NUR 313 Nursing Informatics Chapter 1 PDF

NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO NURSING INFORMATICS Learning Outcome It contains the list of competencies that students should acquire during the learning process. describe the history of nursing informatics explain the different definitional concepts of...

NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO NURSING INFORMATICS Learning Outcome It contains the list of competencies that students should acquire during the learning process. describe the history of nursing informatics explain the different definitional concepts of nursing informatics. NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics Learning Content Topics for Unit 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF NURSING INFORMATICS Topic 2.1: History of Nursing Informatics In order “to understand NI, one must understand its history, health care began to use computers in the 1950s. Computers in this era were typically used in the business office (Saba & McCormick, 2006). In the 1970s, nursing began to realize the importance of computers to the nursing profession and became involved in the design, purchase, and purchase of information systems (Saba & McCormick). In the 1980s, medical and nursing informatics specialties emerged. The personal computer was introduced, which allowed for flexibility in how these clinical systems were used. It also brought to everyone’s attention that not just NI specialist, but all healthcare personnel, would need to know about these systems. The first certification for NI was taken in 1995. The post-2000 era saw an unprecedented explosion in the number and sophistication of both computer hardware and software. Electronic patient recorded became an integral part of clinical information systems. Telemedicine became possible and was recognized as a specialty in the late 1990s. NI has experienced rapid growth in the last 40 years, and it does not appear to be slowing. It will be interesting to see what will happen over the next 40 years. Nursing informatics as a field emerged from the overarching discipline of health informatics and alongside the expanding field of medical informatics. At present, it is a field of study which is still developing and is based on the concept that health care data and information can be effectively managed and communicated using computer systems, networks, modems and telecommunications. Informatics is modelled after the French word informatique and was first used as medical informatics in the late 1970s, followed by use in nursing in the 1980s. The ANA designated nursing informatics as a specialty practice in 1992, although nurses had earlier incorporated informatics concepts. Subsequently, volunteer ANA members have developed a scope and standards for practice, which serves as guides for the practice, which serve as guides for” the practice. Topic 2.2: Evolution of Nursing Informatics A review “of definitions of nursing informatics by Staggers and Bagley-Thompson (2002) categorized the definition into three themes: Information technology-oriented, conceptually oriented and role-oriented definitions. An early definition by Scholes and Barber (1980) stated that nursing informatics was “the application of computer technology to all fields of nursing— nursing service, nurse education, and nursing research.” Ball and Hannah (1985) modified an early definition of medical informatics, acknowledging that all health care professionals are part of medical informatics. The use of information technologies in relation to those functions within the purview of nursing, and that are carried out by nurses when performing their duties. Therefore, any use of information technologies by nurses in relation to the care of their patients, the administration of health NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics care facilities, or the educational preparation of individuals to practice the discipline is considered nursing informatics. The emphasis “on technology is not limited to early definitions. More recently, Hannah et al. and Saba and McCormick continue to stress the role of technology in nursing informatics as it supports the functions of nursing. Hannah et al. continued” with their original “definition for nursing informatics, and Saba and McCormick provided this new definition: The use of technology and/or a computer system to collect, store, process, display, retrieve, and communicate timely data and information in and across health care facilities that administer nursing services and resources, manage the delivery of patient and nursing care, link research resources and findings to nursing practice, and apply educational resources to nursing” education. The “information technology-oriented view of nursing informatics may be critiqued for overstating the role of technology and underemphasizing the need for the informatics nurse specialist to support the cognitive interaction between the nurse, the nursing process, nursing data, patients and the technology. This do not easily suggest the informatics functions a nurse might assume in a health care organization apart from the nurse's role in patient care. Specifically, informatics theories, principles, methods, and tools are not evident. These activities include, in part, needs analysis, requirements determination, structured system analysis, design, selection, implementation, and” evaluation. Topic 2.3: Conceptually Oriented Definitions A shift “from technology-focused definitions to more conceptually oriented definitions began during the mid-1980s. Schwirian moved away from technology and stressed the need for a “solid foundation of nursing informatics knowledge [that] should have focus, direction, and cumulative properties.” She emphasized the need for informatics research to be “proactive and model-driven rather than reactive and problem- driven. “Her research model outlined a pyramid of users, nursing-related information, goals, and computers (hardware and software) interconnected with” bidirectional arrows. Graves and Corcoran provided the first widely cited definition downplaying the role of technology and incorporating a more conceptually oriented viewpoint: A combination “of computer science, information science, and nursing science designed to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information, and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing” care. This definition “broadened the horizon from technology and placed nursing informatics firmly within the practice of nursing. It also provided the first acknowledgement in nursing of an information-knowledge link, using concepts borrowed from Blois, and NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics provided the foundation for Graves' work in knowledge building in the Sigma Theta Tau” library. Graves and “Corcoran discussed the need to understand “how clinical nurses structure clinical problems and how they ask questions of the information system.” These views drew researchers involved in the study of decision making under the rubric of nursing informatics. In addition, these views accented the need to consider the clinical decision-making process in the design of information systems. With an understanding of how captured data are used in decision making, designers can create systems that better meet the needs of nurses during their clinical decision-making processes. Graves and Corcoran's definition allowed a concentration on the purpose of technology rather than on the technology itself. Their transformation of the definition of nursing informatics changed the focus from technology to information concepts by expressly incorporating information” science. Graves “and “Corcoran's emphasis on nursing data, information, and knowledge was a novel change in direction in the late 1980s, and others immediately adopted the definition. One reason for the extensive acceptance of this new approach may have been that managing information (i.e., data, information, and knowledge processing) is at the core of nursing practice with or without technology. Therefore, the heart of the Graves and Corcoran definition4 resonated with practitioners, and an immediate connection was established between nursing practice and nursing informatics. The centrality of nursing practice in the Graves and Corcoran definition also supported the need for nursing informatics as a distinct specialty within health informatics. Although informatics nurse specialists use many of the same tools and processes as practitioners in other areas of informatics, the data, information, and knowledge have elements unique to” nursing. Turley “analyzed previous nursing informatics definitions and then proposed a new nursing informatics model. Although he did not propose a new definition1 in this paper, by focusing on model development, he continued a conceptual approach to the definition of nursing” informatics. Turley's major “contribution was the addition of cognitive science to a model comprising the original three sciences proposed by Graves and Corcoran. Cognitive science includes such topics as memory, problem-solving, mental models, skill acquisition, language processing, and visual attention. These concepts can help informatics nurse specialists understand the decision making and information processing done by nurses and, subsequently, assist in the creation of appropriate tools to support nursing processes. Therefore, cognitive science is most helpful to informatics nurse specialists concentrating on informatics issues related to users, such as decision making and the construction of computer interfaces” for nurses. Topic 2.4: Role-oriented Definitions As nursing “informatics gained recognition as a nursing specialty, the Council of Computer Applications in Nursing, of the American Nurses Association (ANA), provided NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics a new definition for the field. The ANA expanded the previous definitions by incorporating the role of the informatics nurse specialist into the earlier Graves and Corcoran definition: A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science in identifying, collecting, processing, and managing data and information to support nursing practice, administration, education, and research and to expand nursing knowledge. The purpose of nursing informatics is to analyze information requirements; design, implement and evaluate information systems and data structures that support nursing; and identify and apply computer technologies for nursing. In 1994, the ANA modified their definition in an effort to legitimize the specialty and guide efforts to create a certification examination: Nursing informatics is the specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science in identifying, collecting, processing, and managing data and information to support nursing practice, administration, education, research, and expansion of nursing knowledge. It supports the practice of all nursing specialties, in all sites and settings, whether at the basic or advanced level. The practice includes the development of applications, tools, processes, and structures that assist nurses with the management of data in taking care of patients or in supporting their practice of nursing. Although the 1994 ANA definition continued to provide information on the role of the informatics nurse specialist, the concepts from the systems life cycle were replaced with a more generic discussion of the role of the informatics” nurse specialist. NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics Activity 2 1. Group yourself into 3 to 4 people. 2. Timeline Segments: Assign each group one of the following time periods to research and illustrate key historical events: 1950s–1960s: Early use of computers in healthcare 1970s: Nursing involvement in information systems 1980s: Emergence of medical and nursing informatics 1990s: Growth of electronic health records and telemedicine, ANA recognition of NI as a specialty 2000s and beyond: Expansion in computer hardware, software, and telemedicine technologies; certification for NI 3. Research and Document: Each group should research their assigned period using course materials and textbooks. Key elements to include: Important technological innovations Milestones in nursing informatics Key figures (e.g., Saba, McCormick, Hannah) Evolution of nursing informatics definitions (e.g., role-oriented, conceptually oriented) 4. Create the Timeline: On a large sheet of paper or in digital format, groups will illustrate their assigned era on the timeline. Include 3-5 key events or milestones Use visuals (images, symbols) to represent each event Provide brief descriptions and explanations of each event 5. Presentation: Once the timeline is complete, each group will present their portion of the timeline to the class, explaining the importance of each event and how it contributed to the evolution of nursing informatics. 6. Class Discussion: After presentations, engage the class in a discussion. Possible guiding questions: How has nursing informatics changed over the decades? Which technological advancement do you think had the biggest impact on nursing practice? How has the definition of nursing informatics evolved? Assessment Criteria: Accuracy and relevance of historical events and definitions 25% Creativity and clarity of timeline presentation 25% Participation in group work and class discussion 50% NUR 313 - Nursing Informatics References: American “Nurses Association (ANA). (2008). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice. Silver Spring, MD: Nursebooks.org. American Nurses Association (ANA). (2010). Recognition of a nursing specialty, approval of a specialty nursing scope of practice statement, and acknowledgement of specialty nursing standards of practice. Retrieved December 20, 2019, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/NursingStandar ds/3-SBooklet.aspx American Medical Informatics Association. (2009). Nursing informatics. Retrieved December 20, 2019, from http://www.amia.org/programs/working-groups/nursing-informatics Ball MJ, Hannah KJ. Using computers in nursing. Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing, 1984. Baker, J. (2012). Nursing informatics. Perioperative Nursing” Clinics, 7, 151-160.