Methods of Scientific Research PDF

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬  ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪,‬‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻌﻨﻲ "ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ"‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‪ngs‬‬...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬  ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪,‬‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻌﻨﻲ "ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ"‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‪ngs‬‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪".‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ…‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‪،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫…‪..‬‬  ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥﺣﻘﺎﺉﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫✓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥﻣﻨﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫✓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫✓ ﻋﺪﻡﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎءﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎءﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ‪o‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ؟‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬  ‫ﺝﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕﺱﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬  ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ…‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺍﺫﻛﺮﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ )ﻗﻢ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ(‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ…‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬  ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺱ ﻝ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺩ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﻲ)ﻋﺪﺩﻱ‬  ‫‪ference‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫‪vation‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺱ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺁﻩﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎءﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻚ‬  ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔﻟﻠﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ )ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ(‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻭﻝﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫◼‬  ‫‪.2‬ﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ‪ entist‬ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﺪﺃﻭ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ‬  ‫‪.2‬ﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺖﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ(؟‬ ‫ﺱﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺣﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻜﻠﺲﺱ ﻧﻲ )ﺩ ؟‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺱﺿﻮء )ﺃﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﻉﺏﺵ ﻉ )ﺩ ؟‬  ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ)ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ(‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪com.testa‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕﻭﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪...‬‬ ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬  ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ…‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦﻣﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺒﺄﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﻧﺘﺎﺉﺞﺍﻟﺬﻱ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺄﺗﻲﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ…‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﺃ" ﺛﻢﺇﻓﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫◼‬ ‫ ﺃﻧﺎ ________ )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ(‪،‬‬ ‫_____ )ﻣﺘﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺲﺛﻢﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ‪.‬‬  ‫‪.3‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻢﻳﻘﻮﺩﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺘﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪o‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺳﺎﻋﺪﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺘﻚ؟‬  ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻟﻚﻓﺮﺿﻴﺘﻚ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺣﻮﺍﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ؟‬ ‫ ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪27‬‬