Week 1 - Overview and Introduction - Students Notes (1) PDF

OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION Unit 1 TOURISM TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PRESENTER: Kerry Metcalfe Green 1  Content 1. Background of Travel Industry 2. Tourism Generating Markets 3. Relationship of Transport to the travel industry...

OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION Unit 1 TOURISM TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PRESENTER: Kerry Metcalfe Green 1  Content 1. Background of Travel Industry 2. Tourism Generating Markets 3. Relationship of Transport to the travel industry 2  Introduction  According to Page (2005) transport is acknowledged as one of the most significant factors which have affected international tourism development. WTTC indicated that in 2004 the international tourist industry employed 73.6 million people directly and 214 indirectly and generated 10% of the world GDP.  World Tourism Organization – “tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other 3 purposes. “ Background of the Travel Industry  Pre-historic travel was by foot in search of necessities of life  Generally early travel dealt with the trade of goods.  Neolithic-travel was for spiritual and religious reasons.  Travel due to specialization of labour. (Barter) *more privileged travel on horseback or in carriages 4  History of Tourism and Travel Five thousand years ago, cruises were organized and conducted from Egypt Probably the first journey ever made for the purposes of peace and tourism was made by Queen Hatshepsut to the land of Punt (Believed to be on the east coast of Africa) in 1480 B.C.E Beginning in 2700 B.C.E the pharaohs began taking advantage of the abundance of good building stones in the Nile Valley to build their elaborate burial tombs. These great outdoor wonders began attracting large numbers as early as 1600 to 1200B.C.E. “Each monument was a hallow spot, so the visitors always spent some moments in prayer, yet their prime motivation was curiosity and disinterested enjoyment, not religion”. They left evidence of their visit in inscriptions. (Graffiti) 5 Tourists also had the urge to collect souvenirs  Tourism Early Beginnings The invention of money by the Sumerians (Babylonians) and the the development of trade beginning about 4000 B.C.E. mark the beginning of the modern era of travel. People travelled by foot First to invent cuneiform writing and the wheel Babylonians should be credited as the founders of the travel business People could now pay for transportation and accommodations with money or by barter 6 Travel in the Middle Ages  This period represented dark times for travel  As a result of changes in leadership, political boundaries and civil wars travel became dangerous and more difficult  The luxury of vacation travel disappeared The main travel activities in this period were pilgrimages and crusades 7  The Grand Tour Evolved out of the renaissance Marked the beginning of modern tourism (this encouraged development of hotels, service personnel and improved transportation) Young men travel to finish education Educational pursuits and leisure seekers travelled GeneralMotivations: education, career development, culture, curiosity, science 8 career development  Nineteenth Century Travel  Certain factors encouraged travel: - Enabling Factors – conditions that make things up  Motivating factors – factors which persuade people to travel  In this century leisure time was limited, money inadequate, work hours were long 6 days a week, wages low,  Growth of travel and transport interdependent and accommodations were needed  Accommodations were limited but grew in the 19th century  Traditional hospice was monasteries  Travelers risked disease, exchange facilities were unreliable so rates of exchange inconsistent so traveler took large cash  Travel documents necessary but hard to come by  Real motivation for travel must be intrinsic Source: Holloway The Business of Tourism  Highlights of Travel in the Nineteenth  Century Advent of railway initially catalysed business travel and later leisure travel. Gradually special trains were chartered to only take leisure travel to their destinations.  ·Package tours organised by entrepreneurs such as Thomas Cook.  After his first tour(1841) was a success he started arranging tours as a commercial business.  Cook made travel possible for people with limited opportunities to trave  The European countries indulged in a lot of business travel often to their colonies to buy raw material and sell finished goods.  The invention of photography acted as a status-enhancing tool and promoted overseas travel.  he formation of first hotel chains; pioneered by the railway companies who established great railway terminus hotels.  Seaside resorts began to develop different images as for day-trippers, elite, for gambling.  Other types of destinations-ski resorts, hill stations, mountaineering spots etc.  The technological development in steamships promoted travel between North America and Europe.  The Suez Canal opened direct sea routes to India and the Far East.  The cult of the guidebook followed the development of photography. 10 Tourism in the Twentieth Century  The First World War gave first hand experience of countries and aroused a sense of curiosity about international travel among less well off sector for the first time. The large scale of migration to the US meant a lot of travel across the Atlantic. Private motoring began to encourage domestic travel in Europe and the west. The sea side resort became annual family holiday destination in Britain and increased in popularity in other countries of the west. Hotels proliferated in these destinations. The birth of air travel and after  The wars increased interest in international travel. This interest was given the shape of mass tourism by the aviation industry. The surplus of aircrafts and growth of private airlines aided the expansion of air travel. The aircraft had become comfortable, faster and steadily cheaper for overseas travel. With the introduction of Boeing 707 jet in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses had arrived. The beginning of chartered flights boosted the package tour market and led to the establishment of organised mass tourism. The Boeing 747, a 400 seat craft, brought the cost of travel down sharply. The seaside resorts in the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Caribbean were the initial hot spots of mass tourism.  A corresponding growth in hotel industry led to the establishment of world- wide chains. Tourism also began to diversify as people began to flock alternative destinations in the 70s. Nepal and India received a throng of tourists lured by Hare Krishna movement and transcendental meditation. The beginning of individual travel in a significant volume only occurred in the 80s. Air travel also led to a continuous growth in business travel11 especially with the emergence of the MNCs.  Air Travel Cntd  Page (2003a) illustrated in the case of air travel in Asia that the existing patterns of travel will also see massive changes in volume and scale of tourist travel, not at least with respect to investments and infrastructure needs of Asia and especially China on matters of airport expansion.  Forecasts of between 8 to 10 % GDP growth per annum over the next 10 years.12  Air Travel Cntd  The new middle class in these regions will continue to gain mobility through affluence, and tourism transport needs will grow.  The Air transport Action Group (ATAG 2001) indicated that Air Pacific air traffic tends to increase at a rate of 1.5 times the rate of GDP growth which shows the critical nature of economic performance in different countries and how they fuel outbound air travel. 13  Introduction and History of Transportation Technology Trolley and Turton (1995) agues that the distance for transportation is shrinking and looks at four phases in transportation technology: 1.Transition from horse and wind windpower 2.The introduction of the steam engine 3.The development of the combusion engine 4.The use of jet engine Orient express is one of the world’s premier travel 14 brands. It operates 4 exclusive train services. Modes of Transportation  Transport modes are the means by which people and freight achieve mobility. They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel –  land (Car, Bus/Coach, Caravan/Campervan, Train),  water (cruise ship, scheduled passenger flights, Ferries and inland water ways)  Air- Scheduled service, Charter flights, scenic flights 15 Determinants of Transportation The main determinants of the mode of transportation used by tourists to travel includes the following:  Competitors  Cost  Feasibility  Safety  Efficiency  Comfort The Birth of air Travel and After The birth of air travel and after  The wars increased interest in international travel. This interest was given the shape of mass tourism by the aviation industry.  The surplus of aircrafts and growth of private airlines aided the expansion of air travel. The aircraft had become comfortable, faster and steadily cheaper for overseas travel.  With the introduction of Boeing 707 jet in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses had arrived. The beginning of chartered flights boosted the package tour market and led to the establishment of organised mass tourism.  The Boeing 747, a 400 seat craft, brought the cost of travel down sharply. The seaside resorts in the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Caribbean 17were the initial hot spots of mass tourism.  THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY TODAY  Air travel remains a large and growing industry. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism and is therefore central to the globalization taking place in many other industries.  In the past decade, air travel has grown by 7% per year. Travel for both business and leisure purposes grew strongly worldwide. Scheduled airlines carried 1.5 billion passengers last year.  For additional reading  http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/ airlineindustry.html 18 GROUND TRANSPORTATION 19 History of Rail Transportation  The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood or stone. Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s.  These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical forms of mechanised land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years. 20 Forms of Ground Transportation  Ground transportation refers to the public and private movement of people via land vehicles in association with airports.  This term can include references to vehicles or infrastructure, such as roads or railways and is often used in connection with airline travel 21  GENERATING MARKETS The United States  41 million depart from the U.S. annually  71% of all Americans over 18 have traveled outside the U.S. 49% visit Canada 34% visit Mexico 26% visit Europe 19% visit the Caribbean 22  Generating Markets  The removal of travel bans resulted in increased demand. Eg. Berlin Wall  Longer vacation stay  Travel increases with the level of occupation and income but decreases with age.  Tends to visit US and Canada. Trend in more recent time is to visit the Caribbean 23 and middle east World’s Most Visited Country 1.France - 89 million tourists. Attracting over 89 million tourists each year 2.Spain: 83 million tourists. Spain is the second most visited country in both the both the world and Europe. Tourism accounts for 12% of Spain's economy 3.United States: 80 million tourists. Tourism is one of the United States' biggest biggest contributors to the country's GDP. The industry supports over 7 million jobs, and in 2017, tourism generated USD 1.6 trillion in economic output 4.China: 63 million tourists. China, the third-largest country in the world, is in the world's top five tourist destinations because of its natural landscapes, expansive history and delicious cuisine 5. Italy: 62 Million Tourists: Italy has culture, history and cuisine in abundance, making it a very popular tourist destination for people all around the globe Source: The World's Most Visited Countries – WorldAtlas 24  World’s top 10 tourism Destinations by International Tourist Arrival Internatio Internatio Change Change nal nal Destinati (2018 to (2017 to Rank tourist tourist on 2019) 2018) arrivals arrivals (%) (%) (2019) (2018) 1 France – 89.4 million - 2.9 2 Spain 83.5 million 82.8 million 0.8 1.1 3 79.3 million 79.7 million 0.6 3.3 United State s 4 China 65.7 million 62.9 million 4.5 3.6 5 Italy 64.5 million 61.6 million 4.8 5.7 6 Turkey 51.2 million 45.8 million 11.9 21.7 7 Mexico 45.0 million 41.3 million 9.0 5.1 8 Thailand 39.8 million 38.2 million 4.3 7.3 9 Germany 39.6 million 38.9 million 1.8 3.8 25 10 39.4 million 38.7 million 1.9 2.2 United King  World’s Top 10 Tourism Earners Internation Internation Change al al (local tourism tourism currency) Rank Region receipts(US receipts(US (2018 to $ billion) $ billion) 2019) (2019) (2018) (%) 1 214.1 214.7 0.3% United Stat 2 es Spain 79.7 81.7 2.9% 3 France 63.8 66.0 1.9% 4 Thailand 60.5 56.4 3.2% 5 52.7 50.0 10.1% United King 6 dom Italy 49.6 49.3 6.2% 7 Japan 46.1 42.1 8.0% 8 Australia 45.7 45.0 9.1% 26 9 Germany 41.6 43.0 2.2% RELATIONSHIP AND IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION TO TOURISM 27 Importance of Transportation to Tourism As part of the growing impact of globalisation tourism is dependent on efficient, reliable and cost-effective transport infrastructure and services to support continued growth and development. At the same time, transport policies and infrastructure development influence the quality, capacity, extensiveness and efficiency of transport, which contributes to the competitiveness of national tourism industries. 28 Importance of Transportation to Tourism Transport infrastructure provides the backbone of transport systems, both within and between countries through networks of airports, highways, railways and ports.. The various forms of tourism and related infrastructure play a vital role in economic growth by providing fast, reliable connections between population centres for business, tourism, ordinary citizens and government. 29  Importance of Transportation to Tourism Transportation and travel can be discussed without taking tourism into consideration, but tourism cannot thrive without travel. Transportation is an integral part of the tourism industry. Transportation links the various destinations and ferries people, goods and services. 30  Importance of Transportation to Tourism Tourism is all about travel and the role of transportation in its operation is vital. It is largely due to the improvement of transportation that tourism has expanded. The advent of flight has shrunk the world and the motor vehicle has made travel to 31 anywhere possible  Importance of Transportation to Tourism Page (2005) suggests that transport provides the link between tourism origin and destination areas. Transport facilitates the movement of holiday makers, business travellers, VFR’s and those travelling for health and educational purposes. Transport can also be deemed a focal point for tourist activities such as cruising and coaching travel and scenic rail journeys (Dean 1993). 32 Importance of Transportation to Tourism Collier (1994) looks at three tourist transport and suggests that there are three needs to fulfil: 1.Transporting the tourist from the generating to the host area 2.Transport between host destination 33 3.Transport within host destination Importance of Transportation to Tourism Collier (1994) further classifies transport into different bases: 1.Private or Public 2.Water/Land/Air 3.Domestic or International 34  Importance of Transportation to Tourism Page (2005) argues that transportation is one of the three fundamental components of travel. The others are: Tourism Product – Supply Tourism Market – Demand 35  Importance of Transportation to Tourism Culpan (1987) identified transportation modes and management as the “important ingredients of the international tourism system,” acknowledging that linkage by air, sea and land modes is essential for the operations as well as the availability of support services such as fuel stations, auto repair, motels and rest facilities for36land travel.  Importance of Transportation to Tourism Page and Lumsdin (2004) contend that the transportation system of a tourist destination has an impact on the tourism experience which explains how people travel and why they choose different forms of holiday, destination and transport. 37 Evolution of transport technology  Transition from horse and windpower  Introduction of the steam engine  Development of the combustion engine  The use of the jet engine 38 Challenges The supporting infrastructure has not been able to keep pace with tourism development and therefore congestion may be the biggest constraint facing planners.  Safety, security, competition and customer rates- operators recognize the need to ensure that the travel experience is comfortable and pleasurable. Transport problems include:  Congestion, Safety and security, Environmental damage and Seasonality 39  Summary Laws (1991) posits that the systems approach was developed to understand the complex relationship between transport and the tourism phenomenon as both impacts the other and a good transportation is key to the tourism and travel industry.. 40   DISCUSSION How important is transportation to the tourism industry? What are the critical areas of transportation that have to be considered/addressed in order to be of benefit to the tourism industry?41