W3 - Muscles, Bones, and Eponyms PDF

W3 - Muscles, bones and eponyms Tuesday, 19 March 2024 9:04 pm The Musculoskeletal System: This study's system involves ○ Osteology - study of bone ○ Arthrology - study of joints ○ Myology - study of muscles Orthopaedics: (orth/o = straight; paed/I = child or foot, literal meaning 'straight ch medic...

W3 - Muscles, bones and eponyms Tuesday, 19 March 2024 9:04 pm The Musculoskeletal System: This study's system involves ○ Osteology - study of bone ○ Arthrology - study of joints ○ Myology - study of muscles Orthopaedics: (orth/o = straight; paed/I = child or foot, literal meaning 'straight ch medical term meaning: the science or practice of correcting deformities caused by disease or damage to the bones & joints of the skeleton. Components of the Musculoskeletal System: Bones - rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates joints Joint - is the location at which two bones make contact eg patella where the femur connects in the lower leg ○ Bursa - (something within a joint) a small fluid filled sac, lined by a synovial membrane with a layer of synovial fluid - This provides cushion between bones and tendons or muscle around a joint Cartilage - flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the bone, including in joints and bones ○ Meniscus - curved fibrous cartilage in joints such as the knee ○ Tendon - a fibrous band of collagen that attaches muscle to bone eg Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel bone ○ Ligaments - fibrous connective tissue that links two bones together at a joint (linking bone to bone) Muscles - muscle tissue is made up of muscle fibre/s and are all different depending on what they are being used for Bones: functions: Shape and support Protects Allows for movement Red blood cell production (RBC) occur Storage site for minerals Types of bones: Long bones are strong and broad ended having a large surface area for muscle attachment (eg fibula which is the calf bone) Short bones are as wide as they are long and can be irregular shapes (eg hild/foot') Red blood cell production (RBC) occur Storage site for minerals Types of bones: Long bones are strong and broad ended having a large surface area for muscle attachment (eg fibula which is the calf bone) Short bones are as wide as they are long and can be irregular shapes (eg carpals which are the wrist bones) Flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone between two then layers of compact bone, flattened rather then rounded and helps cover soft body parts (eg scapula, shoulder blade) Sesamoid bones are bones embedded within a tendon (eg in your foot there are two PS shaped bones located at the ball of the foot) Cranial bones: - Frontal - Parietal - Temporal - Occipital - Sphenoid - Ethmoid process - *fontanelle Facial bones: - Nasal - Lacrimal - Maxillary - Mandible - Zygomatic - Vomer - Sinuses Thorax - Clavicle - Scapula - Acromion Pelvis: (pelvic Girdle) - Ilium (+crest) - Ischium - Pubis (+symphysis) Vertebral column: - C 1-7 (Cervical) - T 1-12 (thoracic) - L 1-5 (Lumbar) - Sacrum - coccyx - *fontanelle - Sinuses Thorax - Clavicle - Scapula - Acromion - Sternum - Ribs Pelvis: (pelvic Girdle) - Ilium (+crest) - Ischium - Pubis (+symphysis) - acetabulum Arm and hand - Humerus - Ulna (olecranon) - Radius - Carpals - Metacarpals - phalanges Leg, foot and ankle - Femur - Petella - Tibia (shin bone) - Medical malleolus - Fibula - Lateral malleolus - Tarsales, calcaneus, talus - Metatarsels - phalanges Pathology: Fractures: a traumatic injury to a bone, where the continuity of the bone is broken, classified by the bone involved and the nature of the break Closed - no open wound of skin Open or compound - open wound to fracture Pathological - bone weakened due to diease process Colles - often results from fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH) * Comminuted - splintered bone (crushed in several places) * Compression - bone is compressed (often occurs in vertebrae) greenstick Greenstick - partial break of bone * Impacted - one fragment is driven firmly into another * Treatment: - Cast and fixation - Surgery: ○ Open reduction internal fixation = ORIF - GAMP = General anaesthetic manipulation and plaster - LAMP = local anaesthetic manipulation and plaster Joints: 3 types of joints within the body - Fibrous/suture which are immoveable joints eg the skull - Cartilaginous allow for some restricted movement. These joints have cartilage between them and thick membranous collagen holding them together eg the vertebral column - Synovial joints, covered with synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid, Comminuted colles impacted 3 types of joints within the body - Fibrous/suture which are immoveable joints eg the skull - Cartilaginous allow for some restricted movement. These joints have cartilage between them and thick membranous collagen holding them together eg the vertebral column - Synovial joints, covered with synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid, lubricates and protects the bones as they move. Eg the hips Pathology: - Dupuytren's contracture Progressive thickening of subcutaneous tissue of the palm, which causes the fourth and fifth finger to bend towards the palm, not able to be straightened The cause is unknow and the treatment is a Z-plasty and is more common in males - Dislocation Displacement of a bone from it joint and the treatment is placing back the joint. - Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Painful disorder of the hand and wrist, caused by compression of the median nerve, runs through the carpal (wrist) ligament, bones and tendons. Risk factors are pregnancy or repetitive movements and the treatment are aniti-inflammatory drugs, injections of cortisone or possibly surgery Muscles: Types - Skeletal (striated) - Smooth - Cardiac Actions Pathology: - Polymyositis (poly/my/o/sitis, ploy = many; my/o = muscle; /it is = inflammation) A connective tissue disease that riggers inflammation and muscular weakness The symptoms are that the muscle weakness develops gradually over the course of a few weeks or months. The cause is unknow but thought to be a autoimmune disorder - Treatment: Rx Amputaion Arthro/centesis - puncture to remove fluid from joint space The symptoms are that the muscle weakness develops gradually over the course of a few weeks or months. The cause is unknow but thought to be a autoimmune disorder - Treatment: Rx Amputaion Arthro/centesis - puncture to remove fluid from joint space Arthro/desis - surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint Arthro/plasty - plastic or reconstructuve repair of joint Arthro/scopy - diagnostic procedure to view inside a joint, using a scope Fixation - operation to hold bones or a joint in place Lamin/ectomy - surgical operation that involves removing the back of a vertebra for access to spial cord Medical eponyms: (ep/o/nym, epi=on; onyma=name) They are terms used in medicine which are named after people (sometimes places and thing) Eg - alzheimer's disease is a degenarative disease described by Dr Alzheimer, characterising the person's inability to acquire new facts Why use it: 1. Provides a historical association for the disease and celebrates/honours the person who helped recognise it 2. Long tradition in medical practice 3. Embedded in medical language 4. To provide a form of medical shorthand why not to use it: 1. Doesn’t adequately describe a condition 2. The person who named the disease isnt always the one who identified it 3. The historical association of the honouree is sometimes problematic 4. Leads to ocnfusion due to inconsistent use world wide