Musculoskeletal System Anatomy Notes PDF

Name: Musculoskeletal System Anatomy Notes 1 – Anatomy Intro Made up of: 3 parts of this system 1. __206_____ bones (in adults) 1. Muscles...

Name: Musculoskeletal System Anatomy Notes 1 – Anatomy Intro Made up of: 3 parts of this system 1. __206_____ bones (in adults) 1. Muscles 2. Over 640 skeletal muscles 2. Bones 3. Countless smooth muscles 3. Joints 4. Cardiac muscle Anatomy – Parts of the body 5. __tendons________ Physiology – Functions of the parts of the body 6. Joints Common Ailments – Most frequent problems (illnesses or injuries) of the body 2 – Bones Functions: 1. protects soft tissue and internal 5 functions of bones _organs_____ (such as the brain, 1. Protects… lungs, and heart). 2. Supports… 2. __support________ the body 3. Move… 3. Joints make it possible for you to 4. Produce… move in a variety of ways. 5. Store… 4. Produce blood cells and store essential minerals, including __calcium__________. Skeletal System is divided into two parts: 1. Axial skeleton: Made up of 80 bones that lie along the Axial = center (axis, axle) __center____ of the body. These bones support the body and protect the organs of the head, neck, and torso. 2. Appendicular skeleton: Composed of the bones in the Appendicular = limbs (appendix, appendages) upper and lower extremities and the bony pelvic and pectoral girdles, which anchor the _arms_____, legs, and head to the axial skeleton. 3 – Bone Anatomy 1. Compact bone: Dense hard layer Compact Bone – Most support, dense that makes up the outer __wall__ Cavity = an opening of a bone. 2. Diaphysis: Middle portion of a Diaphysis – store fat and produce blood; contains the marrow bone, also called the shaft. This cavity area contains the marrow cavity where blood cells are produced. 1 __________ __________ Name: Musculoskeletal System 3. Epiphysis: End segment of a bone Epiphysis – where bone connects to bone and is covered in that is involved in bone growth cartilage (which is slippery) and is made of spongy bone covered with __compact__ bone. 4. _Spongy_____ bone: Found in Spongy bone – still strong but with less mass the marrow cavity of the diaphysis and in the epiphysis. Spongy bone is less dense than compact bone. 5. Periosteum: Fibrous __connective_____ tissue that Peri – around; osteum – bone covers bones. It contains the - A membrane around the bone that helps contain broken blood vessels and nerves that bones provide nourishment and sensation to the bone. 6. Bone Marrow: Soft, Jello-like tissue in __center_____ of some bones. i. Red bone marrow Red Bone Marrow – produces blood produces red blood cells, platelets, and all but one kind of white blood cell. ii. __Yellow_____ bone Yellow Bone Marrow – stores fat marrow stores fat but may turn into red marrow when the body is ill. 4 – Joints (3 types) 1. Synarthroses joints: __DO____ Joint = a space between bones __NOT___ move at all, connected by a thin layer of connective Synarthroses Joints – non-movable joints; skull tissue, example: joints in your skull 2. Amphiarthroses joints: move a little, connected by cartilage with Amphiarthroses joints – slightly movable; backbone strong fibrous connective tissue, example: joints in your backbone 3. Diarthroses joints: Diarthrosis – freely movable joints; many types, we will learn 6 __Semi________ moveable and connected with ligaments, Ligaments – connect bone to bone example: your knee Tendons – connect bone to muscle a. contain ___ligaments___: are bands of fibrous tissue that are not as strong as cartilage but are more flexible. b. also contain synovial fluid: Viscous colorless Synovial Fluid – fluid in joints lubricates and nourishes cartilage in fluid that bathes movable the joints; pops when knuckles crack 2 __________ __________ Name: Musculoskeletal System joints and between the bones of vertebrates. It Viscous = thick/slow moving like syrup nourishes and lubricates the cartilage at the end of each bone. Joints are named for their shapes not their functions 5 – 6 kinds of Diarthroses Joints 1. Ball and Socket joints can be 6 types of joints found in the hip. These joints 1. Ball and Socket – shoulder and hip allow for movement in many 2. Ellipsoid – knees directions. 3. Saddle – base of thumb and where fingers meet hands 2. Ellipsoid joints can be found in and toes meet feet the knee. When the knee is 4. Hinge – elbow (ulna) and fingers/toes extended, it does not allow rotation. When it is flexed, it 5. Pivot – elbow (radius) allows for limited rotation. 6. Gliding – wrists and ankles 3. Saddle joints can be found in the fingers and thumbs. 4. Hinge joints can be found in the elbow between the humerus and the ulna. A hinge joint works just like a door hinge, allowing motion in only one direction. 5. Pivot joints can also be found in the elbow between the ulna and the radius. This type of joint allows one bone to rotate about the other. 6. Gliding joints can be found between the carpals in the wrists. These joints allow limited movement between the bones as one glides past the other. 6 – Muscles 1. account for __40_____% of your 3 types of muscles body weight 1. Smooth – hollow organs, involuntary; stomach, 2. tissues that contract to perform intestines, arteries, bladder mechanical work 2. Cardiac – heart only, involuntary 3. Three muscle types: 3. Skeletal – attached to bones, voluntary, striated 4. Smooth muscle a. contained in the walls of your hollow organs, such as the stomach and bladder. Voluntary = you can move it on your own 3 __________ __________ Name: Musculoskeletal System b. not attached to bones; is involuntary. Involuntary = you cannot choose to move it 5. _Cardiac________ muscle a. Contained in your heart. b. Tissue has interlocking fibers that allow contractions to move quickly through the organ. c. Involuntary. Striated = striped; named from microscope image 6. Skeletal muscle Muscles become shorter and thicker as they contract a. Attach to the __skeleton_______, Fibrous – many fibers holding it together and enabling movement. b. Striated and voluntary. c. Attached to the bone by __tendons________. Tendons connect muscles to bones 7. Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect__muscles___ to bones. 7 – Anatomy Conclusion The musculoskeletal system summary: Don’t forget: Support, Move, produce, and protect Without your musculoskeletal system, you wouldn’t have anything to support your body, help you move, or protect your ___organs________. 8 – Muscles you should know -Masseter -Pectoralis Muscles you should know are in box on the left -Trapezius -Abdominals -Deltoid -Hamstrings -Quadriceps -Triceps -Biceps -Latissimus dorsi -Gluteus -Gastrocnemius Maximus -Soleus Physiology Notes 9 – Physiology Bones 1. Protect your internal organs and Review 4 functions of the bones from ANATOMY SLIDE 1 __soft______ tissues. 2. Support your body and organs. 3. Produce blood cells. Extra: Bones store calcium and magnesium 4 __________ __________ Name: Musculoskeletal System 4. Store minerals such as _calcium____ and __magnesium_. 10 – Physiology Muscles 5. Contract to allow you to: 6 muscle functions a. Stand upright b. Move c. Digest food d. Remove waste - Muscles shiver: all energy using processes produce waste e. Maintain normal body heat ___temperature______ - Heart moves hot blood around, keeps whole body warm 6. Hold skeleton together 11 – Growing bones 1. Bones begin developing long Bones start forming before you are born __before___ you’re born. 2. Ossification: Ossification – making new bone a. Cartilage is replaced by the main components of 3 major parts of non-living bone bone, __collagen____, - Collagen calcium phosphate and - Calcium carbonate calcium carbonate. - Calcium phosphate b. It takes about 20 years for ossification to __complete_______. 3. Remodeling: Remodeling – maintaining existing bone a. Bones continue to ___grow___ throughout your life. b. Your body is replacing old bones cells with new ones. 4. Bones contain three types of cells: a. Osteoblasts: Bones are alive – these are three types of living bone cells b. Osteoclasts: c. Osteocytes: 12 – Muscle movement Muscles are paired around a joint. ATP – energy of the cell; we consume molecules that are While one contracts, the other converted into this relaxes. All muscles need and use - Carbohydrates (sugars) _ATP_ (adenosine tri-phosphate) as a - Lipids (Fats, waxes, oils) source of energy. - Proteins Muscles can only do 2 things: Contract and Relax 13 – Physiology Conclusion The musculoskeletal system is always Muscles are always working, even when we are asleep; heartbeat working, even when you are sitting breathing, we don’t pee ourselves at night down or __sleeping______. 5 __________ __________