formal commitment.

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Established Adulthood

The stage of life where individuals take on full adult responsibilities, typically ages 30-45, characterized by career development, financial independence, intimate partnerships, and potentially raising children.

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Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood

A key feature of emerging adulthood where individuals continue to define themselves through exploration of career paths, relationships, and personal values.

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Instability in Emerging Adulthood

A defining characteristic of emerging adulthood where individuals experience frequent changes in living situations, jobs, relationships, and even personal values.

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Self-Focus in Emerging Adulthood

A key characteristic of emerging adulthood where individuals prioritize their own needs and goals, enjoying the independence and freedom of adulthood.

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The Age of Possibilities

A positive aspect of emerging adulthood, where individuals feel hopeful about the future and believe they have the potential to achieve their dreams.

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Peak Physical Performance

The period of life between ages 19-26, where individuals reach their peak physical abilities.

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Lifestyle Factors Affecting Health

Factors such as nutrition, exercise, substance use, stress, and sleep quality that can significantly impact health in early adulthood.

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Future Focus

Focusing on your goals and aspirations moving forward after a separation or divorce.

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Personal Strengths

Identifying your positive qualities and skills to help you cope with separation or divorce and build a new life.

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Remarriage Rates

The percentage of people who remarry after a previous marriage or common-law relationship.

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Parental Age at First Child

The average age of parents when they have their first child.

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Late Capitalist Economy

An economic system focused on continuous growth and consumerism, which impacts family structures and choices.

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Feminist Politics

Political movements advocating for gender equality and women's rights, impacting family choices.

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Couples with Children

Families consisting of two parents and at least one child.

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Co-Parenting

Parents working together to raise their children after separation or divorce.

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Domestic Labour

Unpaid work done within the home, such as childcare, housework, and emotional support.

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Study Notes

Emerging Adulthood (18-29)

  • Higher education needs are increasing, partially due to the rising cost of living. 
  • Many individuals are in a state of transition, balancing career development with social expectations. 
  • Shifting social norms encourage living together before marriage or having children.
  • Increased professional opportunities for women, fueled by feminist and political movements.

Established Adulthood (30-45)

  • This stage is characterized by taking on adult responsibilities.
  • This includes career development, financial independence, intimate partnerships, and raising children if they choose.

Key Concepts: Political Nature of Human Development

  • The late capitalist economy significantly impacts this stage with high costs of living, postgraduate study, and access to birth control and abortions.
  • Feminist politics plays a role in economic independence, influencing marriage and cohabitation decisions.

Emerging Adulthood (18-29)

  • Key features, as suggested by Jeffrey Arnett: identity exploration/building, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between adolescence and adulthood, and a sense of possibilities.

Physical Development

  • Peak physical performance falls between ages 19 and 26.
  • Lifestyle choices heavily influence health. Sleep, nutrition, exercise, substance use, and stress are all contributing factors.
  • Regular exercise and 7-9 hours of sleep per night can improve both physical and mental health.

Neurologic Development

  • The prefrontal cortex, responsible for reasoning and decision-making, matures throughout early adulthood.
  • The limbic system, which processes emotions and rewards, matures in late childhood/early adolescence.

Sexuality

  • Sexual activity varies across cultures.
  • In emerging adulthood, the majority of Canadians are both sexually active and unmarried.

National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior

  • Adults are less likely to use condoms than adolescents, possibly due to the increased availability of other birth control options.
  • There is a discrepancy between men and women's experiences of pleasure during sex.
  • Partnered adults have more frequent sexual intercourse compared to single adults.

Cognitive Development

  • Cognitive abilities like reasoning, fluency with language, spatial orientation, and practical intelligence are enhanced and continue to improve.
  • Experts at this stage showcase developed cognitive expertise.

Motivation

  • Self-efficacy, the belief in one's ability, is strongly influenced by childhood experiences.
  • Growth mindset enables people to improve their abilities throughout their lifetime.
  • Fixed mindset limits improvements because one believes qualities are unchangeable.

Substance Use

  • Alcohol consumption is common in Canadian cultures, particularly in college/university communities.

Toxic Drug Crisis

  • The BC toxic drug supply has contributed to overdoses in younger people, primarily 15-24-year-olds.

Decriminalization in BC

  • A trial program in BC seeks to reduce harm caused by drug use.

Post-Secondary Education

  • A greater proportion of young Canadians are attaining postsecondary qualifications compared to older populations.

Working during Post-Secondary Education

  • Many students are employed while studying, suggesting multiple roles and responsibilities often co-exist.

Intimacy and Attachment

  • Secure attachment in childhood can predict secure attachment in adulthood.
  • Several attachment styles exist (secure, ambivalent, avoidant). These attachment styles can influence relationship dynamics throughout life.
  • The triarchic theory of love explains the three elements of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

Relationships

  • Stages of relationships evolve across adulthood. Transitioning from early adulthood to established adulthood typically includes the expectation of marriage and children or the commitment to building a relationship.
  • Establishing and maintaining healthy relationships in all of their forms is crucial to a fulfilling life for most individuals.

Population of Adults Living Alone

  • The percentage of adults living alone is rising.
  • There are also growing numbers of single adults in Canada in cohabiting relationships, and a decreasing stigma towards online dating and cohabitation.

Married Adults

  • Marriage rates in Canada have decreased over the last 50 years, while cohabitation rates have increased.
  • Covid-19 has had a moderate impact on marriage and relationships.

Divorced Adults

  • Divorce rates in most industrialized countries have fallen, however, in Canada a small increase of divorce rates occurred in 1987, with more occurring during the next 20 years
  • stressors (children/teenagers, career, aging parents, or decreased time for personal ambitions)

Parenting

  • The proportion of children is falling.
  • Many factors, such as the late capitalist economy, and feminist politics, contribute to the change.

Co-Parenting

  • Co-parenting is a common way for families to raise children.
  • This involves two people, often partners in marriage, working together to raise children.

Single Parenting

  • One-parent families are becoming more prevalent in Canada.
  • The economic pressures for these families often mean longer periods of lower household incomes.

StepParenting

  • Step families are also becoming more common.
  • This involves negotiating family dynamics with biological and stepfamily members.

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Week 11 Psych Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore the stages of human development focusing on emerging adulthood (ages 18-29) and established adulthood (ages 30-45). This quiz covers the impact of education, career, social norms, and the political nature influencing these life stages. Test your knowledge on the key concepts shaping adulthood today.

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