21st Century Literature from the Philippines to the World PDF

COMPILED BY JUDITH M. REYES 21ST Century Literature from the Philippines to the World NOTE: Any reproduction of this document will be considered as a crime. Exploring Philippine Literary Forms, Genres, Elements, and...

COMPILED BY JUDITH M. REYES 21ST Century Literature from the Philippines to the World NOTE: Any reproduction of this document will be considered as a crime. Exploring Philippine Literary Forms, Genres, Elements, and Traditions  Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500-plus islands that make up our archipelago. This is not surprising considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces.  Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500-plus islands that make up our archipelago. This is not surprising considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions comprised of 82 provinces.  The origin of Philippine literature can only be traced by exploring its evolution from pre-colonial up to the present. Thus, studying the past becomes imperative in understanding the literature of the present. Different genres that appeared from each period seem to reflect the place, language, culture, social and ethnic dimensions of literature produced. The nature and essence of literature has evolved over time  Its connection to human life and experiences, wherein audience can easily relate with, is the major characteristic of literature. Emerging habitually into quality literary works will help us gain better understanding of people, society, and culture. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS. B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN. C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Here are the examples: a. Kundiman c. Ang Dalit o Imno b. Kumintang o Tagumpay d. Ang Oyayi o Hele Other forms of Poetry 1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young. 2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. 3. Chant (Bulong). Used in witch craft or enchantment. 4. Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables. 5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a person ’ s actuations. 6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings) COLONIAL PERIOD SPANISH PERIOD (1566-1871) Propaganda movement (1872-1898)  Noli Me Tangere-Jose Rizal  Pag Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa-Marcelo Del Pilar  Ang Fray Botod-Graciano Lopez Jaena SPANISH INFLUENCES ON THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE  ALIBATA  Christian Doctrine  Spanish language became the literary language this time  European legends and traditions  Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog Grammar books were printed in Filipino Religious tone The First Books 1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine) 2.Nuestra Senora del Rosario 3.Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre 4.Ang Barlaan at Josephat 5.The Pasion 6.Urbana at Felisa 7.Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) LITERARY COMPOSITIONS 1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and Rules of the Tagalog language) 2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language) 3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary) 4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampango vocabulary) 5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary) 6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language) 7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol Language) Folk Songs  Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog)  Pamulinawen (Iloko)  Dandansoy (Bisaya)  Sarong Banggi (Bicol)  Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan) RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES 1. CENAKULO Dramatic performance of the passion and death of Christ 2. ZARZUELA The father of drama, a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which death with mens passion and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty or some political problem. 3. LAGAYLAY A special occasion for the pilareños of sorsogon during may time to get together 4. TIBAG.Dramatic performance for the purpose of manifesting devotion for the holy cross. 5. PANULUYAN Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating the whole family’s search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus Christ‘s birth through songs. 6. SALUBONG Dramatizes the reunion of the risen Christ and his mother. 7. CARILLO A form of dramatic entertainment perform on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on darknights after a harvest. 8. SAINETE A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. They were exaggerated comedy shown between acts plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower class. 9. THE MORO-MORO Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-Moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. Example: “Prinsipe Rodante ”  10. KARAGATAN This is a poetic vehicle of a socio- religious nature celebrated during the death of a person 11. DUPLO The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. 12. THE BALAGTASAN This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. 13. THE DUNG-AW This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead. 14. AWIT is in dodecasyllabic verse. are fabricated stories from writers ’ imagination although the setting and characters are European. refers to chanting. Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas 15. CORRIDO is in octosyllabic verse. were usually on legends or stories from European countries like France, Spain, Italy and Greece. refers to narration. Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose de la Cruz AMERICAN REGIME 1898-1944 (MONDAY) Feb. 20, 2023  The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300 years.  Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence.  Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.  The Fil-American war resulted in the defeat of Gen. of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  peace movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing again and the nationalism of the people remained undaunted.  Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories plays, essays and novels.  Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence.  THE OPENING OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS -By 1901 -Public education was institutionalized in the Philippines with English as serving as the Medium of instruction. IN 1910 (Philippine Literature change during American period)  New groups started to write in English.  English is the medium use in literature language during this time.  Spanish writers want to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. Writer in Tagalog wants to write about conditions of country and love for one's native tongue. The Writers in English imitated the themes and methods of Americans. PLAYS INCLUDED  KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS- (YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW) Written by Aurelio Tolentino.  TANIKALANG GINTO -BY JUAN ABAD  MALAYA - BY THOMAS REMIGIO  WALANG SUGAT - BY SEVERINO REYES Three groups of writers  Spanish  Filipino  English SPANISH WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD The writers in Spanish were accustomed to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. 1. Cecilio Apostol- wrote "A RIZAL" and it is considered the best poem in praise of the hero of bagumbayan. 2. Fernado Ma. Guerero- he collected the best of his poem in his book called "CRISALIDAS" and one of the poem written in this book was "INVOCACION A RIZAL". 3. Jesus Balmori- well known for his pen name of "BATIKULING". He and Manuel Bernabe participated in the topic "REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULLNESS". He was elected as Poet Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe. 4. Manuel Bernabe- is a lyric poet. He was more attractive in the public in debate with Balmori because of the melodious worsd he used, he defend "OLIVIDO".  5. Claro M. Recto- He collected his poems in a book called "BAJO LOS COCOTEROS" one of his writings dedicated to Rizal is "ANTE EL MARTIR". TAGALOG WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD The writers in Tagalog continue in their lamentations for the conditions of the country and their love for one's native tongue. 1. Lope K. Santos - "Father of the National Language Grammar" also known as "Apo" of the Tagalog writers "BANAAG AT SIKAT" was his masterpiece. 2. Jose Corazon de Jesus- known as "Huseng Batute" and also called as the poet of love in his time. "AG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY" an elegy is believed to be his masterpiece. 3. Armando V. Hernandez- Was doubled poet of the laborers his masterpiece is "ANG PANDAY". 4. Valeriano Hernandez Pena- Known as "Tandang Anong" he considers "NENA AT NENENG" his masterpiece. 5. Inigo Ed Regalado- a popular storyteller, novelist, and newspaper man, he reach the pick of his success by the "SUMPONG" of his pen. JULIAN CRUZ BLAMACEDA CLASSIFIED THREE KINDS OF TAGALOG POETS  Poets of the heart- Makata ng puso  Lope K. Santos, Inigo Ed. Reglado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deo gracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.  Poets of Life- Makata ng buhay  Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Gatmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.  Poets of Stage - Makata ng Tanghalan  Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio ENGLISH WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD  In 1995 Paz Benitez short story, "DEAD STARS" , was published and made the landmark maturity of the Philippine Writers. Soon the stories and writings of Benitez became no longer imitative of American models.  In 1936 the Philippine writers league was organized Filipino writers in English, begin discussing the value of literature in society. Initiated by Salvador P. Lopez. whose essay "Literature and society" won in the commonwealth award, and this means that the art must have substance. And that Jose Garcia Villa adherence the "Art For Art's Sake". Philippine Literature in English DIVIDED INTO THREE TIME FRAME:  The period of re-orientation 1898-1910  Period of Imitation 1910-1924  Period of self-discovery and growth 1925-1941 JAPANESE REGIME 1941-1945 (Tuesday) Feb. 21, 2013 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  1941-1945 PHLIPPINE LITERATURE WAS INTERRUPTED in its development when Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, JAPAN.  PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH CAME TO HALT. except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the JAPANESE.  Juan Laya- An English writer turned to write in Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English. KANJI ISHIWARA  The weekly LIWAYWAY newspaper was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named ISHAWARA in other words, Filipino literature was given break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. FILIPINO LITERATURE UNDER JAPANESE PERIOD a. POETRY COMMON THEME:  The common theme of most poems during this period the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts. THREE TYPES OF POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD  HAIKU- a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. it was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second line has 7 syllables, and the third line has 5. The HAIKU is allegorical in meaning, it is short and covers a wide scope in meaning.  2. Tanaga- Like the HAIKU, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it's also allegorical in meaning.  3. Karniwang Anyo (Usual Form) -Like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book. it is the usual and common form of poetry. b. FILIPINO DRAMA  Drama experiences a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American Films were closed.  English plays reproduced into Tagalog.  The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. And they funded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. FEW DRAMA PLAY WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD  JOSE MARIA HERNANDEZ- (Wrote PANDAY PIRA)  FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO - (Wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI)  CLODUALDO DEL MUNDO - (Wrote BULAGA-an expression to a game - hide and seek) c. FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THIS PERIOD The best writings in 1945 First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo's UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA Third prize: NVM Gonzales' LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT DAGATAN D. PHLIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH DURING THIS PERIOD  Because of the strict prohibition of Japanese to the writers in English Philippine Literature, English writers experienced a dark period.  While some continued to write while others wait for a better time to publish their works. NOTE WORTHY WRITER IN THIS PERIOD  Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his, MOTHER AMERICANS AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS.  Alfredo Litiatcio published With Harp Sling in 1943  Jose P. Laurel published forces that makes Nation Great.  Carlos Bulosan- The Laughter of my Father 1994, The Voice of Bataan 1942.  TWO MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE 1. Poetry-This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. 2. Prose- In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form. TYPES OF POETRY a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc. b. Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. c. Lyric Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story. TYPES OF PROSE a. Fiction- This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. b. Non-fiction-These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like. Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. The main types are prose and poetry.  ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE Literary elements refer “to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms. For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-view, and plot, etc. In order to be discussed legitimately as part of a textual analysis, literary elements must be specifically identified for that particular text.” THEMES The main idea or truth about life an author tries to present. Non-Fiction – It’s the thesis or real topic of discussion. Fiction- An abstract concept made concrete through representation in person, action, or image. Associated Themes: Denotation, Connotation, Moral. SETTING Time and place where the story is located Time- Epoch in history or season of the year Environment – Occupations & daily manner of living of the characters Atmosphere- Talks about social, moral, religious, and emotional conditions CONFLICT External Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society CHARACTER Flat- not well develop or stock character Round- well develop and exhibit so many traits that they seem like real people Static- A character who remains basically the same inside throughout the story Dynamic character- A character who changes inside in some significant way Example: Protagonist & Antagonist POINTS OF VIEW First Person- (Always limited) told in the perspective of a character in the story (“I”) Third Person- (Told by an outside narrator who doesn’t know everything) restrict interior response of the character has an interior monologue. Third person pronouns “he, she, they” Third Person Omniscient- (Told by an outside narrator who does know everything) – use second person “you”.