Scientific Writing Lecture 2 PDF

Scientific Writing NP 303 (1 + 1) Lecture 2 The Scientific Method ‫المنهج العلمي‬  The Steps to Success https://youtu.be/Xxm_beTs2LU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAJ...

Scientific Writing NP 303 (1 + 1) Lecture 2 The Scientific Method ‫المنهج العلمي‬  The Steps to Success https://youtu.be/Xxm_beTs2LU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAJ8IF4HI20  Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Choose a problem: State the problem as a question. 2. Explore your problem: Read, get advice, and make observations. 3. Develop a hypothesis: Make a prediction about what will happen. 4. Design an experiment: Plan how you will test your hypothesis. 5. Test your hypothesis: Conduct the experiment and record the data. 6. Organize your data: Create a chart or graph of your data. 7. Draw conclusions: Analyze your data and summarize your findings. 8. Communicate Results. (Write –up publication)  What is the Scientific Method? 1. Observations/Problem a) Information gathered by sight, sound, smell, or touch Antibiotic Resistance problem  Investigate the problem Write down all information you already know Do research in books on the topic you are investigating Ask experts on the subject you are researching If you find an answer to your problem/question you do not need to move on  What is the Scientific Method? 2. Develop a question based on the observation that can be solved through experimentation. Example: How to get new Antibiotics? Does exercise make your heart beat faster?  Write down the Problem/Questions The problem identifies what you want to find out. Develop a clear statement defining the problem Make sure your problem is narrowed/specific enough State the problem in the form of a question: How does __________ affect _______? What is the effect of _______ on ________?  What is the Scientific Method? 3. Write a Hypothesis A testable explanation for an observation. Predict a possible answer to the problem or question. 3. What is a hypothesis? It is an educated guess based on observations and your knowledge of the topic. You state it as a possible answer to a question. Stated in the “If….., then….” format Example: IF I water three plants with different sodas, THEN the plant that receives Sprite will grow the tallest. If fertilizer is added to soil, then plant growth will increase.  What is the Scientific Method? How do you test a hypothesis? 4. Experimenting a) Test hypothesis under controlled conditions. b) Only change one factor (variable) per experiment c) All experiments should have a control group. Is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable being tested. serves as the standard of comparison. In experiments you will have variables Part of an experiment that Part of the experiment that is purposely changed by is observed because of the the person doing the independent variable; The experiment. factor being measured! All the factors that stay the same in an experiment.  Variables for: the experiments to test the effect of different liquids on plant growth? Example: IF I water three plants with different sodas, THEN the plant that receives Sprite will grow the tallest What are constants? Factors in an experiment (both in the experimental and control groups) that are kept the same and not allowed to change Examples 1. One minute was consistently the amount of time allotted to perform the necessary activity 2. The type of activity performed 3. The stopwatch used during data collection 4. The method used to measure the heart rate  How can you gather data? Make Observations. Any use of the senses to gather information. Qualitative Observations (data gathered using scales without numbers) Anything that you see, smell, touch, taste, or hear. Ex. Blue, bitter, fizzing sound. Quantitative Observations (data consisting of numbers) Any observation that can be measured. Must include a number. Ex. 5 centimeters long  What is the Scientific Method? 5. Analyze Results Organize data from experiment into graphs or tables  Repeated Trials experimental tests done more than once necessary to provide more accurate results; data is averaged together lessens the impact of a chance error on the experimental results Examples In the heart rates lab each participant recorded their heart rates after performing various activities. Each participant’s data (for resting, walking, and running) represents a trial. If five total individuals performed the activities and gathered data, then there were a total of five trials.  What is the Scientific Method? 6. Draw Conclusions Compare the results with the hypothesis If the results do not support the scientist's hypothesis, they need to go back and revise their hypothesis and test again. 7. Communicate Findings Be prepared to present the project to an audience.  How can you draw conclusions? Answer the following questions in paragraph form? Do your results/data support your hypothesis? Why or why not? What are ways you can improve your data? What would you do differently if you were to repeat the experiment? If the experiment works, the hypothesis is shown to be probably correct, Can’t prove 100% truth If it fails, it could be because The hypothesis is wrong The experimental design is faulty Thank you Can I do research using the scientific method? Scientific method ‫هل المنهج العلمى‬ ‫غاية او وسيلة؟‬