Week 1-2_LM-2_The Scientific Method.pdf

The Scientific Method: Application to Research STS 1st Semester, SY 2024-2025  CONTENTS 1 Objectives 4 Steps to Scientific Method 2 Concepts...

The Scientific Method: Application to Research STS 1st Semester, SY 2024-2025  CONTENTS 1 Objectives 4 Steps to Scientific Method 2 Concepts 5 Research process 3 Characteristics of Scientific Method 6 Limitations of Scientific Method  To know the limitations To articulate on the of the impacts of Scientific Scientific Method to the Method growth and To understand development of the concept, Science and characteristics Technology; and processes of the Scientific Method; LEARNING OBJECTIVES SCIENTIFIC METHOD ❑ mathematical and experimental technique employed in the sciences. ❑ More specifically, it is the technique used in the construction and testing of a scientific hypothesis. (Britannica.com) ❑ defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality and that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena RESEARCH ❑ Is an inquiry process that has clearly defined parameters and has as its aims the discovery or creation of knowledge, or theory building; testing, confirmation, revision, refutation of knowledge and theory; and/ or investigation of a problem for local decision-making (McClure and Hersson, 1991).  Scientist attempt to control They are Their findings are external factors orderly & based on the that are not under systematic empirical direct processes. evidences. investigation. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS  Scientific methods Findings of scientific are based on They are basically methods can be assumptions or conducted to generalized, which means that they can hypothesis. develop or test be used in situations hypothesis. other than the one under study. CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1 Step 1: State the Problem 2 Step 2: Formulate a Hypothesis 3 Step 3: Test the Hypothesis Design a procedure that tests your hypothesis to see if your prediction is correct. Record all of your data and observations and put them into a table that is neat and organized. 4 Step 4: Gather Data ❑ Measurement process is an integral part of social or physical science research. ❑ Measurement is not confined to numerical or quantitative specification; it can be qualitative as well. Qualitative- have labels or names assigned to their respective categories; Quantitative- any attribute that measures in numbers. 5 Step 5: Analyze and Interpret the Data Is your data reliable? Does it make sense? Put your data into a chart or graph and look for any trends. Requires tabulation or coding of raw data and analyzing the relationships among variable. 6 Step 6: Draw Conclusions Do your data and observations support your hypothesis? If you cannot make a definite conclusion, you may need to try the experiment again. This means you may either need to rewrite your procedure if it was not specific enough; you may need to change your hypothesis. 7 Step 7: Communicate Results Report the results of your experiment to let others know what you have learned. This will be represented as either a lab report, oral presentation, or Science Fair display board. The Research Process  When conducting Widely adopted research, scientists use For their daily by business all the scientific method to collect work, but not over the measurable, empirical necessarily country, It evidence in an experiment that each teaches related to employees and a hypothesis (often in the individual management to form of an if/then steps are statement), the results diagnose a used. aiming to support or problem. contradict a theory. Why Scientists use this process?  The scientific method and research cycle It doesn’t! only leads to a progressively better understanding of a topic, but never a perfect understanding. Where does the process end? Limitations of Scientific Methods: MORAL OR ETHICAL PROBLEM HUMAN COMPLEXITY MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS EXTERNAL VARIABLE CONTROL PROBLEMS  MORAL OR ETHICAL PROBLEM Most medical … thus, studies would reliable require scientific humans as the data cannot subject of their always be research…. collected. The constraint of involving humans, which is essential for observing human behavior for experimentation, is one such ethical problem.  HUMAN COMPLEXITY Human When human behavior is studied behavior is & analyzed by other complicated, human beings, the personal biases subtle & come into the varied… picture & distort the analytical facts. It is difficult to categorize human behavior. Different aspects of human behavior are All the people psychological in do not behave nature, which in the same way cannot be in similar accurately circumstances. measured. Human Therefore, behavior is not with humans uniform, as subjects, certain, or measuremen predictable. ts become a challenges MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS EXTERNAL VARIABLE CONTROL PROBLEMS Scientific studies conducted on humans may have a limitation of weak or no control over external variables in scientific activity.  References ❑ https://www.livescience.com/20896-science-scientific- method.html#:~:text=When%20conducting%20research%2C%20scienti sts%20use,support%20or%20contradict%20a%20theory. ❑ https://www.slideshare.net/mrmularella/scientific-method-95777 ❑ https://www.slideshare.net/DrAkterCMC/scientific-method-kids  THANK YOU! STS_LM 2-The Scientific Method