Week 1 Human Growth and Development.pdf

Week 1: Human Growth and Development • Behaviorism is shaped by modeling and social context, with conditioning being classified into two types: operant and classical. • Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning, exemplified by the experiment involving a dog, a bell, and salivating. • On the o...

Week 1: Human Growth and Development • Behaviorism is shaped by modeling and social context, with conditioning being classified into two types: operant and classical. • Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning, exemplified by the experiment involving a dog, a bell, and salivating. • On the other hand, Skinner is linked to operant conditioning, demonstrated through a mouse, a lever, and cheese. • B.F. Skinner, (known for the Bobo the Clown experiment), posited that our behaviors are developed or conditioned through reinforcements. • Operant conditioning utilizes rewards and punishments to modify behavior, • Pavlovian classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a natural response. • Erik Erikson 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development • 1. Trust vs. Mistrust Birth to 1.5 years • 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 1.5 to 3 years • 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 3 to 6 years • 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 6 to 11 years • 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence • 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation Early Adulthood • 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood • 8. Integrity vs. Despair Later Adulthood • Jean Piaget Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years • Pre-operational 2 to 7 years • Concrete Operational 7 to 11 years • Formal Operational 11 to 15 years Erikson's theory postulates that people advance through the stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises throughout their lives. These social crises instruct how individuals react to the surrounding world. • Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory • Learning Theory • Observational learning • Cognitive processes • Social Experiences Determine Behavior Components: According to Bandura, individuals learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, and then imitating those behaviors. This theory also highlights the role of cognitive processes, such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, in the learning and reproduction of observed behaviors. 1. Observational learning 2. Self-efficacy 3. Reciprocal determination • Kolhberg’s Moral Development Theory • • • Preconventional • Stage 1: Punishment and obedience exists • Stage 2: Obtaining rewards Conventional • Stage 3: Maintaining good relations • Stage 4: Law and order orientation exists Postconventional • Stage 5: Social contracts and utilitarian orientation • Stage 6: Self-chosen principle orientation prevails • Freud’s Psychosexual Theory • Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year) • Libido/innate pleasure focus in on the MOUTH • Anal Stage (1 to 3 years) • Libido/innate pleasure focus in on the ANUS • Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years) • Libido/innate pleasure focus in on the GENITALS • Latency Stage (6 years to puberty) • Libido/innate pleasure focus in DORMANT • Genital Stage (Puberty to Adult) • Libido re-emerges and is directed towards peers of the other sex The basis of Freud's theory suggests that a person's body has several erogenous zones, believing a person's libido would grow over time and look for satisfaction through different types of behaviors using these zones, such as thumb sucking or sex. Additional information • Senescence - the condition of process of deterioration with age • Memory consolidation - Process that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition • Schema - mental representation of the real world • Midlife Crisis – a painful evaluation process for both men and women but not necessarily a crisis. • Prognosis – anticipated course of a disorder • Etiology – what causes a disorder • Comorbidity – two or more disorders at the same time • Diagnosis – the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms