Travel Through the Ages

Travel in the Middle Ages

• Travel was dangerous and difficult during this period due to changes in leadership, political boundaries, and civil wars
• The luxury of vacation travel disappeared during this time
• Main travel activities involved pilgrimages and crusades

The Grand Tour

• Marked the beginning of modern tourism
• Encouraged development of hotels, service personnel, and better transportation
• Motivations for travel included education, career development, culture, curiosity, and science

19th Century Travel

• Motivating factors for travel included leisure time, money, and work hours
• Travel and transport were interdependent
• Accommodations were limited but grew during the 19th century
• Travelers risked disease, exchange facilities were unreliable, and travel documents were hard to obtain

Highlights of Travel in the 19th Century

• The advent of the railway catalyzed business travel and later leisure travel
• Thomas Cook organized package tours
• European countries engaged in business travel to their colonies
• The invention of photography promoted overseas travel
• First hotel chains were pioneered by railway companies
• Seaside resorts developed different images for different demographics
• Steamships promoted travel between North America and Europe
• The Suez Canal opened direct sea routes to India and the Far East

Tourism in the 20th Century

• World War I sparked an interest in international travel
• The growth of private airlines and the surplus of aircraft aided the expansion of air travel
• The introduction of the Boeing 707 jet in 1958 marked the beginning of air travel for the masses
• The Boeing 747 brought down the cost of travel
• Mass tourism was centered around seaside resorts in the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Caribbean
• The rise of the hotel industry led to the establishment of worldwide chains
• Alternative destinations were popularized in the 70s
• Individual travel became more prominent in the 80s
• Air travel led to continuous growth in business travel

Air Travel

• Air traffic is expected to increase significantly in Asia, especially in China
• The new middle class in these regions will gain mobility through affluence
• Air Pacific air traffic increases at a rate of 1.5 times the rate of GDP growth

Introduction and History of Transportation Technology

• Transportation technology has evolved through four key phases: transition from horse and wind power, the introduction of the steam engine, the development of the combustion engine, and the use of the jet engine

Modes of Transportation

• Modes of transportation fall into three basic types: land, water, and air

Determinants of Transportation

• Determinants of the mode of transportation used by tourists include competitors, cost, feasibility, safety, efficiency, and comfort

Ground Transportation

• Refers to the public and private movement of people via land vehicles in association with airports
• Includes vehicles and infrastructure, such as roads and railways

Generating Markets

• The US is a major generating market, with 41 million Americans departing annually
• Canada, Mexico, Europe, and the Caribbean are popular destinations for Americans
• The removal of travel bans has increased demand for travel
• Travel increases with occupation and income level, but decreases with age

World's Most Visited Countries

• France, Spain, the United States, China, and Italy are the top 5 most visited countries globally

World's Top 10 Tourism Earners

• The United States, Spain, France, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Australia, Germany, and China are the top 10 tourism earners globally

Importance of Transportation to Tourism

• Tourism relies on efficient, reliable, and cost-effective transport infrastructure and services