PMG 558 Park & Conservation Laws Lecture 10 PDF

PMG 558 PARK AND CONSERVATION LAWS LECTURE 10: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & TREATIES Prepared by: DS Mazzueen Binti Md Khalid Edited by: Mohd Azham Yahya Studies for Parks & Amenity Management, School of...

PMG 558 PARK AND CONSERVATION LAWS LECTURE 10: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & TREATIES Prepared by: DS Mazzueen Binti Md Khalid Edited by: Mohd Azham Yahya Studies for Parks & Amenity Management, School of Geomatic Science & Natural Resources, College of Built Environment (CBE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam  PMG 558 PARK AND CONSERVATION LAWS INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & TREATIES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)  Popular Perceptions of What is CITES CITES CITES is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Perception of the public… Species ofWild Fauna and Flora. It is also known as the Washington Convention, as it was signed in of Government… Washington D.C. CITES was signed on 3rd March 1973, and entered into force on 1st July and traders… 1975. …in opérations for 38 years Lecture 13: International Convention and 3 Treaties  178++ CITES …is relevant to an ever-increasing number of Parties Lecture 13: International Convention and 4 Treaties  Misconceptions about CITES CITES deals with all aspects of wildlife conservation - CITES deals only with international trade in certain species included in its Appendices. CITES aims to ban all wildlife trade - CITES aims to regulate international trade (for some species trade is highly restricted). CITES regulates domestic trade - CITES can only address international trade. The CITES Appendices are a listing of the world’s endangered species - The Appendices only list those species that are or may be affected by international trade. CITES imposes trade restrictions on developing countries - Both producer and consumer countries have responsibility for conserving and managing resources; CITES creates the means for international cooperation and decision-making. Lecture 13: International Convention and 5 Treaties  CITES How CITES works  CITES is a powerful tool for achieving  The Convention establishes the effective and consistent regulation of international legal framework and international trade in wild species to common procedural mechanisms ensure their conservation and that for the prevention of international trade is sustainable. commercial trade in endangered  CITES is an international convention species, and for an effective regulation that combines wildlife and trade of international trade in others themes with a legally binding instrument for achieving conservation and sustainable trade objectives.  CITES is an agreement between governments.  Its purpose is to ensure that wild fauna and flora in international trade are not exploited unsustainably Lecture 13: International Convention and 6 Treaties  How CITES Works This framework and common procedural mechanism is now used by 178++countries (the Conference of the Parties) to regulate and monitor international trade in wild resources Lecture 13: International Convention and 7 Treaties  Examples of Trade Primates Spiders & butterflies Molluscs & corals Hunting trophies Orchids Birds of prey Cacti & succulents Parrots & parakeets Bulbs (Snowdrops, Cyclamens) Crocodilians Medicinal plants Snakes & lizards Ornamental trees Turtles & tortoises Timber species Live aquarium specimens Food fishes Lecture 13: International Convention and 8 Treaties  Mapping CITES Trade MAJOR EXPORTING MAJOR IMPORTING AREAS AREAS South America North America Central America Europe Africa East Asia Asia MAJOR IMPORTING & EXPORTING AREAS Asia Southern Africa Middle East Eastern Europe Lecture 13: International Convention and 9 Treaties  How CITES Works Conference of the Parties Standing Committee Animals Committee Plants Committee Secretariat Nomenclature UNEP Committee TRAFFIC IUCN Other NGO’s UNEP-WCMC Lecture 13: International Convention and 10 Treaties  How CITES Works The Conference of the Parties adopts Resolutions to guide the interpretation and implementation of the Convention, and Decisions to provide specific short- term time-bound instructions. 77 Résolutions and 170 Décisions are in affect. The Convention and its Appendices are legally binding, but national legislation is required to apply its provisions Lecture 13: International Convention and 11 Treaties  How CITES Works National legislation to implement CITES must, at the very least: designate a Management Authority and a Scientific Authority prohibit trade in specimens in violation of the Convention penalize such trade allow for confiscation of specimens illegally traded or possessed The Management Authority is responsible for the administrative aspects of implementation (legislation, permits, annual and biennial reports on trade, communication with other CITES agencies). The Scientific Authority is responsible for advising the Management Authority on non- detriment findings and other scientific aspects of implementation, and monitoring of national trade. Lecture 13: International Convention and 12 Treaties  How CITES Works  Species subject to CITES regulation are  Appendix II divided amongst three Appendices:  includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but for which trade must be controlled to  Appendix I avoid their becoming threatened  includes species threatened with  Includes species that resemble species extinction already included in Appendix II  International (commercial) trade is  International trade is permitted but generally prohibited controlled  Almost 600 animal species and some  More than 1,400 animal species and more 300 plant species than 22,000 plant species  Appendix III  includes species for which a country is asking Parties to help with its protection  International trade is permitted but controlled (generally less restrictive than Appendix II)  Some 270 animal species and about Lecture 13: International Convention and 30 plant species 13 Treaties  How CITES Works The Conference of the Parties is the CITES regulates the export, re-export only body that can decide on the and import of live and dead animals contents of Appendices I and II. and plants and their parts and derivatives (for listed species only) Any proposal to amend the Appendices This regulation is based on a system requires a two-thirds majority of voting of permits and certificates that Parties for it to be adopted. may only be issued if certain conditions are met and which must be Only Parties may propose amendments presented when leaving or entering a to the Appendices. country For Appendix I and II-listed species, the most important condition is that international trade in these species must not be detrimental to their survival in the wild Lecture 13: International Convention and 14 Treaties  How CITES works There are special provisions for: Personal and household effects Pre-Convention specimens Captive-bred or artificially propagated specimens Scientific exchange Travelling exhibitions There are four types of CITES documents: Export permits Import permits Re-export certificates Other certificates Lecture 13: International Convention and 15 Treaties  Export Permits Import Permits Export permits can only be issued by (Applies only to specimens of the Management Authority, provided Appendix-I species). the Scientific Authority has advised that the proposed export will not be detrimental to the survival of the Import permits can only be issued by species the Management Authority, when the Scientific Authority has advised that the The Management Authority must be proposed import will be for purposes satisfied that the specimen was legally that are not detrimental to the survival obtained of the species. The Management Authority must be satisfied that living specimens will be Note: By taking stricter domestic prepared and shipped in a manner that measures a number of Parties (e.g. the will minimize the risk of injury, member States of the European Union) damage to health or cruel treatment also require import documents for specimens of Appendix II species Lecture 13: International Convention and 16 Treaties  Re-export Certificates Other Certificates Re-export certificates may only be These are used for particular cases such issued by the Management Authority, as: and only when that authority is satisfied that the specimens have been imported Captive-bred or artificially in accordance with the provisions of the propagated specimens Convention Pre-Convention specimens Travelling exhibitions Introduction from the Sea Appendix III certificate of origin Labels for scientific exchange Lecture 13: International Convention and 17 Treaties  Similar Authorities Similar Similar Requirements Procedures COMMON PROCEDURAL MECHANISM Similar Rules & Similar Regulations Documentaries Lecture 13: International Convention and 18 Treaties  Partnerships with The Benefits of CITES Conventions Effective and consistent international Convention on Biological Diversity regulation of trade in wildlife for Basel Convention conservation and sustainable use. Ramsar International cooperation on trade and Convention on Migratory Species conservation, legislation and enforcement, resource management, conservation science. International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling Participation as a global player in managing and conserving wildlife at the international level. Allows access to capacity building programs - Technical assistance/support in making legal acquisition findings (LAF), non- detriment findings (NDF) and in combating illegal trade Lecture 13: International Convention and 19 Treaties  Partnerships with Organisations Internal Partnerships World Custom Organisation Inter-agency cooperation and Interpol partnerships at the national level are also important TRAFFIC Network IUCN CITES Authorities UNEP – World Conservation Customs Monitoring Centre Police Judiciary Resource sectors Lecture 13: International Convention and 20 Treaties  Summary CITES is an international agreement For Appendix-I listed species, between governments that ensures that no international trade is generally species of wild fauna or flora is prohibited unsustainably exploited for international trade For Appendix-II and –III listed species, international trade is The Convention establishes the international legal framework and permitted but regulated common procedural mechanisms for the The Conference of the Parties adopts prevention of international trade in endangered species, and for an effective Resolutions and Decisions to guide regulation of international trade in others. interpretation of the Convention and to direct its activities and those of the CITES regulates international trade in permanent committees and the specimens of species of wild fauna and flora Secretariat listed in its Appendices on the basis of a system of permits and certificates which are CITES is a powerful tool for achieving issued only when certain conditions are consistent international regulation of met, and which must be presented when leaving or entering a country trade in wildlife for conservation and sustainable use Lecture 13: International Convention and 21 Treaties  The Aims of CITES Definitions  Regulated trade (effective and Article I of the text of the Convention consistent) defines a number of terms used in CITES:  Science-based decisions Species  Cooperation at multiple level Specimen  Conservation results Trade  Sustainable use of wildlife  Towards a ‘green’ certification Species:  Species or  a subspecies or  a geographically separate population Lecture 13: International Convention and 22 Treaties  Species: Caiman crocodillus Definitions Readily recognizable one can recognize it as a CITES specimen, or from the label it appears that it contains derivatives of CITES specimens E.g. animals (tiger, bear) or plants (cactus, khut) in medicines Lecture 13: International Convention and 23 Treaties  Geographically separate Subspecies: populations: Caiman Caiman crocodilus fuscus crocodilus fuscus Lecture 13: International Convention and 24 Treaties  Specimen  A specimen is:  Animal or plant, alive or dead or  Any readily recognizable parts or derivatives of plant or animal species  Specific parts of Appendix-II plants or Appendix-III animals and plants may be included or excluded Lecture 13: International Convention and 25 Treaties  Parts Derivatives Skins or parts thereof Blood Skeleton or bones Musk Shells Objects made from parts (ivory Horn, tusks or teeth piano keys, handbags, fur coats, Feathers belts, watch straps, shoes, gloves Eggs etc) Meat Medicine containing CITES species Roots/leaves Perfume from CITES species Wood Preparations from meat Lecture 13: International Convention and 26 Treaties  Definition of Trade Trade is defined as: Introduction from the Sea EXPORT IMPORT RE-EXPORT Lecture 13: International Convention and 27 Treaties  Conclusion  Levels of exploitation of some animal and plant species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat loss, is capable of heavily depleting their populations and even bringing some species close to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are not endangered, but the existence of an agreement to ensure the sustainability of the trade is important in order to safeguard these resources for the future.  Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be worth billions of dollars and to include hundreds of millions of plant and animal specimens. The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a vast array of wildlife products derived from them, including food products, exotic leather goods, wooden musical instruments, timber, tourist curios and medicines.  The trade in wild animals and plants crosses borders between countries, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30,000 species of animals and plants, whether they are traded as live specimens, fur coats or dried herbs.  The endangered status of many prominent species, such as the tiger and elephants, might make the need for such a convention seem obvious. With hindsight, the need for CITES is clear. Lecture 13: International Convention and 28 Treaties  PMG 558 PARK AND CONSERVATION LAWS INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & TREATIES RAMSAR Convention  RAMSAR’s Mission Introduction The Convention’s mission is the An intergovernmental treaty that conservation and wise use of all embodies the commitments its wetlands through local, national actions member countries to maintain the and international cooperation as a ecological character of their Wetlands contribution towards achieving of International Importance and to sustainable development throughout plan for the wise use, all of the the world. wetlands in their territories. Not combining with the United Nations system of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, but it works very closely with the other MEAs and is a full partner among the biodiversity related cluster of composition and agreements. Lecture 13: International Convention and 30 Treaties  The Wise Use Concept The wise use of wetlands is defined as the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development. Wise use therefore has at its heart the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their resources for the benefit of humankind. Lecture 13: International Convention and 31 Treaties  Partnership with The The International Private Sector Organization Partner Lecture 13: International Convention and 32 Treaties  Specific Criteria Based on Criteria of RAMSAR Site Water Birds  A wetland should be considered A wetland should be considered internationally important if it contains internationally important if it a representative, rare, or unique regularly supports 20,000 or more example of a natural or near-natural water birds. wetland type found within the appropriate bio geographic region A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of water bird. Lecture 13: International Convention and 33 Treaties  Criteria Based on Species and Ecological Communities A wetland should be considered A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports internationally important if it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically plant and/or animal species at a critical endangered species or threatened stage in their life cycles, or provides ecological communities. refuge during adverse conditions. A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular bio- geographic region. Lecture 13: International Convention and 34 Treaties  Specific Criteria Based on Fish A wetland should be considered A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports internationally important if it is an a significant proportion of indigenous important source of food for fishes, fish subspecies, species or families, life- spawning ground, nursery and/or history stages, species interactions migration path on which fish stocks, and/or populations that are either within the wetland or representative of wetland benefits elsewhere. and/or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity. A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of wetland- dependent non-avian animal species. Lecture 13: International Convention and 35 Treaties  RAMSAR Commitment Under the "three pillars" of the Convention, the Parties have committed themselves to: Cooperate Work towards the wise Designate suitable internationally use of all their wetlands for the List of concerning trans- wetlands through Wetlands of boundary wetlands, national land-use International shared wetland planning, appropriate Importance systems, shared policies and legislation, ("RAMSAR’s List") species, and management actions, and ensure their development projects and public education. effective management. that may affect wetlands. Lecture 13: International Convention and 36 Treaties  How Does The Convention Works? The Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP) meets every three years and promotes policies and guidelines to further the application of the Convention. The Scientific and Technical Review Panel provides guidance on key issues for the Convention. The RAMSAR Secretariat, which shares headquarters with The World Conservation Union (IUCN), in Gland, Switzerland, manages the day-to-day activities of the Convention. Countries are encouraged to establish National Wetland Committees, involving all government sectors dealing with water resources, development planning, protected areas, biodiversity, tourism, education, development assistance. Participation by NGOs and civil society is also encouraged. RAMSAR sites facing problems in maintaining their ecological character can be placed by the country concerned on a special list, the "Monteux Record", and technical assistance to help solve the problem can be provided. Lecture 13: International Convention and 37 Treaties  Bodies of Convention http://www.ramsar.org/pictures_2009/cop10-03_1_128-176.jpg Scientific & Technical The Conference of the Review Panel Contracting Parties http://www.ramsar.org/pictures_2009/sc36a-22-276.jpg http://www.ramsar.org/pictures_2009/iucnbldg1-276.jpg The Standing Committee The RAMSAR Secretariat Lecture 13: International Convention and 38 Treaties  Bodies of Convention  The scope and focus of the Convention's work is coordinated by means of a Strategic Plan and associated Work Plan.  Set out in the context of the priority objectives, the actions expected or requested of the Parties, the Standing Committee, the Secretariat, the STRP, the IOPs, and other collaborators. Lecture 13: International Convention and 39 Treaties  The Contracting Parties To The RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands Lecture 13: International Convention and 40 Treaties  Country RAMSAR Sites Surface Area (km) United Kingdom 168 1,274,323 Mexico 114 8,191,057 Italy 51 60,052 Ireland 45 66,994 United States of America 26 1,439,937 India 25 677,131 Argentina 19 5,318,376 Uganda 12 454,303 Madagascar 6 787,555 Malaysia 6 134,158 Indonesia 3 656,510 Israel 2 366 Iraq 1 137,700 United Arab Emirates 1 620 Lecture 13: International Convention and 41 Treaties  Regional & International Policies Objectives of The EPBC Act The Department is involved with  Provide the protection of the coordination and implementation of regional and international policies on environment, especially matters of conservation of biodiversity and national environment significance. ecosystem. Some of the Multilateral Environmental Agreements that the DWNP is directly involved are:  Provide a streamlined national environmental assessment and approval Convention on Biological Diversity process. (CBD) ASEAN Working Group on Nature  Enhanced the protection and Conservation Biodiversity management of important natural and (AWGNCB) cultural places. ASEAN Heritage Parks The RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands (RAMSAR) The world Conservation Union Lecture 13: International Convention and 42 Treaties (IUCN)  Guideline & Implementing National Wetland Policies in Some Country Australia United State of America Launched its Wetlands Policy of the Established the first Inter-Agency Task Commonwealth Government of Australia on Force on Wetlands under the Domestic World Wetlands Day in 1997. Policy Council’s Working Group on Environment, Energy, and Natural Uganda Resources to examine ways to achieve no Cabinet approved guidelines for the net loss of wetlands as a national goal. preparation of legislation to enforce the National Wetland Policy. At the same Trinidad & Tobago time, the Government was formulating a The preparation of National Wetland National Environmental Policy. Policy in Trinidad and Tobago, although seen as a major obligation for Malaysia implementation of the RAMSAR Signatory to the RAMSAR Convention Convention at a national level. since 1994, received a grant from the Convention’s Small Grants Fund in 1995 Canada to help develop a National Wetland Initiated development of The Federal Policy Policy. on Wetland Conservation in early 1987. An immediate step was to consider the scope Lecture 13: International Convention and and complexity for consultations with 43 Treaties stakeholders across Canada.  Protection of RAMSAR Wetlands Under The Environment Protection How are Wetlands Included and Biodiversity on The List of Wetlands of Conservation (EPBC) Act International Importance?  The Environment Protection and The criteria include (amongst other Biodiversity Conservation Act things) that the wetland: 1999 established a legislative  Contains a representative, rare or framework that allows the unique example of a natural or near- Commonwealth to manage natural wetland type found within the environmental protection through an appropriate biogeography region. assessment and approvals process; and  Supports vulnerable, endangered or biodiversity conservation through critically endangered species or species and site listing, recovery and threatened ecological communities. management planning.  Supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeography region. Lecture 13: International Convention and 44 Treaties  What is a “Declared” RAMSAR Wetland Declared RAMSAR wetlands includes: All wetlands that the Minister deems to be a declared RAMSAR wetland. The Minister can declare that a wetland is a declared RAMSAR wetland if he/she is satisfied. The wetland is likely to be of international significance because of its ecological, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. Lecture 13: International Convention and 45 Treaties  Wetland Sites in Malaysia Lecture 13: International Convention and 46 Treaties  Tasik Bera, Pahang Pulau Kukup, Johor Great importance not only because of State Park Johor on 31 January 2003. the rich biodiversity but also from a scientific, recreational, educational The wetland supports such species as and economic point of view. the Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus, Smooth Otter Lutra perspicillata, Bearded Pig Sus barbatus. In 1994, Tasik Bera gained international recognition when it was Pulau Kukup is important for flood declared Malaysia's first RAMSAR control, physical protection (e.g. as a site. wind breaker), and shoreline stabilization as it shelters the The RAMSAR Convention on mainland town from severe storm Wetlands is an inter-governmental events. treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their Lecture 13: International Convention and 47 Treaties  Sungai Pulai (Johor) Tanjung Piai (Johor) Forest Reserve Johor, on 31 January Johor State Park, on 31 January 2003. 2003. With its associated sea grass beds, The site enjoys the status of a State intertidal mudflats and inland Park for eco-tourism. freshwater reverie forest the site represents one of the best examples A visitor centre with boardwalks near of a lowland tropical river basin, the southern tip of the park provides supporting a rich biodiversity interpretive materials, guided walks, dependent on mangrove and overnight facilities, with a World Wetlands Day programme beginning The site is managed in line with in 2003. Integrated Management Plan for the sustainable use of mangroves in Johor state. Lecture 13: International Convention and 48 Treaties  Kuching Wetland National Lower Kinabatangan Park (Sarawak) Segama Wetlands (Sabah) Gazette as a national park in July Officially designated as Sabah’s first 2002: and Malaysia’s largest RAMSAR site at the 10th Conference of the On 8th November 2005 Malaysia Contracting Parties of the RAMSAR designated that the park as a Convention on Wetlands (RAMSAR RAMSAR site, a wetland of COP10) in Korea in October 2008. international importance The site was recognized as an internationally important wetland for Kuching Wetlands National Park has it undisturbed ecosystem: long attracted nature enthusiasts The mangrove forest, rare peat owing to its fascinating ecosystem swamp forest, etc., containing a and excellent wildlife viewing number or rare opportunities. Endangered and threatened species such as the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrisoni, proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus, 49 Lecture 13: International Convention and tembadau Bos javanicus, Treaties  RAMSAR Activities & Types of RAMSAR Activities Programs & Programs The RAMSAR Convention sponsors 2nd February each year is World and hosts a number of wetland Wetlands Day. programs and activities directed to the RAMSAR and wetland The date taken of the Convention on community and to the general public. Wetlands 2 February 1971, in the Iranian city of RAMSAR on the RAMSAR awards for wetland shores of the Caspian Sea. conservation use 3 categories: Education The community have taken advantage Participation of the opportunity to undertake Awareness Programs actions aimed at raising public awareness of wetland values and All the categories governments and benefits in general and the RAMSAR practitioners to spread the message Convention in particular. about the Convention's programs to support small wetland projects and financially. Lecture 13: International Convention and 50 Treaties  Lecture 13: International Convention and 51 Treaties  The RAMSAR Wetland The Convention’s CEPA Conservation Awards Program The RAMSAR Wetland Conservation For a number of Contracting Parties Awards were established in 1996 by (CPs), wetland Communication, Resolution of the 6th Meeting of the Education, Participation, and Conference of the Contracting Awareness (CEPA) is already a Parties to the Convention on coordinated and targeted component Wetlands (RAMSAR, Iran, 1971). of their program on wetland conservation and wise use. The first awarded on the occasion of the 7th Meeting of the Conference of For most CPs, however, the Parties (San José, Costa Rica, implementing Resolution X.8 is an 1999), opportunity to focus on developing wetland CEPA as a fundamental tool The purpose in order to recognize alongside the other more traditional and honors the contributions of management tools of the Convention individuals, organizations, and governments around the world towards promoting the conservation These CEPA pages also provide an and wise use of wetland open forum for the exchange of CEPA ideas and resource materials. Lecture 13: International Convention and 52 Treaties  RAMSAR Assistance Programs The RAMSAR Convention maintains three assistance programs for small projects (or parts of larger projects) for the conservation and wise use of wetlands. The Small Grants Fund for Wetland Conservation and Wise Use (SGF) was established by the Conference of the Contracting Parties in 1990, and it provides financial assistance for wetland conservation projects in the form of small grants. The Swiss Grant Fund for Africa, administered by the RAMSAR Secretariat since 1989, is a generous contribution offered by the Federal Government of Switzerland over and above the annual dues provided to the Convention's core budget, in order to support wetland conservation and wise use and the implementation of the Convention in Africa Lecture 13: International Convention and 53 Treaties  Conclusion  Wetlands provide a great diversity of essential ecosystem services that benefit all humankind, rich and poor, developed or developing country, urban or rural.  Provision of food (fish, shellfish, plants such as rice) is an obvious ‘service’ but there are many more.  Water purification, storage and supply of freshwater, flood control and storm protection (through coral reefs, mangroves, salt marshes), availability of firewood and building materials, and other services such as nutrient recycling, recreation – all benefits we depend upon wherever we live. Lecture 13: International Convention and 54 Treaties INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & TREATIES OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECM)  (Source: SEARRP) 56  (Source: SEARRP) 57  Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) achieve the in-situ conservation of important and vulnerable ecosystems outside of ProtectedAreas. (Source: SEARRP) 58  (Source: SEARRP) 59  (Source: SEARRP) 60  (Source: SEARRP) 61  OECM’s Opportunities for Diverse Landscape-based Conservation Conserve important and vulnerable ecosystems outside of PAs Connect fragments of ecosystems and between PAs Include non-State actors in delivering conservation outcomes Inspire a shift in practices towards sustainability Enhance alignment with SDGs Realising the Community Conserved Area and Buffer Zone for PAs Solving HWC and focusing on Landscape-based Conservation and Management of Biodiversity.  EXAMPLES OF OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECM) SITE FOR MALAYSIA Benus Bird Camp, Kg. Gol, Pahang. 26 acres of Community Conserve Area established in 18 June 2015 First bird conservation park developed and managed by the youth in the village. New ecotourism product in the state of Pahang Community Conserved Area as Buffer Zone to Taman Negara National Park Governed and Managed by local community. National Land Code 2021, Community-based Asian Giant Soft-Shell Turtle Hatchery  EXAMPLES OF OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECM) SITE FOR MALAYSIA Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan Campus 300 acres of forest in campus dedicated as OECM Site Malaysia. First university in the country to have this site in campus in Malaysia. To encourage the preservation and conservation of biodiversity. To promote sustainable use of biodiversity resources – biologically, culturally & economically. To promote an area for biodiversity research, edutourism and community participation. Governed and Managed: UiTM Negeri Sembilan Campus Legislation: UiTM University Act  EXAMPLES OF OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECM) SITE FOR MALAYSIA Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pahang Campus 250 acres of Lowland Dipterocarp Forest Currently, Education and Plantation Forest Secondary forest logged during the 1970s Governed : UiTM Pahang Legislation: UiTM University Act Prionailurus bengalensis (Kucing batu) Tapirus indicus (The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species) (Tapir)  G O O D L U C K I N YO U R E X A M I N AT I O N ! Lecture 13: International Convention and 66 Treaties