Week 1: Human Growth and Development

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Questions and Answers

Who is associated with classical conditioning?

Skinner

Bobo the Clown

Erikson

Pavlov (correct)

Which type of conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a natural response?

Classical conditioning (correct)

Operant conditioning

Reinforcement conditioning

Social conditioning

In which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development does the conflict of Trust vs. Mistrust occur?

Birth to 1.5 years (correct)

Early Adulthood

Adolescence

Middle Adulthood

Who posited that behaviors are developed or conditioned through reinforcements?

Skinner Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict in the stage of Industry vs. Inferiority in Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Competence vs. Inadequacy Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with operant conditioning?

Skinner Signup and view all the answers

'Intimacy vs. Isolation' is a conflict in which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Early Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

'Identity vs. Role Confusion' is a conflict in which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Adolescence Signup and view all the answers

'Generativity vs. Stagnation' is a conflict in which stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Middle Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?

Utilizing rewards and punishments to modify behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory of development, individuals advance through stages based on how they adapt to:

Social crises throughout their lives Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, individuals learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, and then imitating those behaviors. This theory also highlights the role of cognitive processes, such as:

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is characterized by a focus on maintaining good relations and conforming to societal norms?

Conventional Stage 3 Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's Psychosexual Theory, which stage is associated with a focus on the genital region and the emergence of sexual interests?

Genital Stage (Puberty to Adult) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'senescence' refer to?

The process of deterioration with age Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concept in Piaget's cognitive development theory that refers to the mental representation of the real world?

Schema Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what term refers to an individual's belief in their capability to execute courses of action required to achieve given types of performances?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's Psychosexual Theory suggest about a person's body and behavior?

A person's body has several erogenous zones, and libido grows over time seeking satisfaction through different behaviors Signup and view all the answers

'Memory consolidation' refers to the process that:

Stabilizes a memory trace after its initial acquisition Signup and view all the answers

'Midlife Crisis' is best described as:

A painful evaluation process for both men and women but not necessarily a crisis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning and Associative Learning

Ivan Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning
Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a natural response
This type of conditioning is used to create a conditioned response to a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development

The conflict of Trust vs. Mistrust occurs in the first stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development, which is Infancy (0-1.5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority is the conflict in the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development, which is Middle Childhood (6-12 years)
In this stage, children must learn to accomplish tasks and take pride in their accomplishments in order to develop a sense of competence
Intimacy vs. Isolation is the conflict in the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development, Young Adulthood (18-40 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion is the conflict in the fifth stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development, Adolescence (12-18 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation is the conflict in the seventh stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development, Middle Adulthood (40-65 years)

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning
The primary focus of operant conditioning is on behaviors that are developed or conditioned through reinforcements
Reinforcement is a key concept in operant conditioning, which refers to any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring

Theories of Development

Erik Erikson's theory of development states that individuals advance through stages based on how they adapt to the psychosocial crises of each stage
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory states that individuals learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, and then imitating those behaviors
Cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and motivation play a crucial role in social learning

Moral Development Theory

Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory has six stages, with the fourth stage characterized by a focus on maintaining good relations and conforming to societal norms
This stage is known as the Law and Order orientation, where individuals understand the importance of social norms and laws in maintaining social order

Psychosexual Theory

Freud's Psychosexual Theory suggests that a person's body and behavior are shaped by their experiences and desires, particularly as they progress through the five stages of psychosexual development
The fifth stage of Freud's Psychosexual Theory, Genital stage, is associated with a focus on the genital region and the emergence of sexual interests

Cognitive Development Theory

Piaget's cognitive development theory states that the central concept of schema refers to the mental representation of the real world
A schema is an organized pattern of thought or behavior that helps individuals understand and make sense of their environment

Senescence

Senescence refers to the process of aging and declining physical and mental abilities that occur naturally as people get older

Memory and Learning

Memory consolidation refers to the process that stabilizes and strengthens memories, making them easier to retrieve and recall
Memory consolidation occurs through the process of consolidation, which involves changes in the strength of neural connections between neurons in the brain

Midlife Crisis

Midlife crisis is a term used to describe a period of emotional and psychological crisis that occurs in middle adulthood, often triggered by a major life event or transition.

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Description

Test your understanding of behaviorism, conditioning, and the key figures associated with classical and operant conditioning such as Pavlov and Skinner. Explore the concepts of modeling, social context, and the influential experiments that shaped our understanding of human behavior.