Medical English Vocabulary (1&2) - PDF

Vocabulary for Medical students Prepared by: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 1  Medical English Book UNIT 1-text 1 Spectrum (n) (pl. spectra or spectrums) a full or wi...

Vocabulary for Medical students Prepared by: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 1  Medical English Book UNIT 1-text 1 Spectrum (n) (pl. spectra or spectrums) a full or wide range of sth e.g. speakers representing the whole spectrum of political opinions Synonym (n) synonymous (adj) e.g. Big and large are synonyms. e.g. Wealth is not always synonymous to happiness. define (v) definition (n) defined (adj) to say exactly what a word or idea means. e.g. How would you define "happiness"? e.g. What is the definition of "happiness"? e.g. a well-defined state merely (adv): only: just infirmity (n) infirm (adj) sick or weak because of old age quantify (v): to express or measure the quantity of e.g. It is impossible to quantify the extent of the black economy". Quantification (n): the expression or measurement of the quantity of something. e.g. "the quantification of damages is difficult". apparently (adv):1. according to what people say (but perhaps not true) e.g. Apparently, his interest in the proposal did not last very long. 2. according to how sth seems or appears (but perhaps not true) e.g. She was apparently not disturbed by the news. possess (v): to have or own e.g. They lost everything they possessed in the fire. possession (n): the state of having or owning sth e.g. He was arrested for possession of an illegal weapon. possessions (n): sth that you own e.g. Bob packed all his possessions in a suitcase and left. precursor (n) 1. a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind; a forerunner 1 e.g. "a three-stringed precursor of the violin" 2. a substance from which another is formed, especially by metabolic reaction. e.g. "Pepsinogen is the inactive precursor of pepsin". give rise to (v): to cause sth e.g. The news gave rise to considerable anxiety among people. recognize (v): to know again sb/sth that you have seen or heard before. e.g. I recognized him, but I couldn't remember his name. represent (v): 1. to be a picture, sign, example, etc. e.g. an abstract painting that represent pain. 2. to describe sb/ sth in a particular way e.g. Susan is represented as a very ordinary person in the book. 3. to act or speak in the place of sb else e.g. You will need an attorney to represent you in court. tend to do sth (v): to often or normally do or be sth e.g. Women tend to live longer than men. tendency (n) seek (v): search saught (p.p) inconclusive (adj): not leading to definite decision or answer e.g. an inconclusive discussion confront (v): to think about or make sb think about sth that is difficult or unpleasant. e.g. to confront a problem, difficulty, etc. Whereas (conj.): while e.g. He eats meat, whereas she is a vegetarian. in terms of.. ‫ با در نظر گرفتن‬.1 e.g. The apartment is ideal in terms of size, but it's very...‫ بر حسب‬.2 expensive. vary (v): to be different from each other e.g. The grades varied greatly in the anatomy course. consult (v) consultation (n) consultant (n) efficient (adj): ‫ کارا‬،‫کارایی‬ able to work well without making mistakes or wasting time 2 and energy e.g. Our secretary is very efficient. e.g. You need to find a more efficient way of organizing your time. efficiency (n) efficiently (adv) efficacy (n): the ability to produce a desired or intended ‫اثربخشی‬ result. e.g. "There is little information on the efficacy of this treatment". ‫خودکارآمدی تحصیلی‬ e.g. Academic self-efficacy deteriorate (v): to become worse e.g. The political tension is deteriorating into civil war. deterioration (n) e.g. Overnight vital signs were collected among ward patients regardless of their risk of clinical deterioration. 3  Medical English Book UNIT 1-text 2 approach (v) ‫ نزدیك کردن به‬، ‫نزدیك شدن به‬ approachable : easy to talk ‫صمیمی‬ e.g. Her exam date is approaching. e.g. We approached the town. approach (n): a way of dealing with sth ‫ رویکرد‬،‫دیدگاه‬ e.g. Parents don’t always know what approach to take with teenagers. distribute (v) distribution (n) ‫توزیع کردن‬ determinants (n) ‫عوامل تعیین کننده‬ determine (v): to decide or calculate sth e.g. The results of the test will determine what treatment you need. ‫تعیین‬ determination (n) determined (adj) ‫قاطع‬ e.g. She is determined to continue studying. process (n) ‫ پردازش‬،‫فرایند‬ e.g. The complicated process of production process (v) ‫ پردازش کردن‬.2 ،‫ فراوری کردن‬.1 e.g. Cheese is processed so that it last longer. e.g. When we have collected all the data, it will be processed by computer. identify (v) identification (n) ‫شناسایی کردن‬ identity (n) ‫هویت‬ matter (v): to be important e.g. It doesn't matter how much it costs. e.g. What matters most is giving the kids a good start in life. no matter: not important occur (v): take place: happen occurrence (n) ‫اتفاق‬ make sense (v): to be possible to understand; to have a clear meaning rather than: instead of e.g. I prefer to study rather than sleep. e.g. I would rather walk than go by bus. 4 far more: very much e.g. She is far more intelligent than I thought. cure (n, v): treat = heal curative (adj) e.g. Healing foods except (for) (prep): other than e.g. I can answer all of the questions except for the last one. steeply (adv) e.g. House prices have risen steeply this year. association (n) ‫ انجمن‬،‫ تداعی‬،‫ارتباط‬ to be associated with sth ‫ توام بودن‬،‫مرتبط بودن با‬ e.g. The disease is associated with fever. take into account (v): consider consideration (n) available (adj): accessible percent (n) e.g. Ten percent of the students failed at the exam. percentage (n) e.g. What percentage of the voters chose Mr. X? "About 42 percent." otherwise (adv) 1. in all other ways, apart from that e.g. I'm a little tired, but otherwise, I feel fine. 2. in a different or another way e.g. Follow these instructions exactly unless the boss tells you otherwise. 3. If not e.g. You have to press the red button; otherwise it won't work. though (adv): even though: although: albeit influence (n, v): affect effect (n) influential (adj) ‫دارای قدرت نافذ (حرف را به کرسی‬ )‫نشاندن‬ Sect (n) ‫فرقه‬ striking (adj): very noticeable; making a strong impression e.g. There was a striking similarity between the two men. emerge (v): come out; to become known emergence (n) )‫ معلوم شدن (حقایق‬،‫پدیدار شدن‬ e.g. She is likely to emerge as the top student in the class. e.g. During investigations, it emerged that he was lying about his age. 5 emergency (n) ‫اورژانس‬ emergent (adj) )urgent ‫اورژانسی( فوریت بیشتر از‬ compare (with) (v) comparison (n) in comparison with: compared to compensate (v) compensation (n) compensated (adj) occupation (n) occupy (v) occupied (adj) e.g. occupied territories hazard (n): risk relative (adj) relatively (adv) related to (adj) ‫ مرتبط با‬،‫ نسبتا‬،‫نسبی‬ relatives (n) ‫خویشاوندان‬ so that purchase (v): buy demand (v): request concern (v): to affect or be important to sb concern (n) This doesn't concern you. Just go away. concerned (about) (adj): worried; anxious concerned with: related to; about major (adj) majority (n) minor (adj) minority (n) amount (n) ‫مقدار‬ amount to sth (v): 1.to add up to 2. to be the same as e.g. 1. The cost of the repairs amounted to $50. e.g. 2. No matter whether I tell him today or tomorrow, it amounts to the same thing. reliable (adj): that you can trust dramatic (adj): 1. Noticeable or sudden e.g. a dramatic change in price 2. exciting or impressive e.g. a dramatic scene dramatically (adv): drastically ‫به طور چشمگیری‬ e.g. His health has improved dramatically. causal (adj) cause (v) *casual (adj) precede (v): to come or go before sb/ sth ‫ اقدام کردن‬، ‫مقدم بودن‬ 6 e.g. Look at the diagram at the preceding page. consumption (n) consume (v) consumer (n) e.g. time-consuming ‫وقت گیر‬ familiar (adj) familiarity (n) ‫آشنا‬ illustrate (v): to explain or make sth clear by using examples, pictures or diagrams e.g. an illustrated cookbook illustration (n) smog (n): a mix of smoke and fog, caused by air pollution that reduces visibility chronically (adv) chronic (adj) e.g. chronic bronchitis expected (adj) expect (v) expectation (n) 7  Medical English Book UNIT 2-text 1 colosal (adj): very large famine (n) e.g. The ling drought was followed by famine. disaster (n): an event that causes a lot of harm or damage e.g. earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters disastrous (adj): very bad, harmful or unsuccessful e.g. Our mistakes had disastrous results. per capita (adj): per person e.g. to have a high per capita income per capita (adv): for each person e.g. We are spending $5,000 per capita annually for education in this district. gross (adj): 1. very bad; disgusting 2. total (#net) e.g. 1. This stuff smells really gross. ‫درآمد ناخالص‬ e.g. 2. gross income; gross weight care (v, n): to be worried about or interested in; to mind e.g. Money is the thing that she cares about most. take care of sb/ sth care for: like; want e.g. Would you care for a drink? economy (n) economic (adj) surplus (n): an amount that is extra or more than you need ‫مازاد‬ e.g. a trade surplus of $10 billion. capital (n) e.g. Tehran is the capital of Iran. capital letter e.g. Write your name in capital letter (capitals). export # import (v, n) poverty (n): the state of being very poor e.g. to live in poverty Justice (n): fair behavior or treatment e.g. a struggle for justice 8 # injustice just (adj): fair and right e.g. a just decision Live on : to continue to exist e.g. Mozart is dead, but his music lives on. optimistic# pessimistic (adj) malnutrition (n) malnourished (adj) as to: about a particular thing e.g. I was given no instructions as to how to begin. life expectancy ‫امید به زندگی‬ beneath (prep): under decency (n): moral or correct behavior grove (n) ‫ باغ کوچك‬،‫انبوه درختان‬ paddy fields ‫مزرعه شالیکاری‬ exceed (v) excess (n, adj) excessive (adj) 1. to be greater than sth 2. To go beyond what is allowed or necessary e.g. 1. The price must not exceed $100. e.g. 2. to exceed the speed limit exceedingly (adv): very e.g. an exceedingly difficult problem gigantic (adj): extremely large slum (adj) ‫محله ی فقیرنشین‬ urban# rural expenditure (n): the act of spending or using money, etc. e.g. Government expenditure on education is very low in this state. e.g. to lose weight, energy expenditure should exceed energy intake in the body. expend (v) better off: 1.to be more pleasant or suitable situation 2. with more money likely to (adj): 1. probably or expected e.g. The boss is not likely to agree. likelihood (n): probability e.g. likelihood of success despite (adv): in spite of 9 sanitation (n): hygiene sanitary (adj) hygienic (adj) reverse (n, v) reversible (adj) revolution (n) relieve (v) relief (n) e.g. pain reliever/ relief invest (v) investment (n) circumstance (n) e.g. We need to know the exact circumstances surrounding the accident. priority (n): the state of being more important than sb/sth e.g. Families with small children will be given priority. e.g. Emergency cases take priority over other patients in the hospital prior to (adj): before e.g. You should study prior to exam. indictment (n) ‫ادعانامه‬ generation (n) generate (v): produce ‫ نسل‬،‫تولید‬ resource (n) e.g. natural resources devote to (v): to give a lot of time or energy, etc. to sb /sth e.g. Schools should devote more time to science. grasp (v): 1. to take hold of sb/sth suddenly and firmly 2. To understand sth eradicate (v): to destroy sth completely eradication (n) equivalent to (adj): equal to overseas (): abroad decline (v, n): decrease: depress barrel (n) ‫بشکه‬ meager (adj): too small in amount e.g. a meager income suture (n) ‫بخیه‬ spare (n) spare (adj): 1. extra 2. not used for work e.g. 1. The spare tire is kept in the truck. e.g. 2. What do you do in your spare time? dispensaries (n) 1. a person or thing that dispenses something. 11 e.g. His role is as the protector of the weak and dispenser of justice. 2. a person who prepares medicines in a dispensary. 3. an automatic machine or container which is designed to release a specific amount of something. e.g. a paper towel dispenser treebare ‫بدون درخت‬ implication (n): sth that is suggested but that is not said openly ‫ اشاره‬،‫داللت‬ e.g. The implication of her comments was that we had made a bad mistake. imply (v) 11  Medical English Book UNIT 2-text 2 burden (n) 1. A heavy load that is difficult to carry 2. A responsibility or difficult task that causes a lot of work and worry. e.g. I don’t want to be a burden on my kids, when I am old. absolute (adj) 1. Total; complete. e.g. We are aiming at absolute perfection! 2. Certain; definite. e.g. We had no absolute proof. absolutely (adv): completely; totally. e.g. You are absolutely wrong. prevalence (n) prevalent (adj) wealth (n): richness wealthy (adj): rich decade (n) century (n) Millennium (n) accompany (v) accompaniment (n) accompanied by (adj) 1. to go with sb to a place. e.g. Children must be accompanied by an adult. 2. to give or send sth together with sth else, in addition to it. e.g. The letter was accompanied by a check for $50. moreover (adv): in addition; also disguise (n, v): to hide the real appearance of sb/ sth ‫نقاب‬ typical (adj): having or showing the usual qualities of a particular person, thing or type; to be a good example of a category of people or things. e.g. What is the typical food of Iranian people? eg. Such detailed descriptions are typical of her writing. overwhelm (v) overwhelming (adj) 1. to have a strong emotional effect on. e.g. "He was overwhelmed with guilt". 2. to defeat sb/ sth because you have more people. magnitude (n): the great size or importance of sth. e.g. the magnitude of the problem utmost (adj): greatest e.g. a message of the utmost importance utmost (adv): at most 12 promote (v) 1. to give sb a higher position, more important job, etc. e.g. He’s been promoted from assistant manager to manager. 2. to encourage sth; to help sth to happen or develop. e.g. The meetings of the leader have helped to promote good relations between the two countries. 3. to advertise sth. e.g. In order to sell a new product, you need to promote it in the right way. promotion (n) promoter (n) sale (n) sell (v) yet to do, etc.: not still done. e.g. The final decision has yet to be made. starve (v) starvation (n) be on the brink of sth: to be about to do or experience sth exciting or dangerous indicator (n) indication (n) indicate (v): 1. to show or point to sth. e.g. The receptionist indicated where I should sign. 2. to be or give a sign about sth. e.g. Sales indicate a growing market for such art. transmit (v) 1. to send out television or radio programs, electronic signals, etc. e.g. The concert was transmitted live all over the world. 2. To send or pass sth from one person to another. e.g. transmitted diseases [ transmission (n) e.g. The transmission of knowledge severe (adj) 1. very bad; causing bad results or feelings. e.g. The company is in severe financial difficulty. 2. not kind or gentle. e.g. a severe punishment severity (n) e.g. I don’t think you realize the severity of the problem. 13 decent (adj) 1. satisfactory e.g. All she wants is a decent job with decent pay. decency (n): moral or correct behavior advance (v) 1. to move forward e.g. The army advanced toward the city. 2. to make progress or help sth make progress e.g. Our research has not advanced much recently. in advance (of sth): before a particular time or event. e.g. You should buy tickets in advance. advanced (adj): 1. of a high level e.g. an advanced English class 2. highly developed e.g. an advanced program train (v): teach trained (adj) infect (v) infection (n) infected (adj) infectious (adj) air-borne (adj): flying or floating in the air. e.g. airborne dust particles whooping cough ‫سیاه سرفه‬ account for (v): 1. to explain or give a reason for sth. e.g. How can we account for these changes? e.g. My boss asked me to account for the money I had spent. 2. to supply the amount that is mentioned e.g. Sales to Europe accounted for 80% of our total sales last year. diagnosis (n) diagnose (v) diagnosed with (adj) leprosy (n) ‫جذام‬ conservative (adj): cautious; not extreme; fairly low. e.g. a conservative estimate estimate (v, n) estimation (n) estimated (adj) expose (v) exposure (n) exposed to (adj) organize (v) organization (n) organized (adj) overcome (v): to control or succeed in defeating sb/ sth e.g. She tried hard to overcome her fear of flying. 14 handicap (v) to give or be a disadvantage to sb e.g. They were handicapped by their lack of education. handicap (n): disability handicapped (adj): disabled. e.g. mentally, physically handicapped at least # at most eminent (adj): famous and important eminently (adv): obviously; very e.g. She is eminently qualified for the job. prevent from (v) prevention (n) preventable (adj) favorable (adj) e.g. Did you get a favorable report on your work? equality (n) # inequality equal (to) (adj) e.g. Some people think that money equals to happiness. 15