Week 1- Intro to Forensics PDF

 CM5002 FORENSIC SCIENCE (3AU) CM5022 APPLICATIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE (1AU) formerly CM8002 and 8022 FORENSIC SCIENCE Schedule & Assessment information same for CM5002 and CM5022 Content lectures: mostly LAMS Guest lectures:...

 CM5002 FORENSIC SCIENCE (3AU) CM5022 APPLICATIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE (1AU) formerly CM8002 and 8022 FORENSIC SCIENCE Schedule & Assessment information same for CM5002 and CM5022 Content lectures: mostly LAMS Guest lectures: live recommended reading** Forensic Tuesdays at 1.30 bonuses recommended textbook  CM5002 FORENSIC SCIENCE CM5022 APPLICATIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE ASSESSMENT Common mid-terms and final exam: 2 online mid-terms: includes content lectures MCQ 20% each both courses letter-graded final exam: short answer 60% Learning outcomes: factual knowledge and understanding most important: critical thinking CM5002-5022 Forensic Science Science: Roderick Bates (CBC, Level 4, Room 8) Questions: in person, by e-mail, discussion board, Forensic Tuesday Forensics: Wong Kok Weng A.G. s chambers Christopher Syn Forensic DNA Profiling Angeline Yap Tiong Whei Drugs & Narcotics Bei Sing Yap Questioned Documents Lim Thian Bon Physical evidence Schedule in Information on NTU Learn Who am I? Where am I?  Where am I? CBC04-08 Blue shuttle Forensic Science WARNING Material presented in this course will contain graphic depiction of injuries to and dismemberment of the human body. It will also consist of oral and written depictions of horrific crimes.  Murder rates worldwide Don’t Panic! per 100,000 of population (UNODC 2021) U.K. 1.2 U.S.A. 6.8 Jamaica 52 St. Lucia 39 El Salvador 31 Singapore 0.1 U.S.A. 5.4 St. Louis 64.4 Fort Collins, CO 1.2 New York 6.0 Lincoln, NE 0.4 Newark, NJ 19.5 Forensic Science explain the origins of forensic science and some basic concepts explain how forensic science fits into the criminal justice system understand individualisation, reconstruction and reenactment describe different kinds of forensic labs explain Locard’s Exchange Principle What is Forensic Science? What is forensics? criminal trails were from Latin forum -market place- also held here Application of Science to Law Application of Science to Criminal Justice: the analysis of physical, chemical and biological evidence Forensic Science MD ~ medical doctor the body Scientist BSc(Hons) DNA drugs ForensicMedicine ballistics documents Forensic Science fibres fingerprinting physical evidence The Forensic Scientist as a Celebrity Forensic Science How do they know? Interpretation of evidence Reliability of the evidence - scientific principles What can and cannot be deduced Forensic Science Why Science? Observation & Experiment Theory Expert Witness in Court Isaac Newton Must convince judge/ jury  Forensic Science in court argue that ~ person is quilty prosecution Judge evidence from & e makes experts decis If witnesses there is system in e Jury - selected from jury no police defense amongst local citizens country dry T Ve - abolished in some countries, including Singapore opposite  Forensic Science in court prosecution Judge I evidence from task is experts witnesses note police same Jury - selected from defense amongst local citizens Presumption of Innocence ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat “the burden of proof is on the one who declares, not on one who denies” & job of prosecute to prove that charged Antoninus Pius person is quilty 86-161 thatI defense demonstrates prosecuti has not proved his case by raising doubts. Presumption of Innocence Presumption of Innocence: Innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt - by defense Sept 11th 2009 Randone calls 911: Lee is dead >300 blunt force trauma wounds charge: murder and torture Prosecution trauma: kicked by Randone cause of death: asphyxia by smothering resonable Defense seizure caused by the drug GHB doubt Verdict Not guilty HO CO2H γ-hydroxybutyric acid http://monrovia.patch.com/groups/police-and-fire/p/breaking- randone-found-not-guilty-of-murder-torture  Walter Dinivan Bournemouth, England, May 21st, 1939 Body of Walter Dinivan, 64, found with crushed skull. Dies in hospital without regaining consciousness. Police find safe and pockets emptied, rings and watch gone; crumpled brown paper bag – used to wrap murder weapon cigarette butts on the floor enquiries lead the police to Joseph Williams - recently came into money saliva on the cigarette butts indicates blood group AB (3 % of the population) What was Williams blood group?  Walter Dinivan From samples gathered in the pub, Williams was found to be AB. Jury was persuaded to disbelieve the forensic evidence – not guilty Drunk after celebrating, to i Williams confesses to a crime journalist who cannot publish the story until after Williams death (1951) in vino veritas Jetkor Singh Singapore 1996 Mdm Jetkor Miang Singh murdered by stabbing in the neck cigarette butts found at the scene of the crime 2005 DNA from the saliva matches that of Zulkarnain Kemat, serving time in Changi prison for drug offences  the Limits of Forensic Science Actus Reus & a guilty action Prosecuti must demonstrate both Mens Rea a guilty mind or intention & not easily proven by forensic science Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea (the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty) Dick Cheney, former Vice-President of the USA forensic evidence shows that Dick Shot Harry Whittington Cheney fired = while quail hunting in Texas evidence gun but no showed that why he => no charges findi gun (mistake/ deliberate ? ) Kim Jong Nam half brother to Kim Jong-Un born 1971 exiled 2003 murdered 2017  Kim Jong Nam Siti Aisyah Doan Thi Huong KL Airport, February 2017 Charged with murder Me Allegate they had taken a : & N S P OEt very toxic nerve agent VX Jong Kim Nam O spot on which caused death “Maximum tolerable dose” 2.12 µg/kg (U.S. Army)  murder & Forensic evidence provesI they had confessed Kim Jong Nam but did they have a intention to kill him ? did they knoa cause him rapid death? March 11th 2019: Siti Aisyah released April 1st 2019: Doan Thi Huong pleads guilty to “causing hurt” claim that they had been for recruited a They water or people's faces prack show to splash that it was neve agent & They were unaware not water their minds. intents not prove Intention a knowledge only in Guilty. Reconstruction – Comparison - Association Forensic Science can enable us to reconstruct the past sequence of events Forensic Science can link a suspect to a crime scene forensic evidence comparison and association fibres hair ( broken glass fibres blood match found paint fingerprints shoe print - link > - Forensic Science A role beyond crime? Art reconstruct Paint 1818 – 1840 - of what Shakespeare died in 1616 Archaeology had happened in e Sport past ~ humans drug testing in International Politics & animals (chemical weapons Disasters used identify victims of disaster Ukraine e  be FS , FM determine what crime was commited & what charge to made ? What is the Charge? ~ baby was not probably born alive hence she was not charged i Murder Murder or suicide? April 1972: Body of boy run over by a train in Bukit Merah Injuries inconsistent with suicide or accident and indicate that the boy was already dead & substantial internal bleeding to make murder suicide Attempt a a  Murder or suicide? Roberto Calvi Can forensic evidence Roberto Calvi can distinguish between Banco Ambrosiano murder and suicide? God’s Banker US$1.2 billion missing disappeared from Milan June 11th 1982; found hanging from Blackfriars Bridge, London, June 19th Roberto Calvi Police: Bricks in his suit Pathology: US$14,000 in his wallet neck not broken false passport no drugs bags packed no signs of a struggle marks consistent with hanging no water in his lungs not drowning ~ watch stopped at 1:52 am Forensics: & no paint from the scaffolding when I tide rose & that from I bridge maintenance was undergoing => concluse suicide :  Roberto Calvi Questions? reanactment shows Why bricks and rope? impossible to not Where did he get the rope? e get - paint flakes when climbing down How did he climb down the scaffolding without getting paint flakes? Why not commit suicide in the hotel? Why in a cold river? How did he get from his hotel to the bridge? FE inconsistant of verdict of Suicide murder but who did it ? => A bridge too far? acquittals: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6726353.stm The Origins of Forensic Science Fiction before fact? You know who this is Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle Sherlock Homes the Locard Exchange Principle "on the one hand, the criminal leaves marks at the crime scene of his passage; on the other hand, by inverse action, he takes with him, on his body or on his clothing, evidence of his stay or of his deed” Professor Edmond Locard (1877-1966)  Locard Exchange Principle "Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value.” Paul L. Kirk (1902-1970) the Locard Exchange Principle ”every contact leaves a trace” I are many microscopic Some traces are more obvious than others….. More than one way to leave your fingerprints behind Severed finger points to burglar By Rachel Hine A burglar who severed a finger while breaking into a builders' yard was caught by police when he went to hospital for treatment. Stewart Broughton, 42, broke into Elliott s Builders Merchants in Newgate Lane, Fareham, on two occasions. But while making his getaway over a fence on the second occasion he severed his finger on razor wire, leaving it at the scene. Police immediately contacted hospitals in the hope the fingerless crook would seek medical help. And soon after the raid he was seen at Queen Alexandra Hospital. A police officer spoke with him at the hospital and he was taken to Fareham police station and charged.  The trace can even be left in cyberspace Christopher Paul Neil 2007 swirl swirl to reversed diffort his face Pedophile Electronic traces “a photograph of his dead wife…in his phone” The trace can even be left in cyberspace link in extra reading under introduction  ~ Medical doctor Buck Ruxton and the Jigsaw Murders  Buck Ruxton Moffat, Scotland, 1935 Numerous body parts found in the river How many bodies and who were they? Moffat 170 km Morecombe newspaper printed Morecombe specifically in Newspaper wrapping some parts is local from Morecombe in England: Morecombe police report two women missing: Mrs Ruxton and her maid, Mary not married legally Two bodies; Buck Ruxton all distinguishing murder features removed: change o Face mutilated; ends of fingers removed; birth marks removed Find photographs of the women s heads Photograph skulls from the same angles superimpose perfect match & reliability of this but Back confessed To deed superimpose method? I  Forensic Science Laboratories 1910 Lyon, France (Locard) 1915 Germany 1923 Austria, USA (LAPD) 1925 Holland, Finland, Sweden 1932 USA (FBI) 1935 UK (Scotland Yard) Singapore: 1960 s Prof Chao Tzee Cheng (Pathology) 1929 Chemical analysis services available to Straits Settlement Police Now part of Health Sciences Authority Forensic Science Laboratories What might we find in a Forensic Science Lab? Physical Science Unit: identification and comparison of evidence chemical tests, spectroscopy, microscopy… drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soil… Biology Unit: hair, plants DNA Lab: DNA Firearms Unit: guns, bullets, cartridge cases, firearm damage Forensic Science Laboratories Documents Unit: handwriting, printing, paper, ink Photography Unit: record of evidence, presentation Lochness Monster ? Surgeon’s photograph 1934 I confessed that it was a real photo but just a model floating in water Forensic Science Laboratories Toxicology – drugs and poisons in body fluids and organs Someone is found dead on their bed with an empty bottle of sleeping pills Will this be a murder investigation or a suicide case: how many sleeping pills did they take? Latent Fingerprints – making them visible Not all fingerprints are visible to the naked eye – chemical means to make them show up Polygraph – or lie detector ~ evidence not accepted Can we scientifically detect a lie? & no , but can detect As in bp , temp & perspirate that go w telling a lie Forensic Science Laboratories Voiceprint – analysis of voices Psychiatric profiling What can we tell about the Osama Bin Laden criminal from the way they commit the crime? Computer Forensics and Electronic Forensics What can be learned from deleted data? How can other electronic trails be followed? Forensic Science Laboratories ~ determine why is Forensic Engineering enginee Why did the I35 bridge in Minneapolis collapse? The Morandi Bridge in Genoa? explained in determinati ~ Forensic Entomology of fire of death Using insects to provide information Forensic Geology soil analysis: mineral content and chemistry Forensic Science Laboratories ~ so much informat : Forensic Anthropology lost is soft tissues examination of skeletal remains Joseph Schexnider disappeared 1984; found 2011 Facial Reconstruction: If you have the skull, can you tell what the face looked like? hard to estimate age of person - has age an effect i on face Karen Price Alexander Fallon 1987 originally with modelling clay, now by computer Forensic Science Laboratories Ted Bundy: identified by Forensic Odontology a bite mark on a victim Using teeth to provide information: (comparison to a mould of identification of victims remains or his teeth) identification of a criminal executed January 24th 1989 reliable > Stronger Consider e reliability for each technique , more - I evidence.  Gordon Hay, Scotland 1968 Body of Linda Peacock found in a cemetery. Bite mark. 300 people interviewed 29 shortlisted 5 had similar dentistry after taking impressions 1 remained after second and third set of impressions Ronald Benell, Manchester 1970 Linda Stewart’s body found in old lady’s front garden Numerous clues: piece of paper, shoe print, a steel ring, fingerprint, Bite marks on body and a meat pie Wayne Boden, Montreal and Calgary, Canada 1971 Convicted of four rape-murders Arrested based on description of his car Linked to bodies by bite marks Acid Bath Haigh (1949) Olive Durand-Deacon - one of 9 victims Identified by her false teeth does not ~ fraudster dissolve in sulfuric J.G.Haigh - believed that acid there could be no murder trial without a body - so dissolved the bodies in sulfuric acid  Class characteristics Identification: what is it? Physical objects Biological properties Chemical properties/ constituents Class characteristics: characteristics that put an object in a certain class or group but not a single source: Brand of shoe; type of fibre; type of bullet Individualisation - & link to single individual Narrowing the class to one Physical objects: manufacturer, serial number, fingerprints Chemicals: trace elements and impurities Biological samples: blood type, DNA analysis Individualisation An object An object of a particular type A specific, unique object X Linkingto single person Individualisation: Cinderella MH370 KL Search zone MH370 "It is unlikely, however, that such a common item with no unique identifier could be conclusively linked with MH370" this item cannot be individualized  MH370 Reunion object can be individualised 212 proof) ”… it is with a heavy heart that I must tell you that an international team of experts have conclusively confirmed that the aircraft debris found on Reunion Island is indeed from MH370" => aircraft crashed in indian occan Reconstruction and Reenactment Reconstruction Understanding the sequence of past events ~ there lack of experience Reenactment used when is a of i case May be a part of reconstruction  The 2005 London Bombings suicide bombers July 7th four bombs explode – three on the tube, one on a bus 52 people killed July 21st four bombs fail to explode properly are to equality - – three on the tube, ofI home one on a bus made explosive (defective) chemist can work out what was dove July 23rd a fifth device discovered (abandoned?) in West London wrong ( determine how detonator ~ pridesevent e bombs were explosive to explode made home made explosive  The July 21st Bombers Numerous links to the bombs & accused Defense: bombs were Mens rea? hoaxes to protest against Government policy - what'sI real intent ?? So, build an identical bomb and test it…….. L it did damage : it is not hoax Reenactment of the Brides in the Bath December 1914 ~ No bruiges Margaret Lloyd drowns in her bath (insurance £700) Same thing had happened to Alice Smith in 1913 And to Bessie Williams in 1912 George Joseph Smith had married seven women; three died; most robbed ( Did the three drown accidentally or were they drowned? charged w & if so , they will struggle , murder in there will be bruise marks end i but there is a technique : feet in e pulling someone's to both will carse water rush noge I cause upI rapid unconsciousness ↑ reenactment proved it right pitfalls to reenactment : quality of eactors Gareth Williams, 2010 Occupation: cryptographer for British Intelligence Found: August 16th, 2010 in his apartment Dead - for about nine days…heating on No sign of struggle - poisoning or asphyxiation In a sports bag, padlocked, in the bath No fingerprints on the bath Faint DNA traces on the bag 81 x 48 cm Can you lock yourself in a bag? depends on e person https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIjzZlMQaeg Richard and Helle Crafts Richard Crafts Helle Crafts - airline pilot – stewardess met 1969, married 1975 Collected guns, machinery, traveled a lot, difficulties about money, volunteer police officer Hired private detective  The Woodchipper Murder November 18th 1986 Helle dropped off after work (5 inches of snow!) November 19th only Richard answers the telephone Early morning – takes children and nanny to sisters house December 1st the private detective contacts the police Richard Crafts claims that his wife had disappeared. Passes lie detector test! Discarded carpet fragments test negative for blood Unusual purchases, including a chainsaw, a freezer and renting a wood chipper witness places wood chipper at Lake Zoar The Woodchipper Murder House searched Christmas Day blood stain found on mattress, matches Helle s blood type (O+) Search of river bank and the lake (after lowering water level)  What they found in the Lake individualisate ~ Chain saw (human tissue, hair, blue fibres) serial number matches Crafts’ 2660 strands of human hair (bleached), 69 slivers of human bone (type O+), matched 5 droplets of human blood, ~ individualised Helle's 2 teeth (one proved to be Helle’s), descript: a truncated piece of human skull, but not 3 oz of human tissue, Tidualised a portion of a human finger, 1 fingernail and 1 portion of human toe nail. The Woodchipper Murder January 11, Richard Crafts arrested with bail posted at $750,000 Reconstruction: how Crafts killed his wife. Drops of blood were found in her bedroom: she was bludgeoned at the foot of her bed during the early morning hours of November 19th Police speculated that Crafts then carried his wife's body to the basement where he placed her inside the freezer. The Woodchipper Murder Lake Zoar Tells the nanny to go to his sister's house in Westport because Newtown had suffered a power failure. Drops off the kids and the nanny at Westport, Richard returns to Newtown. Took Helle's frozen body to a secluded piece of property near Newtown. He used the chainsaw to make several smaller parcels of her remains and returned them to the freezer. Under the cover of darkness, Crafts then took these packages to Lake Zoar where he ran them through the powerful wood chipper. But what is the effect of a wood chipper on a human body? The Woodchipper Murder Reenactment used to represent pig human body S effect f woodchipper on carcass of a pig The Woodchipper Murder hair tissue fibres (rug) rental (serial number restored) hair, tissue rental body parts, tooth witness Richard Crafts was sentenced to 50 years in prison  Forensic Science Types of forensic work Individualisation, Comparison and Association Reconstruction and reenactment Locard s exchange principle: Every Contact Leaves a Trace