Historical Perspectives of Nursing and the Computer PDF

Historical Perspectives of Nursing and the Computer Prepared by: Earl John S. Amado, RN, MSN TERMINOLOGIES COMPUTER Referred as Information Technology. Synonymous to NIS(Nursing Information Systems), NCA(nursing computer applications), and NI(nursing Informatics). Used to manage i...

Historical Perspectives of Nursing and the Computer Prepared by: Earl John S. Amado, RN, MSN TERMINOLOGIES COMPUTER Referred as Information Technology. Synonymous to NIS(Nursing Information Systems), NCA(nursing computer applications), and NI(nursing Informatics). Used to manage information in patient care, monitor quality of nursing care and evaluate care outcomes. TERMINOLOGIES COMPUTER With networks are now used in communicating data via the internet, accessing resources and interacting with patients on the World Wide Web (WWW). TERMINOLOGIES NURSING INFORMATICS Refers to integration of nursing, its information and information management with information processing and information technology to support the health of the people worldwide (IMIA, 1998). TERMINOLOGIES NURSING INFORMATICS A specialty that integrates nursing, computer and information science to manage and communicate data, information and knowledge in nursing practice (ANA, 2006). TERMINOLOGIES NURSING INFORMATICS Facilitates the integration of data, information and knowledge to support patients, nurses and other providers in their decision making in all roles and settings. TERMINOLOGIES CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Refers to a set of components that form the mechanism by which patient records are created, used, stored and retrieved and usually located within a healthcare provider setting. TERMINOLOGIES CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Includes people, data, rules and procedures, processing and storage devices, communication and support facilities (IOM, 1991). “Computers and Nursing” by Jeff Zipparo Computers have helped nearly every industry, electronic based or not, to better serve themselves, and their clients; largely through software programs that allow industries to streamline complex business-related data and that permit better communication between employers, employees, and clients.  “Computers and Nursing” by Jeff Zipparo Without a doubt, computers have a strong place in our society and will continue to affect the way in which businesses conduct themselves, including the medical industry.  “Computers and Nursing” by Jeff Zipparo Bedside monitor devices. Access video clips, diagrams, and detailed pictures. “access support groups, medical facilities, and health care providers,” help nurses on a personal level.  “Computers and Nursing” by Jeff Zipparo The ultimate goal of the medical-computer relationship is to one day allow client records to be viewed by experts across the world via the internet, and to have vital information immediately sent to the bedside nurse in order to provide the best possible care to the client. However, moving from the “hard copy” age to the computer age does have risks.  “Computers and Nursing” by Jeff Zipparo One such risk is the hacking of client records, which poses a major risk to the privacy of patients. Another risk is the loss of entire client data bases due to software viruses or hardware failure. Finally, in the event of large-scale power problems the medical staff could be without pertinent patient information for extended periods of time, which would greatly hamper patient care.  “Computers and Nursing” by Jeff Zipparo As the computer raised generations slowly enter the medical field, the symbiotic relationship between computers and professionals is one of incredible potential.  Major Historical Perspectives of Nursing and Computers Six time periods (divided on time coverage prior to 1960s to post 2000) Four major nursing areas (nursing practice, administration, education and research) Standards initiatives (nursing practice, data, healthcare data standards) Significant landmark events (chart)  PRIOR TO 1960s: SIMPLE BEGINNINGS Computers were first developed in the late 1930s to early 1940s, but use in the healthcare industry occurred in the 1950s There are only few experts who attempted to adapt computers to health care During this period the image of nursing profession is undergoing major changes Initially, computers were used for business office transactions  PRIOR TO 1960s: SIMPLE BEGINNINGS Early computers used punch cards to store data and card readers to read computer programs, sort, and prepare data for processing. Linked together and operated by paper tape and used teletypewriters to print their output. PRIOR TO 1960s  PRIOR TO 1960s: SIMPLE BEGINNINGS Early computers used punch cards to store data and card readers to read computer programs, sort, and prepare data for processing. Linked together and operated by paper tape and used teletypewriters to print their output. PRIOR TO 1960s  SIX TIME PERIOD 1960s: ISSUES AND NURSING INFORMATICS RESEARCHES The use of computer technology in healthcare settings began to be questioned. Nursing standards were reviewed and resources were analyzed. 1960s  SIX TIME PERIOD Introduction of new computer technology such as Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) HISs were primarily developed to process financial transactions Computer vendors were beginning to penetrate the healthcare field but progress is slow 1960s  SIX TIME PERIOD Introduction of new computer technology such as Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) HISs were primarily developed to process financial transactions Computer vendors were beginning to penetrate the healthcare field but progress is slow 1960s  SIX TIME PERIOD 1970s: GIANT LEAP FOR NI Nurses begin to recognize the value of the computer for their profession Nurses assisted in the design of HISs 1970s  SIX TIME PERIOD Computer applications for financial and management functions of patient care systems were perceived as cost saving technologies Several States large Community Health Agencies in the US developed and/or contracted their own computer based Management Information Systems (MISs) 1970s  SIX TIME PERIOD 1980s: EMERGENCE OF INFORMATICS FIELD NI became an accepted specialty and many nursing experts entered the field 1980s  SIX TIME PERIOD The need for nursing software evolved and nursing education identified the need to update practice standards, determine data standards, vocabularies and classification schemes that could be coded for Computer based Patient Record Systems (CPRSs). 1980s  SIX TIME PERIOD Many mainframe HISs integrated nursing subsystems that documented several aspects of the patient record. Kardex, results reporting, vital signs and other system that documented narrative nursing notes via word-processing packages. Discharge planning systems were also developed and used as referrals to community healthcare facilities in the continuum of care. 1980s  SIX TIME PERIOD Microcomputers/PCs emerged that made computers more accessible, affordable and usable by nurses. 1980s  SIX TIME PERIOD 1990s: AFFIRMATION OF NI AS A SPECIALTY FIELD Computer technology became an integral part of the healthcare settings, nursing practice and nursing profession 1990s  SIX TIME PERIOD Policies and Legislation were adopted promoting computer technology in healthcare including Nursing NI was approved by ANA as a new Nursing specialty Need for computer based nursing practice standards, data standards, nursing minimum data sets, and National databases emerged concurrently with a need for a unified nursing language 1990s  SIX TIME PERIOD Nursing Administrators demanded inclusion of Nursing protocols in the HISs Nursing Educators require use of innovative technologies for all levels and types of nursing and patient education Nurse Researchers required knowledge presentation, decision support, and expert systems based on aggregated data Development of smaller, faster computers and internet connection made it possible for the information and knowledge databases to be integrated in bedside systems 1990s  SIX TIME PERIOD POST 2000: RAPID GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NI Development of wireless point of care, open source solutions, regional database projects and increased IT solutions on healthcare environment POST 2000  SIX TIME PERIOD Clinical information systems became individualized in the EPR (Electronic Patient Record) Mobile computing devices were also started to utilize in healthcare POST 2000  SIX TIME PERIOD Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)was enacted. Standardized transaction and code sets were implemented to protect security and ensure privacy and confidentiality of healthcare data POST 2000  SIX TIME PERIOD The legislation recommended healthcare providers to use Provider Identification Number (PIN). POST 2000  FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS The historical perspectives on nursing that shaped the need for computers, information technologies and informatics can be describe through focusing on major areas in nursing. NURSING PRACTICE NURSING ADMINISTRATION NURSING EDUCATION NURSING RESEARCH  FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS NURSING PRACTICE Integration of NCPs, patient care data, nursing practice itself as part of the EHR. Nursing practice data emerged with the introduction of several nursing terminologies usable for the EHR.  FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS NURSING ADMINISTRATION Hospital policies and procedure manuals are accessed and retrieved by computers. Work load measures, acuity systems and other nursing department systems are online and integrated with the hospital or patient’s HER system or in separate nursing department systems. Digital libraries, online resources, and research protocols at bedside.  FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS NURSING EDUCATION Computer enhanced Courses, Online Courses, and/ or Distance Education. Campus wide computer systems are available for students. New educational teaching methodologies and strategies.  FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS NURSING RESEARCH Software programs are available for processing both Qualitative and Quantitative research data. Databases supporting nursing research emerged. Online access to millions of web resources around the world.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES NURSING NURSING CONFIDENTI PRACTICE & DATA ALITY EDUCATION STANDARDS & SECURITY STANDARDS STANDARDS  STANDARDS INITIATIVES NURSING PRACTICE STANDARDS ANA Contributes in the development and recommendation of standards of nursing practice worldwide.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES Nursing Scope & Standards of Practice (2004). Recommended that the nursing process serve as the conceptual framework for the documentation of the Nursing practice.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES Nursing Informatics Scope and Standards of Practice (2008) Builds on clinical practice standards, outlining further the importance for implementing standardized content to support nursing practice by NI specialists.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES JCAHO(Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospital Organizations) Focuses on the need for adequate records on patients in hospitals and practice of standards for the documentation of care by nurses. Recommended acuity systems to determine resources use as well as required care plans for documenting nursing care.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES PNA and BON PNA Founded on September 2, 1922. Member of the International Council for Nurses. Instigated the standardization of the nursing profession in the Philippines.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES BON Empowered by RA 9173.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES NURSING DATA STANDARDS NURSING TERMINOLOGIES APPROVED BY ANA Facilitates student-centered instructional settings creating a motivational and active learning environment.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES One of the American National Standards Institutes (ANSI) that accredits Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) operating in the health care arena.  STANDARDS INITIATIVES CONFIDENTIALITY & SECURITY STANDARDS Increasing access through electronic capture and exchange of information raised concerns about the privacy and security of personal health information (PHI).  STANDARDS INITIATIVES HITECH Act of 2009 ▪Included the provisions for strengthening the original Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA legislation (patient consent, organizations handling personal health information PHI, and increased penalties for security breaches). SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK EVENTS SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK EVENTS SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK EVENTS SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK EVENTS SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK EVENTS THANK YOU FOR LISTENING Future RNs