G102 - English Language Skills Development PDF

G102 Preface This course aims at developing and increasing the skills of students in English language whether in reading, writing, speaking and listening. The main aim is to make the students how to speak fluently. This course includes the following: 1-How to for...

G102 Preface This course aims at developing and increasing the skills of students in English language whether in reading, writing, speaking and listening. The main aim is to make the students how to speak fluently. This course includes the following: 1-How to form correct sentence 2-How to differentiate between the articles 3-The most important medical terminology 4-Illustrating the important words in our daily life 5- The important topics such as (Nursing and blood donation). 6-Explaining the present simple and past simple tenses in detail. 7-How to use the past simple tense 8-How to use the present perfect tense 9-How to use the different types of prepositions 10-How to differentiate between countable and uncountable nouns. 11-Confused words 1  CONTENTS Topic Page No Basic parts of sentence 4 Punctuation marks 14 Paragraph writing 20 Reading text about 23 (Nursing) Reading text about (Blood 25 Donation) Reading text about (Moves) 26 Reading text about (The 28 culture of Egypt) English Medical 32 Terminology Suffixes 35 Medical Translation 38 Countable and Uncountable 57 nouns Past simple Tense 61 Confused words 68 Phrasal verb ''Take'' 72 Present perfect Tense 75 2 Adjectives and Adverbs 81 Prepositions 88 Conjunctions 98 References 110 Course Description The objective of this course is that the students are able to communicate, both verbally and in a written format, with colleagues, staffs, people in the community, and other health professionals using educated, elaborated English. The course focuses on the development of student language skills (reading, writing, speaking and listening). This course builds students' proficiency and confidence in English language whether in speaking, reading, and writing in correct English sentences. The course covers most elements of the English grammar.The course focuses on stimulating students to use English language in their career path. It provides the student with a wide range of vocabulary and grammar in addition to the essential reading and writing skills necessary for the current globalization era. This course is also interested in the proper use of English through exercises dealing with essential grammar and structure.It will use explanatory texts and exercises to enable the student to understand the meaning of a variety of widely used vocabulary. The course also intends to enhance the students' written and oral communication skills with emphasis on how a student can present his / her ideas in clear English.It will also deal with reading comprehension and contains some simple topics related to medical issues. Finally, students learn standard medical vocabulary and medical 3 glossary. *Basic parts of a sentence Every sentence requires at least a verb and a subject; a verb is an action, and a subject is the noun that does the action. I am waiting. In this example, am waiting is the verb. The main verb is wait, but when we conjugate it in the present continuous, we use the –ing form and add the auxiliary verb am. The subject is I, the person who waits. The exception to this rule is imperative sentences (commands), which only need a verb. We can assume the subject is the person the speaker is talking to. Stop! This single word is a complete sentence. The verb is stop, and no subject is necessary because it’s a command. Some sentences can add objects, which are nouns that also participate in the action. Let’s say you forgot your calculator and you ask your friend to borrow theirs. My buddy lends me their calculator. In this example, lends is the verb and my buddy is the subject because 4 they’re the one lending. The word calculator is what’s called a direct object, the noun that receives the action. In this case, the direct object is the thing being lent—a calculator. The indirect object is the noun that receives the direct object. In the example above, the indirect object is me, because that’s who receives the calculator. Indirect objects come between the verb and direct object. Did you notice that the subject uses the pronoun I but the objects use the pronoun me? Subject and object pronouns are different, so make sure you’re using the right one. Only a certain type of verb called transitive verbs can use direct and indirect objects. However, transitive verbs are quite common, so you’ll be using them a lot. Let’s look at another example. Herrera passes Mbappé the ball. Can you identify the verb, subject, direct object, and indirect object? The verb is passes because that’s the action in the sentence. The subject is Herrera because Herrera is the person who passes. The direct object is the ball because the ball is the thing being passed. The indirect object is Mbappé because Mbappé receives the ball. Sentence structure grammar rules Aside from knowing the parts of a sentence, you also have to follow the 5 grammar rules. In case you forget, here’s a quick list: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. End a sentence with a period, question mark, exclamation point, or quotation marks. Most of the time, the subject of the sentence comes first, the verb comes second, and the objects come last. (Subject -> Verb -> Object) If the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. This is known as subject-verb agreement. Types of clauses If every sentence were as simple as subject + verb + object, books would be so boring! That’s why English has developed a few different sentence structures to keep things interesting and give us more options for speaking and writing. Before we get into those different sentence structures, it’s crucial to understand how clauses work. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Sometimes a clause is a complete sentence on its own, but other times it needs help before it expresses a complete thought. A clause that is a complete sentence is called an independent clause. It contains everything you need for a complete sentence: subjects and 6 verbs, with objects optional. Ex :We’ll eat dinner at five. Ex : Faria and Bertuccio assisted the Count of Monte Cristo. A clause that is not a complete sentence is called a dependent clause, or subordinate clause. These support independent clauses, usually by adding necessary information. Ex : The roads are icy because it rained last night. This sentence contains two clauses: (1) The roads are icy and (2) because it rained last night. Each sentence has a subject (the roads & it) and a verb (are & rained), but only the first clause is a complete sentence by itself. Notice that the subordinate clause because it rained last night slightly changes the meaning of the first sentence by adding new and important information. That’s the main purpose of subordinate clauses—to improve an independent clause with essential details. Although subordinate clauses have both subjects and verbs, they cannot exist on their own. They contain special words called subordinating conjunctions, which connect them to independent clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions include because , since , although , unless , and while, as well as relative pronouns : like that, which, 7 whatever, whenever, whoever, etc. If you see a subordinating conjunction, it means that group of words is a subordinate clause. It helps to memorize them so you can easily identify different clauses. *Types of sentence structure Depending on how you combine clauses, you can create four different types of sentence structure: Simple: 1 independent clause Compound: 2 or more independent clauses Complex:1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clauses Compound-Complex: 2 or more independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate clauses Note: Sentences are also categorized by their function, i.e., declarative, interrogative, exclamation, and imperative. These are separate from the types of sentence structure (complex, compound, etc.), and the two categories can be mixed and matched. To read more about each, check out our guide on the types of sentences. Let’s take a deeper look at each type of sentence structure and how to form it. Simple sentences Simple sentences are pretty simple: just a single independent clause, no 8 more, no less. This includes subject and verbs, but can also include objects. “Life itself is the most wonderful fairy tale.”—Hans Christian Anderson “Real glory springs from the silent conquest of ourselves.”—Joseph P. Thompson Compound sentences A compound sentence joins together two or more independent clauses into a single sentence. You can connect the independent clauses in two ways: Using a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, known as FANBOYS) between the clauses. Using a semicolon between the clauses. “It may seem difficult at first, but everything is difficult at first.”— Miyamoto Musashi “Be yourself; everyone else is already taken.”—Oscar Wilde “We know they are lying, they know they are lying, they know we know they are lying, we know they know we know they are lying, but they are still lying.”—Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn Complex sentences A complex sentence uses one main independent clause with any number of subordinate clauses. While compound sentences use coordinating 9  conjunctions to join the clauses together, complex sentences use subordinating conjunctions, explained earlier. If the subordinating clause comes first, use a comma before the independent clause. If the independent clause comes first, you don’t need a comma at all. “Until the lion learns to write, every story will glorify the hunter.”— African proverb “When a person can’t find a deep sense of meaning, they distract themselves with pleasure.”—Viktor Frankl “It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light.”— Aristotle. (Verb to have) I have a brother. We have a car. They have a daughter. You have a cat. Ahmed has a brother. Mona has two sisters. My cat has a tail. Verb Have (negative) 11 I do not have a brother We do not have a car. They do not have a daughter. You do not have a cat. Ahmed does not have a brother. Mona does not have two sisters My cat does not have a tail. Have breakfast Have lunch Have dinner Have fun (Verb Do) I do my homework in the morning. We do our homework in the morning. They do their homework in the morning. You do your homework in the morning. Ahmed does his homework in the evening. Mona does her homework in the evening. Do assignments 11 Do homework Do duties Do exercises Do sports ( Verb Do (Negative) I don’t do my homework in the morning. We don’t do our homework in the morning. They don’t do their homework in the morning. You don’t do your homework in the morning. Ahmed doesn’t do his homework in the evening. Mona doesn’t do her homework in the evening. Main Verb I am Egyptian. (be) Ahmed does his homework every day. (do) I have 4 sisters. (have) Ahmed has a brother. (have). I live in Egypt. (live) I drink tea every day. (drink) I meet Mohamed and Ahmed every day. (meet) 12 Assignments: Underline the correct answer. Hello. 1-My name /name’s Ahmed. 2- I / I’m Egyptian. 3- My friend / friends are Mohamed and Mona. 4- Their / they house is in Cairo. 5- They/there/they’re Americans, but they live in/at/on Egypt. 6- They go to work at/in 9 o’clock at/in the morning. 7- They wake up every morning to pray at/in dawn. 8- Mohamed s' father / Mohamed’s father is Syrian. 9- Mona has / have a daughter. She doesn’t has/have a son. 10- Mona’s daughter does / do her homework at /in the evening. Read the text and choose the correct answer. Hi. My name’s Kurt Adler. I’m from Hamburg, in Germany. I’m a student in Warsaw, in Poland. My teacher is from the UK. My friendsaren’t from Germany or Poland. Lia is from China, and Sasha is fromRussia. Ana and Lucas are from Brazil. 1. Kurt is a. Dutch b. German 2. He is in … a. Germany b. Poland 3. His teacher is in … 13  a. England b. Poland 4. His friends … a. are from Germany b. aren’t from Germany 5. Lia is … a. German b. Chinese 6. Sasha is … a. German b. Russian Exercise: Choose the best answers: 1-Jan had cheese and tomatoes ………. breakfast. ( in - on - for - of ) 2-Alex likes to write a ……. Where he shares stories and pictures. ( blog - routine - break - daily ). 3-let's ……… exercises to stay healthy and strong! ( text - prefer - make - do ) 4-We talked about many ……. When we met last time. (Interviews - facts - topics - blocks ). 5- I always study hard ……. my exams, because I feel proud when I get high marks. ( in - of - at - for ). 6-Every day, I …….. a routine of eating breakfast , getting dressed , and going to college. ( give - make - have - do ). 7- Next holiday , I'm going to …… water activities like swimming , diving and 14  fishing. ( do - make - have - try ). 8-Alex likes playing with his friends ……. break time. ( in - at - for - with ) ( Adjective + Noun ) I have a car. I have a red car. I have a fast car. I have a friend. I have a Chinese friend. I love Chinese food. Be + Adjective My car is red. The car is red. Lee is Chinese My friend Lee is Chinese My friend is Chinese. 15  ( A /an with adjective + noun) Michael is Egyptian. Michael is a teacher. Michael is an Egyptian teacher. Jack is a doctor. Jack is American. Jack is an American doctor. Ahmed is a man. Ahmed is optimistic. Ahmed is an optimistic man. I have a beautiful chair. Mona is a beautiful girl and Her brother is handsome. Ahmed’s dog is ugly. I live in a big apartment. Ahmed’s apartment is big Phrasal Verbs Get I get many email messages every day.Ahmed needs to get help quickly. Get in I don’t get in before 8 PM. The 10 o’clock train gets in at 10:15 every day. Get out Get out of my house! Secrets always get out. 16  Get over Don’t be sad, Ahmed. You always get over your problems. Reading 1) Dan usually gets up at 8 am. He takes a shower and eats breakfast. After that, he always gets his books ready and then goes to his lectures until midday. He usually returns home and makes lunch at about 12:30 pm. Then, he sometimes watches TV. At about 3:00, he often meets a friend for coffee. At 3:30 pm, they sometimes go to the library together. Dan always studies for a few hours and then at around 6:30 pm he goes home. In the evening, he sometimes exercises at the gym or goes for a run. After that, he relaxes in front of the TV or sees his friends. He never goes to bed early, but usually falls asleep at around midnight. 1. Get ready – get Ahmed ready for the meeting – get your books ready 2. Go to school – go home – go to work – go to his lectures 3. Return home 4. Meet a friend – I always meet my friends on Fridays 5. Go for coffee – meet for coffee 6. Exercise at the gym 7. Relax in front of the TV 17  2) I often help a lot around the house, and I usually help my mother do the laundry. My brother is lazy, and he never washes his clothes. He always leaves them in a pile on his bedroom floor. In the evening after school, I always tidy my room. I put things away and get my schoolbag ready for the next day. My sister loves cooking. He always helps mum make lunch and dinner. I usually do the dishes after we have dinner, but sometimes my father washes up after dinner. Sometimes my sister does the cleaning. 1. Do the laundry – do the dishes – do the cleaning – do the housework. 2. Make breakfast – lunch – dinner 3) When I get up in the morning, I always have a shower first. I then go to the kitchen and make breakfast. After breakfast, I brush my teeth. Then I meet my friends and we catch the bus to our college. At college, we study all day, but we have a break for lunch at 12 pm. At 4 pm, we leave the college and go home by bus. In the evening, I usually watch TV if I don’t have a lot of homework. At night, I always go to bed and fall asleep straight away. Assignments 18  Write your daily routine ………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………… # Important words and its meanings 1-Apologize : say '' sorry '' 2-Approach : method of doing something 3-Commence : start 4-Complimentary : free 5-Contribution :individual effort or support in a group 6-Convenient : suitable – favorable 7-Cooperation : The act of working together 8-Coordinator : person who organizes something 9-Dependable : can be trusted 10-Disregard : ignore , pay no attention to 13-Encouraged :persuaded or inspired 14- Grateful : thankful 15-Guarantee : promise 19 16-Impact : effect 17-Indicates : shows 18-Latest : most modern 19- Lay off : take a job away from an employee ( when employee is not at fault ). 20-Efficient ( adj ) : performs well 21-Reliable : dependable 22-Resignation : the act of leaving a job position. 23-Senior staff : employees who hold high positions or have been working at the same place for a long time. 24-Alternatives: other options 25-Amplify: expand; give more information 26-Collective: Together 27-Comply : Agree 28-Compromise : changing one's mind /terms slightly in order to find a resolution ‫مرونة او حل وسط‬ 29- Victory : win 21 30-agreement : an agreement between two or more people , countries etc. 31- stipulate : ‫يضع شروط او يشترط‬ 32-warrant : to give formal assurance ; to guarantee ‫مذكرة او تفويض‬ 33-interview : an oral examination of an applicant for a job 34-Retire : to leave employment ,esp. because of age 35-Salary: a fixed , regular payment , usually monthly. 36- Contract: a formal agreement , usually in writing between two or more parties. *Articles: 1- The indefinite articles a / an If a noun begins with a vowel sound we use the indefinite article “an”. If it begins with a consonant sound we use “a”. It is the sound which is important, not the spelling. e.g. An apple, an elephant, an honest man, a hobby, an uncle, a university. The indefinite article is most often used: a- when we mention a countable noun (singular) for the first time. e.g. Yesterday a policeman wanted to ask me some questions. I think I’ve broken a tooth. 21 b- when we want to classify things / people or say what they are like. He is a very talented actor. Platinum is a valuable metal. c- Maria is a doctor. d- before certain numbers and in certain “number expression”. She is going to pay a hundred / a thousand / a million pounds for it. He was driving at sixty miles an hour. I work forty hours a week. 2- The definite article “the” The definite article is most often used: a- when we refer to something that has been mentioned already. To make a Spanish omelet, take three eggs and a large potato. Cut the potato into small cubes and……… b- when we mention something that the listener knows about or something that has already been defined. By the way, I want to see the film you recommended. c- when there is only one (often in particular context). 22  The sky is rather gray today. Can I speak to the headmaster, please? The view from this window is really lovely. d- with superlatives. She is the best teacher at our school – we are the naughtiest students! e- with musical instruments. I play the piano and my sister plays the violin. F- with means of transport. I think we should take the bus to Athens, rather than the train. g- with inventions. The computer has dramatically changed the way we live and work. h- with species of animals in the singular. The brown bear has almost disappeared in certain parts of the world. I- When we use an adjective (as a noun) to classify or to describe a group of people. Winter is particularly difficult for the old and the sick. The definite article is also used: j- with the names of oceans, seas, rivers and mountain ranges. 23  The Atlantic, the River Thames, the Alps. k- with the names of certain countries or groups of countries. The USA, the European Union I- with the names of certain state organizations of a county. The army, the navy, the police. M- for nationalities. The English, the French, the Swiss, The German, The Dutch. 3- Zero article: No article is used: a- when we use a countable noun in the plural to talk about something in general. Dolphins are very intelligent animals. b- when we use an uncountable noun to talk about something in general. Water has recently been discovered on the moon. c- when we use an abstract noun to talk about something in general. Love makes the world go round! d- with the names of most streets, cities and countries. Oxford street is one of the most famous streets in London. 24 e- In a large number of common expressions. To go: home / to bed / to school! University / hospital / prison. To be: at home / in bed / at school / at university / in hospital! In prison. By: car / train / plane / bus. Exercises:  Fill in the gaps with a, an, the, or no article: a the I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is city in United a 0 the Kingdom. I live in town called Taunton which is on a a River Tone. I live in house in quiet street in the countryside. The the street is called "Hudson Street" and house is old - more than 100 an a the years old! I am English lecturer at college near centre of the 0 0 town. I like books, music and taking photographs. I 0 0 0 usually have lunch at college. I usually go home by car. 0 0 We have all kinds of food in England. I like Polish food very a The much. Sometimes, I go to Polish restaurant in Bath. restaurant is 0 called "Magda's". Polish food is delicious. Vocabulary: Teenagers ( Teens ) Ex : Most teenagers enjoy seeing friends and going to the cinema. Illegal (adj) Ex : It is illegal to work if you are under 13. 25 run away from: Ex : About 10.000 young people run away from home every year. (Making new friends) Bond with: making friends with other persons.‫يكون صداقات ومعارف‬- Ex : Camps help the boys bond with each other as well. Feel left out: Not to be included in a group.‫يشعر بالتجاهل‬ Ex :I sometimes feel left out because I'm not good at sports. -Join in: participate in activities with others. Another word for ' join in ' is ' participate '. ‫ يجري حوار مع‬-Interview : Ex : I interview my friends to present what is popular in Turkey. -Prefer …… to …. A few people prefer basketball to football. ‫على المال‬-In public -Emigrate ‫يهاجر من‬ ‫الهجرة‬-Immigration Note: The verbs ( enjoy – like – hate – go ) , these verbs are followed by a verb in the ( ing form ). Giving statistics and making generalizations ‫غالبية او نسبة كبيرة من‬Most : ‫الكثير والكثير‬More and more 26 ‫غالبية‬The majority of … ‫اكثر من عشرة فى المية من‬Just over 10% of ‫اقل من عشرة فى المية من‬Just under 10% of ‫اكثر من ربع ال‬Over a quarter of.. ‫حوالى ثلثى‬About two thirds of …. ‫تقريبا ثلثى‬Almost two thirds of …. Punctuation marks Question marks, commas, colons and semi-colons, exclamation marks and quotation marks. In speaking, we use pauses and the pitch of the voice to make what we say clear. Punctuation plays a similar role in writing, making it easier to read. Punctuation consists of both rules and conventions. There are rules of punctuation that have to be followed; but there are also punctuation conventions that give writers greater choice. Punctuation: capital letters and full stops (.) We use capital letters to mark the beginning of a sentence and we use full stops to mark the end of a sentence: Ex : We went to France last summer. We were really surprised that it was so easy to travel on the motorways. The Football World Cup takes place every four years. The next World Cup will be 27 held in South Africa. In 2006 it was held in Germany. We also use capital letters at the beginning of proper nouns. Proper nouns include personal names (including titles before names), nationalities and languages, days of the week and months of the year, public holidays as well as geographical places: Dr David James is the consultant at Leeds City Hospital. They are planning a long holiday in New Zealand. Can she speak Japanese? The next meeting of the group will take place on Thursday. What plans do you have for Chinese New Year? -We use capital letters for the titles of books, magazines and newspapers, plays and music: ‘Oliver’ is a musical based on the novel ‘Oliver Twist’ by Charles Dickens. The Straits Times is a daily English language newspaper in Singapore. They are performing Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony. In addition to closing sentences, we also use full stops in initials for personal names: G. W. Dwyer David A. Johnston, Accountant -Full stops are also used after abbreviations, although this practice is becoming less common: Arr. (arrival) etc. (etcetera) 28 Dr. (doctor) Prof. (professor) Punctuation: question marks (?) and exclamation marks (!) We use question marks to make clear that what is said is a question. When we use a question mark, we do not use a full stop: Why do they make so many mistakes? A: So you’re Harry’s cousin? B: Yes. That’s right. Exclamation marks: We use exclamation marks to indicate an exclamative clause or expression in informal writing. When we want to emphasize something in informal writing, we sometimes use more than one exclamation mark: Listen! Oh no!!! Please don’t ask me to phone her. She’ll talk for hours!!! Punctuation: commas (,) We use commas to separate a list of similar words or phrases: It’s important to write in clear, simple, accurate words. They were friendlier, more talkative, more open than last time we met them. We do not normally use a comma before and at the end of a list of single words: They travelled through Bulgaria, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. American English does use a comma in lists before and: 29 We took bread, cheese, and fruit with us. We use commas to separate words or phrases that mark where the voice would pause slightly: I can’t tell you now. However, all will be revealed tomorrow at midday. We had, in fact, lost all of our money. James, our guide, will accompany you on the boat across to the island. Separating clauses with commas When main clauses are separated by and, or, but, we don’t normally use a comma if the clauses have the same subject. However, we sometimes use commas if the clauses have different subjects: They were very friendly and invited us to their villa in Portugal. (Same subject) Footballers these days earn more money but they are fitter and play many more matches. (same subject) It was an expensive hotel in the centre of Stockholm, but we decided it was worth the money. (different subjects) When a subordinate clause comes before the main clause, we commonly use a comma to separate the clauses. However, we do not always do this in short sentences: If you get lost in the city centre, please don’t hesitate to text us or phone us. If you get lost just phone us. When we use subordinate or non-finite comment clauses to give further details or more information, we commonly use commas to separate the clauses: You do need to wear a darker jacket, if I may say so. To be honest, I thought they were very very rude. 31  Commas and relative clauses We use commas to mark non-defining clauses. Such clauses normally add extra, non-essential information about the noun or noun phrase: The ambulance, which arrived after just five minutes, took three people to the hospital immediately. Hong Kong, where the first ASEAN meeting was held, is a very different city now. The same is true for non-finite clauses: The storm, lasting as it did for several days, caused serious damage to villages near the coast. Write different sentences by using punctuation marks …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Paragraph writing *What is a paragraph? A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent , and are all related to a single topic.A paragraph explains one idea in detail and supports the expansion of an overall topic for the essay.Paragraph length will vary based on the purpose of the paragraph. 31 -parts of paragraph : 1-Topic sentence 2-Supporting Details 3-Concluding sentence Types of paragraph : 1-Descriptive type of paragraph 2-Narrative type of paragraph 3-Expository type of paragraph 4-Persuasive type of paragraph *How to write a perfect paragraph There are three steps to compose a good paragraph: -write a great topic sentence, Using supporting details and transitional words, Including finding a strong concluding sentence. *Some useful transition words to write a good paragraph : -To show addition : again , and , also , besides , first( second ,etc) , furthermore , in addition , moreover. -To give examples : for example , for instance , in fact , that is , specifically. -To compare : likewise , similarly. -To contrast : although , at the same time , but ,despite , even though , in spite of , on the contrary , on the other hand , though , yet. 32 -To summarize or conclude : In conclusion , in other words , in short , in summary , therefore , To sum up. -To show time : After , afterwards , as , as long as , as soon as , before , during , finally , later , immediately , since , when , while , until. -To indicate a logical relationship : As a result , consequently , for this reason , hence , otherwise , thus , therefore. Assignments Write a paragraph about '' The importance of Technology in our life ''. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Read the following text and answer the question below: Nursing Very few professions today offer such a range of specialists and career paths as nursing , but it involves hard work and demands commitment.What a qualified nurse focuses on is the patient , not simply the condition he or she may be suffering from but the needs and anxieties it may generate , including the pressures on family and friends.The place you work in may be a hospital ward or clinic.The area you specialize in could be intensive care , theatre and recovery , cancer care or care of older people , or it could be visiting people at home or attached to a local health Centre.What makes 33 nursing such a challenge is the diversity of situations you will have to respond to.The patients you will be working with may be old or young , with chronic illness or acute illness and injuries.The team you will be part of includes doctors , physiotherapists , anesthetists , pharmacists , dieticians and others. It is a demanding job with serious responsibilities.In return , you have the satisfaction of knowing that you make a real difference in reducing suffering and promoting the health of people in your care. For each of the statements, choose True or False. 1-Anurse must concentrate only on the patient's illness. True False 2-Nursing requires a high level of dedication. True False 3-There are many areas a nurse can specialize in. True False 4-In a hospital the theatre is where surgical operations are done. True False 5-Nurses always work in the same place. True False 6-A chronic illness is a medical condition that lasts over a long period of time. True False 7-An acute illness is one that is brief , severe and quickly comes to a crisis. True False 8-A nurse does not need to be able to work in a team. True False 34  Blood Donation A blood donation is a procedure when individuals give blood to others to assist them with their ailments.Giving blood is an actual existence sparing and philanthropic motion that shows solidarity with others and worries for their issues and languishing.There could be a few distinct purposes for an individual's prerequisite of blood. The requirement for blood could emerge because of a disease or a mishap.At all , the explanation could be ;blood gift is the main achievable arrangement.Blood gift isn't just useful for the beneficiary yet , also helps the benefactor and the general public.Giving blood is a demonstration of worry for individuals who are needing life-sparing blood.Nothing could esteem more than blood for an individual who requires it for sparing his/her own life or for the life of somebody he/she thinks about.Any solid person , who isn't experiencing any sickness, can give blood ; nonetheless , there should be a hole , in any event , three months between two continuous blood gift.It is additionally prudent that people under 18 years or over 60 years ought to abstain from giving blood.Likewise , it is profoundly fitting to disguise any data concerning your well-being history and meds, from the specialist regulating the blood gift. Explain the underlined words ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 Read the text carefully. Moves It won't surprise fitness freaks to learn that aerobic exercise does more than raise the heart rate: It lifts the spirit and builds confidence.But many brain researchers believe that something else happens, too. Just as exercise makes the bones, muscles, heart , and lungs stronger , researchers think that it also strengthens important parts of the brain. Research suggests that aerobic exercise helps you learn new things and remember old information better. Aerobic exercise sends more blood to the brain and it also feeds the brain with substances that develop new nerve connections.If the exercise has complicated movements like dance steps or basketball moves , the brain produces even more nerve connections – the more connections , the better the brain can process all kinds of information. Scientists still don't fully understand the relationship between exercise and brain power.For the moment , people have to trust that exercise helps them to learn or remember.Scientific research clearly shows , however , that three or more workouts a week are good for you.A study in the journal of the American Medical Association , for example , shows that walking four to five miles an hour for 45 minutes five times a week helps you live longer.So don't be a couch potato.Get out there and do something. Questions: Talk about these questions.Explain your answers. 1-Do you think that exercise helps people to learn and remember better ? ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… 2-Can you think of other benefits from exercise ? ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………….. 36  3-What benefits are most important to you ? …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Read the passage and then answer the following questions: The New Library of Alexandria , the New Bibliotheca Alexandria is dedicated to recapture the spirit of openness and scholarship of the original Bibliotheca Alexandrina.It is much more than a library.The Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Latin for ''Library of Alexandria )'' is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a renewal of the legendary ancient library built in classical Greek times. The rebuilding of the library has returned Alexandria to its former status as a center for learning and exchange and provided the city with a landmark building. The spirit of international cooperation in which the library was funded, designed and implemented has been maintained in its management to create an institution that is truly global in its outlook. At the same time, the building is technically outstanding. Alexandria is Egypt's main port, forming a large industrial and commercial Centre and important summer resort. In 1974, the University of Alexandria began a campaign for the rebuilding of the ancient library, choosing the current site, which is believed to be close to the original location. The construction began in 1995, and the building opened in October 2002. The facility provides a main reading room with seating for 2,000 readers , six specialist libraries , three museums, seven research centers , three permanent galleries, space for temporary exhibitions, a planetarium ,a public plaza , offices , a cafeteria and all the necessary services required for such a complex. Most of the users are students from the university of Alexandria and local schools. Various conferences held in the complex have received regional and international attention, raising the profile of the whole city. The library has also acted as a catalyst 37 for improvements throughout the city, such as renovating roads, building bridges and upgrading hotels. The library is seen as a progressive landmark for the country as a whole, reinstating Egypt on the map as an open, modern Centre of cultural exchange. 1- Explain the underlined words in the above mentioned text ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 2-What is the suitable main idea in the text? ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………. 3-Pick up the main idea and write a brief summary about the text........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ The culture of Egypt Egypt's culture and history date back thousands of years to the times of the ancient Pharaohs. While some of these ancient traditions remain evident, modern Egypt has evolved greatly due to influences of immigrants from other Arab nations. Visitors to Egypt will notice that Egyptian people are mild- mannered and very polite, as a result of their religious principles. Understanding Egyptian customs and culture is essential to a successful trip to Egypt. 1-Egyptian Cultural Attitudes Egyptian people are generally very helpful, so tourists rarely have trouble finding assistance with directions or recommendations. It is not unusual for an entire crowd of Egyptians to surround you trying to answer a query. They stand very close when speaking, requiring very little personal space. Egyptians are accustomed to refusing every invitation the first time it was offered, so if your offer is genuine, repeat it a second time. The same goes with invitations from Egyptian people. They will offer something once out of politeness, but you know the offer is sincere if it is repeated. If you accept an invitation into an 38 Egyptian home, such as for a meal, and you do not show, the hosts would be humiliated. 2-Egyptian Ethnicity Egypt has a population of about 67 million people. The official language is Arabic and about 99 percent of the Egyptian population comes from Eastern Hamitic backgrounds. This includes ancient Egyptian descendants, Bedouins and Berbers. The remaining 1 percent is comprised of Greek, Nubian, Armenian, Italian and French ethnicity. The majority of the Egyptian population is concentrated around the Nile River Valley and the Nile Delta. A good estimate is that about half the population is from peasantry, while the other half are rich or socially elite. Citizens living in rural areas are mostly peasants earning a living through farming. Egypt's prime location, straddling from North Africa across the Suez Canal into Asia, makes it the center of the Arab world. It is often thought to be the intellectual leader of the Middle East, having been the first to open up to communications with the Western world. 3-Religion in Egypt About 90 percent of the Egyptian population are Sunni Muslims, 8 percent are Coptic Christians and the remaining 2 percent are Jewish or of other Christian denominations. Islamic values are fundamental in personal and political aspects for all citizens, including Christians. Egyptians have strong family values and are expected to be faithful to members of their nuclear and extended families. Most businesses are closed on Fridays, the Muslim holy day, with some also closed on Thursdays. Egyptian Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan and are only allowed to work for six hours each day. While not required to fast during Ramadan, Christians are not allowed to eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in public. The major mosques are open to tourists, except during religious services. All guests are expected to remove their shoes before entering any religious building. 4-Mass Media in Egypt Egypt is the most progressive country in the Middle East is the field of media. Journalism, film, television, music and the arts are of supreme importance in Egyptian culture. Egypt has a press that is basically free, especially when compared to the censorship applied in other Arab nations. The biggest newspaper in the country is called "Al Ahram," but other papers are also 39  distributed. Egypt's radio broadcasting system transmits programs throughout the Arab world in Arabic, English, French and other languages. Egyptian television is controlled by the government, with five national television channels. Egypt is the only Arab country with a movie industry and has been making movies since the 1930s. Egypt is also home to live entertainment venues, such as the Cairo Opera House, National Puppet Theater, Pocket Theater and National Symphony. The country has several museums that boast the ancient art traditions and has produced a Nobel prize winner in literature. Women and Clothing Women in Egypt are expected to be conservative and modest, in following with the Islamic principles for women. Unknown men should never approach an Egyptian woman; instead questions and concerns should be addressed toward other men. A large percentage of Egyptian women maintain their virginity until marriage, because virginity is seen as a sign of morality and men prefer to marry virgin women. Women are widely present within the professional workforce, working as doctors, lawyers, college professors and diplomats. A head scarf is often worn as a symbol of modesty and to discourage male advances in the professional field. Women are expected to keep their arms and legs covered, especially in religious arenas. Answer the following questions: 1- Explain the underlined words 2- Summarize the text mentioned above Vocabulary in context Use the correct word or expression from the list below to fill in the gaps in the following sentences After Baby Broken Children 41 Closely Injury Minds Over Scared Shared Children's nursing can take you from intensive care of a new-born ……..with breathing problems to looking after a six –foot-tall adolescent whose leg has been …….. in a soccer match.Children are not just mini-adults :their bodies and ………. Work in different ways.The onset of symptoms can be sudden and extreme.Because…….. are still growing ,the impact of the illness or ….. on their development has to be taken into account , and because they are young they may be ……… or confused by what is happening to them.Children have parents and brothers and sisters who are all involved in different ways.Children's nurses work …….. with patients' families as part of the caring process and often …….. their nursing skills with the child's parents or who over would normally look ……..them at home. Your job is to give the child's careers the confidence and ability to carry on with their caring role , knowing when to stand back and when to take ……… if necessary. English Medical Terminology Central nervous system: The part of the system of nervous in the body that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Respiratory system: It is connected with breathing. Cardio vascular system : relating to the heart and the blood vessels. Spinal cord : The mass of nerves inside the spine that connects all parts of the body to the brain. 41 Impulses : a force or movement of energy that causes something else to react. The spleen : a small organ near the stomach that controls the quality of the blood cells. Misconception : is a belief or an idea that is not based on correct information , or that is not understood by people. Nutrient : is a substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it to grow. Hormone : is a chemical substance produced in the body or in a plant that encourages growth or influences how cells and tissues function. Waste : is a material that the body gets rid of as solid or liquid material. Capillaries : any of the smallest tubes in the body that carry blood. Veins: any of the tubes that carry blood from all parts of the body towards the heart. Cardiac : connected with the heart or heart disease. Neurology : The scientific study of nerves and their diseases Physiotherapy : The treatment of disease , injury or weakness in the joints or muscles by exercises. Joints : a place where two bones are joined together in the body in a way that enables them to bend and move. Fracture : a break in a bone. Stiffness : a difficulty in moving because of pain in your muscles. Stomach : The organ inside the body where food goes when you eat it. Pancreas :an organ near the stomach that produces insulin and a liquid that helps the body to digest food. Ceremony :a public or religious occasion that includes a series of formal or traditional actions. 42 Anesthetics : a drug that makes a person or an animal unable to feel anything , especially pain. Psychiatric : relating to psychiatry or to mental illness. Agonizing : causing great pain , worry or difficulty. Palliative: a medicine or medical treatment that reduces pain without curing its cause. Breath : The air that you take into your lungs and send out again. Cough : To force out air suddenly and noisily through the throat , for example when you have cold. Outpatient : a person who goes to a hospital for treatment but doesn't stay there. Inpatient : a person who stays in a hospital while receiving treatment. Neonatal : connected with a child that has just been born. Oncology :The scientific study of and treatment of tumors in the body Ache : A pain that is often at a low level but constant , often in a joint. Allergy : A reaction to something that causes a rash or other symptoms , e.g. peanut allergy. Antibiotics: A type of medicine that is used to treat infections by bacteria. Consulting room :The room where a doctor meets with patients in private Cough : To empty the lungs of air quickly and often noisily. Dehydrated :Not to have enough water in the body. Diagnosis : To look at the patient's symptoms and decide what is wrong with them. Emergency room :A department in hospital to treat urgent cases. Fever :To have a high a high temperature. Food poisoning :An infection in the stomach from eating food that was not properly prepared. 43 Headache : A pain in the head. Joint :Where two bones join and there is movement., e.g. knee , wrist. Nurse : A person who looks after people who are ill. Prescription : A written note from a doctor saying what medicine is to be given to the patient. Symptoms :The signs of an illness , e.g. Fever , cough. Wound : Damage to the body , often a cut.  Phrasal verbs : turn out = is discovered 44 turn into = convert or change into to be found turn up arrive turn on = operate turn off = disconnect turn back = reverse direction turn over = roll upside down turn down = refuse or reject look at = consider look over = examine quickly look up – search for information look into = examine for cause look through = investigate look after = take care of look forward = anticipate with pleasure bring round = revive bring about = cause bring up = breed bring forward = put something forward bring off = succeed in doing bring back = return bring in = introduce 45 bring out = produce. Put on = cause to start working Put away = return something to where it is kept. Put through = let someone speak on the phone to someone else. … Put on = wear Put out = extinguish Put up = increase Put off = stop you wanting to do Put up with = accept or deal successfully with. Exercise: * complete using the suitable phrasal verb: 1- They……………….. him because of his age. 2- Could you………….. him …………..to the general manager ? 3- Do you think you’ll ………… it………….. successfully? 4- Look at her; I think she has……….. a lot of weight. 5- When are you going to ………….. the book to me. 6- It is so late you can ………….. the appointment. 7- I am…………….. to hearing from you. 8- Who ………………the house when they are away? 9- He …………………….the machine and said everything was ok. 10- Please, …………………. the page. Suffixes 46 Often , the suffix causes a spelling change to the original word.For example : 1-beauty , duty + …ful beautiful , dutiful ( ….y changes to i). 2-heavy , ready +….ness heaviness , readiness ( …..y changes to i). 3-able , possible +….ity ability ,possibility ( ….le changes to il ) 4-permit , omit +….ion permission , omission ( ….t changes to ss ). Common suffixes and examples: Noun suffixes ……age baggage , village …..al arrival , burial ….ance/…ence reliance , defence ….dom bedroom , freedom …ee employee , trainee … er /…or driver , writer ….hood brotherhood , childhood ….ism capitalism , socialism ….ist capitalist , socialist …ity /..ty equality , cruelty ….ment amazement , disappointment ….ness happiness , kindness …ship friendship , membership ….sion / …tion expression , population Adjectives suffixes 47 …..able /….ible drinkable , flexible ….al formal ….en broken , golden ….ese Chinese , japanese ….ful helpful , useful ….i Iraqi , Pakistani …ice classic , Islamic …ish british , Spanish …ive active …less homeless , hopeless …ly daily , monthly ….y cloudy , rainy. Opposites of adjectives in English by adding prefixes *What are prefixes ? Prefixes are affixes.We can add prefixes ( placed before the stem of the word ) to the adjectives to f new words. *Which prefixes are used to form opposites of adjectives ? The following prefixes are used to form opposites of adjectives : un , il , im , in , ir and non. Examples : 1-Rasha is a married woman - Sarah is an unmarried woman 2-This is a legal activity -That is an illegal activity 48 3-This is a polite boy -That is an impolite 4-This is a direct object -That is an indirect object 5-This is a regular verb -That is an irregular Il- goes before the letter l ( illegal ) Im –goes before the letter p ( impolite ) Ir – goes before the letter r ( irregular ). *other prefixes Here are more prefixes that can be used to form opposites. -This is a normal day. -That is an abnormal day. -This is social behavior. -That is antisocial behavior. -This is a coded warning. -That is a decoded warning. Medical Translation 49 Examples of medical Translation (Text 1) Physiotherapists are physical approaches to improve people's health.This may involve : -Teaching people exercises to get damaged joints and muscles moving again or reduce pain. -Giving exercise or fitness classes. -Teaching people to walk using a walking stick , frame or crutches. -Giving joint manipulations or massage. Using electrotherapy machines such as ultrasound to treat people with injuries. -Helping people to breathe and cough more effectively. -Advising and educating people about activity levels or about their condition. -Advising and discussing patient care with other health professionals. : ‫ وقد تشمل هذه االساليب ما يلى‬. ‫يستخدم أخصائيو العالج الطبيعي أساليب بدنية لتحسين صحة الناس‬. ‫تعليم الناس تمارين لتحريك المفاصل والعضالت التالفة مرة أخرى أو تقليل األلم‬ -. ‫اعطاء دروس في التمارين أو اللياقة البدنية‬ -. ‫تعليم الناس المشي باستخدام عصا أو عكازات‬ -. ‫معالجة بالمفاصل أو التدليك‬ -. ‫استخدام االت العالج الكهربائي مثل الموجات فوق الصوتية لعالج المصابين‬ -. ‫مساعدة الناس على التنفس والسعال بشكل أكثر فعالية‬ - Text 2 51 ‫‪Apart from working with sports women to improve their techniques , maintain fitness‬‬ ‫‪or help them to get fit after an injury , physiotherapists treat people who are not athletes‬‬ ‫‪for a variety of other conditions. They treat back pain using manipulations, traction or‬‬ ‫‪exercise , and teach people to improve their posture and muscle strength to avoid back‬‬ ‫‪pain in the future.What is not so well known is that physiotherapists help patients in‬‬ ‫‪burn units of hospitals to keep moving their joints and muscles after major burns , and‬‬ ‫‪may also work with people who have cancer , helping them to move independently for‬‬ ‫‪as long as possible.They may work with people with lung ailments like asthma and‬‬ ‫‪bronchitis , or control their pain and keep moving. People with fractures learn how to‬‬ ‫‪cope when they are in a splint or cast , and how to get moving again once a broken‬‬ ‫‪bone has helped. patients who have a ligament also learn how to prevent damage to‬‬ ‫‪the ligament in the future.Surprisingly, physiotherapists sometimes even work in‬‬ ‫‪mental health care , helping patients to keep active and gain the benefits of exercise‬‬ ‫‪on their mood and emotions and they teach people who have had a heart attack to‬‬ ‫‪exercise‬‬ ‫‪again‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪order‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪prevent‬‬ ‫‪another‬‬ ‫‪heart‬‬ ‫‪attack‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫باإلضافة الى ان اخصائيو العالج الطبيعي يعملون مع الرياضيين من الذكور واالناث لتحسين أساليبهم في ممارسة‬ ‫الرياضة او الحفاظ على لياقتهم او مساعدتهم على استعادة لياقتهم بعد تعرضهم لإلصابة ‪ ,‬ويعالجون ايضا‬ ‫االشخاص غير الرياضيين فيما يتعلق بمجموعة متنوعة من الحاالت الصحية األخرى ‪.‬فيعالجون أالم الظهر‬ ‫باستخدام التدليك باليدين أو التدليك بالة أو بالتمارين ‪ ,‬ويعلمون الناس تحسين وضعهم وقوة عضالتهم لتجنب أالم‬ ‫الظهر في المستقبل ‪.‬ولكن هناك معلومة غير معروفة جيدا ‪ ,‬وهى أن أخصائيي العالج الطبيعى يساعدون‬ ‫المرضى فى وحدات الحروق فى المستشفيات على االستمرار فى تحريك مفاصلهم وعضالتهم بعد الحروق‬ ‫الكبيرة ‪ ,‬وقد يعملون ايضا مع األشخاص المصابين بالسرطان ‪ ,‬مما يساعدهم على التحرك بشكل مستقل ألطول‬ ‫فترة ممكنة ‪.‬وقد يعملون مع االشخاص الذين يعانون من أمراض الرئتين مثل الربو والتهاب الشعب الهوائية ‪ ,‬أو‬ ‫يعلمون المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المفاصل كيف يسيطرون على أالمهم ويستمرون فى الحركة ‪.‬يتعلم‬ ‫االشخاص المصابون بكسور كيفية التكيف والتعامل مع الجبيرة ‪ ,‬وكيفية التحرك مرة اخرى بمجرد أن تلتئم احدى‬ ‫العظام المكسورة ‪.‬ويتعلم المرضى الذين أصيبوا بتمزق فى الرباط أيضا كيفية منع تلف الرباط فى المستقبل ‪.‬‬ ‫والمثير للدهشة أن اخصائيي العالج الطبيعى يعملون احيانا فى رعاية الصحة العقلية ‪ ,‬ويساعدون المرضى على‬ ‫أن يظلوا نشيطين ويكتسبوا فوائد التمارين الرياضية لمزاجهم وعواطفهم ‪ ,‬ويعلمون األشخاص الذين أصيبوا‬ ‫بنوبة قلبية ممارسة الرياضة مرة أخرى حتى يتفادوا من حدوث نوبة قلبية أخرى ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Text 3‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ Blind or partially sighted people in many parts of the world often study to be physiotherapists.The requirements for access to a course vary from country to country , but in Britain , most courses are in universities and take three or four year of full time study.You are expected to do a large amount of study in year own time and a number of clinical placements.To apply for a physiotherapy programme you need to have done academic work in the previous four years to show that you have the ability to study an appropriate level.Each university has slightly different requirement , so it is a good idea to talk to the admissions Tutor at various institutions before you apply.There are no longer any special courses catering specially for students with visual impairment and you can apply to any university offering this programme. The Royal National Institution for the Blind offers a physiotherapy Support Service ( PSS ) in the UK for blind and partially sighted people thinking about a career in physiotherapy. ‫غالبا ما يدرس المكفوفون أو ضعاف البصر في أنحاء كثيرة من العالم ليكونوا أخصائيين في العالج الطبيعي‬ ‫ تكون معظم الدورات في‬, ‫ ولكن في بريطانيا‬, ‫تختلف متطلبات االلتحاق بالبرنامج الدراسي من دولة ألخرى‬. ‫يتوقع من الطالب ان يدرس قدرا كبيرا من الدراسة‬. ‫الجامعات تستغرق ثالث او اربع سنوات من الدراسة بانتظام‬ ‫ عليه أن‬, ‫وحتى يستطيع الطالب التقدم لبرنامج العالج الطبيعي‬. ‫فى وقته الخاص وعددا من المواضيع السريرية‬ ‫يكون قد قام بعمل أكاديمي فى السنوات االربع الماضية كي يثبت أنه لديه القدرة على الدراسة فى المستوى‬ ‫ لذا من االفضل التحدث مع مدرس القبول فى مؤسسات مختلفة قبل‬, ‫ولكل جامعة متطلبات مختلفة قليال‬. ‫المناسب‬ ‫ويمكنهم التقدم الى‬, ‫لم تعد هناك أي برامج دراسية خاصة تقدم خصيصا للطالب ذوى االعاقة البصرية‬. ‫التقديم‬ ‫ويقدم المعهد الوطني الملكي للمكفوفين خدمة دعم العالج الطبيعي في المملكة المتحدة‬. ‫أي جامعة تقدم هذا البرنامج‬. ‫للمكفوفين وضعاف البصر الذين يفكرون في مهنة العالج الطبيعي‬ Vocabulary Exercises 52 2) Choose the best answer: 1- The government has imposed stricter…….. on smoking. a- ways b- regulations c- methods d-roads 2- ……….. is experience but in a particular field. a- expertise b- knowledge c- integration d-freedom 3- I felt he was …….. to go, but they prevented him. a- reluctant b- willing c- desirable d-hopeless 4- The opposite of (latter) is ……………….. a- next b- previous c- former d-in advance 5- We get the opposite of (satisfied) by preceding it with the prefix: a- un b- dis c- in d-ir 6-To walk together in big numbers is to …………. a- stock b- flock c- rock 7-The opposite of expensive is…………. a- unexpensive b- disexpensive c- inexpensive 8-The word …….. is similar in meaning to the word (conference). a- subscription b- convention c- intention 9-The hotel offers a ……… range of services. a- big b- small c- wide 10-‘Converted into’ in the passage means……….. a- changed into b- wanted to c- reversed 11-Another word for accommodation is…….. a- catering b- reserving c- lodging 12-He liked what I said and his comment was one word: ……. a- terrible b- unbearable c- splendid 14-Terrorism is a …….. factor leading to a sharp decrease in the number of tourists visiting a country. 53  a- effective b- fascinating c- dominant 15-This portrait is genuine; this means that it is……. a- superficial b- fabricated c- original 16-To walk together in big numbers is to …………. a- stock b- flock c- rock 17The opposite of expensive is…………. a- unexpensive b- disexpensive c- inexpensive 18-The word …….. is similar in meaning to the word (conference). a- subscription b- convention c- intention 19-The hotel offers a ……… range of services. a- big b- small c- wide 20-Another word for accommodation is…….. a- catering b- reserving c- lodging 21-He liked what I said and his comment was one word: ……. a- terrible b- unbearable c- splendid. II-True / false questions 1-She is very clever in dealing with the computer. 2-Does he always write messages. 3-The adjective dependable is an antonym to the adjective reliable. 4-She writes short stories every time. 5-He seems glad because of his success. 6-He do his best. 7-The verb agree is a synonym to the verb refuse. 8-Salary is irregular payment, usually monthly. 54  9-The adjective convenient is an opposite of the adjective suitable. 10-The opposite of optimistic is prosperous. Exercise: Complete the sentences with the verbs. ( buy – sell – find – decide – help – try – prefer – stay – cost – meet ) 1. Why don’t we the new café near the station? 2. When I go to Paris, I usually with my friend, Jean-Paul. 3. I to go to the gym before I start work. 4. The new supermarket Italian coffee – it’s delicious. 5. I usually a sandwich for lunch. 6. I don’t like my job, I need to a new one. 7. Can you me to carry the shopping? 8. I can’t which language to study – Spanish or Italian. 9. Why don’t we at the cinema at 7:15? 10. how much does a cup of tea in the new café? Translate into English : ‫أصيب بكسر مضاعف فى اليد اثر حادث‬-1...................................................................... ‫العناية المركزة من اهم اقسام المستشفيات‬-2.................................................................................. ‫أصيب مؤخرا بالتهاب المفاصل فالزم الفراش‬-3................................................................................. ‫أصيب بالتواء فى القدم اثناء التمارين‬-4 55...................................................................................... Vocabulary Exercises: Circle the correct option to complete the sentences: 1-I don't think he feels very safe , he seems very …… a. unrealistic b.irrelevant c.insecure 2-Great news !A Formula One driver has just ….. the company's new product. a.increased b.reduced c.endorsed 3-Is it……. to eat so much ? a.unhealthy b.insecure c.unfamiliar 4-I think we're …….nowhere here. a.coming b.going c.taking 6-Children under thirteen ……..join social networking sites , but they often do. a.aren't supposed b.don't have to c.aren't allowed. 7-Are you allowed to ……..make-up at school. a.get b.put c.wear. 8-She is very keen and imaginative and has ….. ideas for the future of the club. a.bizarre b.predictable c.brilliant. Reading: Read the following passage then answer the questions: 56  Like most service industries, tourism is labor-intensive; that is, it employs a high proportion of people in comparison to the number that it serves. The range of jobs is also very wide, from unskilled like a dishwasher in a restaurant, to semi-skilled like a waiter or a chambermaid, to skilled like a travel agent or a statistician. In addition, tourism generates many jobs that are not usually considered to be within the industry itself- jobs in construction, manufacturing, and merchandising. We have stressed throughout our discussion that tourism is not a single industry, but rather a group of related enterprises that are joined together in the common purpose of providing services for the traveling public. Among them are the transportation companies- air, rail, ship, and bus, the accommodation companies- hotels, motels, camping grounds, and marinas, catering service restaurants, bars, night clubs, and food stores, and the wide variety of stores and entertainment that contributes to the amusement of the tourist. Here, we will discuss the positions that pull the entire field of tourism together into a single entity- travel agents, tour operators, guides, and so on. A majority of the jobs in tourism, regardless of which part of the industry they concern, have one common denominator: contact with the public, including both the positive and negative aspects of dealing with ordinary human beings. We have pointed out that openly expressed resentment of tourists has caused a decline in business in some resort areas. Anyone who has chosen a career in tourism should enjoy working with people and be tolerant of their failings, especially since the irritations of travel can bring out the worst qualities in some people. In many of the jobs in which it is necessary to deal with the public, language skill is necessary or desirable. People who hold jobs of this kind include travel agency employees in hotels, tour conductors or guides, waiters, barmen, and so forth. The degree of language skill may vary from using special terms in catering service jobs to 57 speaking fluently among travel agents and tour guides. The degree of language skill may also vary according to the location of the job. Greater skill is required in tourist destination areas than in market areas. In the latter, travel personnel usually work with their own nationals. However, there is not always a clear distinction between a destination and a market area. Paris is an excellent case in point, since it both receives and generates large numbers of tourists. The tourist industry differs from many others that it employs more women than many other kinds of business. Indeed, women are found at all levels- from the semi- skilled to management positions. Many successful travel agents are women who have established independent enterprises after gaining experience elsewhere in the industry. Experience is necessary for the successful operation of a travel agency. It has been estimated that a minimum of ten years’ work in the industry is a prerequisite for setting up an agency with the expectation of making it a success. There are many different ways to acquire the necessary experience. Some agents begin as clerical workers or secretaries in travel agencies or in the transportation companies. Particular jobs that provide useful knowledge include those of ticket agent and reservation agent for the airlines. In addition to dealing with the public, the travel agent must deal with people who work for the other components of the industry. One of the most important aspects of the job is being informed of the highly complex pricing policies of both scheduled and nonscheduled airlines and the resort hotels as well. Even when help is available, from the airlines, the agent who can compute fares accurately has an advantage over one who cannot. The agent must also keep up with other developments in the industry- new resorts, changing travel regulations, new services, and so on. 58  Official and semi-official tourist bureaus also employ many people who perform different kinds of work. Some of the jobs- including both advertising and publicity- are related to promotion, which is extremely important to the whole industry. Others are involved with research, such as gathering travel statistics and trying to work out systems that increase their accuracy. Still others are concerned with planning and development of new tourist facilities, or with the maintenance and improvement of existing facilities. The heads of the government bureaus may control official policy concerning tourism within an entire country or region. This may be important enough to the government so that the top official holds the rank of cabinet minister. A great deal of the work in government tourist bureaus involves contact primarily with people in other aspects of the industry, but some may have direct contact with the public in giving information or in solving complaints or problems for tourists. Consulting firms also play a part in the tourist industry. A consultant offers expertise he has acquired through study and experience to individual clients on a fee basis. In tourism, consultants are called in to give advice to government tourist bureaus or private developers. Some of them may perform market research; some may analyze statistics that have been collected; and some may help in the planning of new resorts. We have frequently mentioned experience in this discussion of careers in the tourist industry. In addition, there are many facilities for formal training for several types of jobs in the industry. The airlines, for example, have training programs for ticket and reservation agents and flight attendants. Many hotel companies also give training courses to people who will fill both skilled and semi-skilled positions. In some cases, governments have stepped in to operate schools to turn out people who can fill jobs in the hotel and catering industry. This is often an important part of planning the 59 development of new tourist industries. The willingness of governments to open such schools often acts as an incentive for private investors to settle on a particular area. Commercial schools also provide training for prospective airline personnel or for people who wish to go into the hotel or restaurant businesses. In these schools, the individuals who are interested in the work pay for the training themselves. Tourism is an industry that is still growing rapidly. It continues to provide people with the choice of a variety of occupations that require many different kinds of skills. No matter what aspect of the industry one may work in, the final result of the effort should be a satisfied customer who remembers his trip or his vacation with pleasure. A: Questions: 1- How is tourism similar to most other service industries? 2- Do all the jobs of tourism require skills? Does tourism ever create jobs in other businesses? 3- Why is experience a prerequisite for starting a travel agency? What are some of the jobs in which the necessary experience can be acquired? 4- Within what kind of framework do the tour operators work? 5- What does the job of a sightseeing guide involve? What qualities does he need? 6- What have governments in some areas done about training people for the tourist industry? Why can this be an important factor in the development for resort areas? 7- Explain why have you chosen a career in tourism? Include what you consider to be the special aptitudes that qualify you for this. State what you think the future of the field itself will be. 61. Language in Use:  Vocabulary 1) Complete the following sentences with words from the passage: 1- Tourism ……….. new job opportunities for the youth. 2- There is a sharp……… in the international tourism rate after the 11 th of sept. events. 3- To develop students’ fluency, a teacher should be….…… of language mistakes that don’t hinder the meaning. 4- After the recent explosions at Bally, the USA advised its……. to leave the country. 5- Languages are a ……….. for any job in the field of tourism. 2) Choose the best answer: 6- The government has imposed stricter…….. on smoking. a- ways b- regulations c- methods 7- ……….. is experience but in a particular field. a- expertise b- knowledge c- integration 8- I felt he was …….. to go, but they prevented him. a- reluctant b- willing c- desirable 9- The opposite of (latter) is ……………….. a- next b- previous c- former 10-We get the opposite of (satisfied) by preceding it with the prefix….. a- un b- dis c- in d- ir 61  Career Development Practice these techniques for reaching your goals: 1- Pay careful attention to your appearance. Your dress, material, desk, and report should say, “I am a professional”. 2- Document your work. From the beginning keep a portfolio that documents what you do: ideas implemented, seminars attended, ways you help your boss, and so on. Such a list is useful when you request a raise, promotion, or additional benefits and responsibilities. 3- Showcase your skills and talent. No matter how terrific you are, if no one else recognizes your contribution, you are in trouble. Visibility is vital. Volunteer to do extra work. Whatever you promise, deliver more. 4- Continually upgrade your skills. To increase your work, take courses, read trade publications, and ask questions to update and expand your knowledge. Join professional organizations and look for opportunities to gain visibility, recognition, and leadership skills. 5- Respect the chain of command. It is risky to go over your boss’s head. A pecking order prevails. You can try using the informal system to reach the higher-ups by giving other people the information you want to convey. Just be wary of being tagged as too politically cunning or getting a damaging reputation as a manipulator. 62  6-. Pick out a formal or informal mentor-someone who is successful and willing to take you under his or her wing. This is one of the best strategies for learning the ropes and getting a head. 2- Speaking Identifying the job you want: When a person is exploring a career, meshing job characteristics and personal needs is a good way to start thinking about what paths to take. Job characteristics include: 1- Nature of the job; 2- Working conditions; 3- Special abilities required; 4- Physical demands; 5- Preparation needed; 6- Chances for employment; 7- Probable earnings; 8- Job security; 9- Chances for advancement; and 10- Social status. Nature of the work Some jobs involve working with things, and others require dealing with people or ideas. Most jobs combine a little of both. Workers in sales position deal with people and ideas. People who specialize in computer programming deal with things. Both 63 areas of specialization need crossover skills: salespeople must be able to organize and record their sales, and automation specialists must be able to communicate their ideas. Working Conditions: Working conditions mean the environment in which a job is performed. A work environment could be outdoors, such as guiding at an attraction, working for a national park, parking an airplane, teaching golf and tennis at a resort, or leading a tour. Indoor 64 jobs include reservations, sales agents, travel agents, hotel front desk, and airport work. Sales representatives spend a lot of time away from home by themselves in their cars. Other conditions include the hours involved and whether work occurs alone or in groups. Few jobs in the travel industry are precisely 9 to 5, and most involve working with people. Physical demands Some jobs make special physical demands on workers. Airport counter jobs require standing for long periods and lifting heavy luggage. Flight attendants walk miles in the air, and their bodies must adjust from one time zone to another, sometimes in a smoke- filled cabin. Air traffic controllers face great stress working in life or death situations. Airline, hotel, and tour operator reservation employees sit in front of computers for hours. Hotel and attraction employees are constantly on their feet. Restaurant jobs are physically demanding. People with physical handicaps can find jobs in the industry but need special help in placement. * In groups answer the following questions and try to formulate the characteristics required for different jobs in the tourist field: 2- Do you want to be your own boss? 3- Do you follow rules and take direction? 4- Can you sell something you do not believe in? 5- Do you enjoy helping others? 6- Do you want to be famous / wealthy? 7- Do you like variety? 8- Do you accept responsibility? 9- Are you organized / creative, always coming up with new ideas? 10- Do you enjoy learning and looking up information? 11- Do you want to relocate or stay near home? 65  12- Are you good at dealing with difficult people? 13- Do you enjoy talking to strangers? 14- Do you listen others or alone? 15- Do you have a strong outside interest? 16- well to others? 17- Do you like to work with 18- Do you mind repetitive tasks? 19- Is paperwork a chore? 20- Do you have patience with all types of people? 21- Can you speak any foreign languages? 22- Does automation fascinate you? 23- Are you a morning person or a night person? 24- Do you have any physical limitations? 25- Do you speak well in front of groups? 26- Can you persuade people to do what you want easily? 1- What area of the industry appeals to you the most? Why? 2- Have you done an inventory of your values, interests, and abilities? Did you learn something about yourself? Vocabulary Exercises 2) Choose the best answer: 1- The government has imposed stricter…….. on smoking. 66  a- ways b- regulations c- methods d-roads 2- ……….. is experience but in a particular field. a- expertise b- knowledge c- integration d-freedom 3- I felt he was …….. to go, but they prevented him. a- reluctant b- willing c- desirable d-hopeless 4- The opposite of (latter) is ……………….. a- next b- previous c- former d-in advance 5- We get the opposite of (satisfied) by preceding it with the prefix: a- un b- dis c- in d-ir 6-To walk together in big numbers is to …………. a- stock b- flock c- rock 7-The opposite of expensive is…………. a- unexpensive b- disexpensive c- inexpensive 8-The word …….. is similar in meaning to the word (conference). a- subscription b- convention c- intention 9-The hotel offers a ……… range of services. a- big b- small c- wide 10-‘Converted into’ in the passage means……….. a- changed into b- wanted to c- reversed 11-Another word for accommodation is…….. a- catering b- reserving c- lodging 12-He liked what I said and his comment was one word: ……. a- terrible b- unbearable c- splendid 14-Terrorism is a …….. factor leading to a sharp decrease in the number of tourists visiting a country. a- effective b- fascinating c- dominant 15-This portrait is genuine; this means that it is……. 67  a- superficial b- fabricated c- original 16-To walk together in big numbers is to …………. a- stock b- flock c- rock 17The opposite of expensive is…………. a- unexpensive b- disexpensive c- inexpensive 18-The word …….. is similar in meaning to the word (conference). a- subscription b- convention c- intention 19-The hotel offers a ……… range of services. a- big b- small c- wide 20-Another word for accommodation is…….. a- catering b- reserving c- lodging 21-He liked what I said and his comment was one word: ……. a- terrible b- unbearable c- splendid Countable and Uncountable Nouns In English grammar, countable nouns are individual people, animals, places, things, or ideas which can be counted. Uncountable nouns are not individual objects, so they 68  cannot be counted. Here, we’ll take a look at countable and uncountable nouns and provide both countable noun examples and uncountable noun examples. Countable noun examples: Anything that can be counted, whether singular a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural – a few books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun. The following countable noun examples will help you to see the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Notice that singular verbs are used with singular countable nouns, while plural verbs are used with plural countable nouns. 69  1. There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy. 2. Megan took a lot of photographs when she went to the Grand Canyon. 3. Your book is on the kitchen table. 4. How many candles are on that birthday cake? 5. You have several paintings to study in art appreciation class. 6. There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood. Uncountable noun examples: Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns are not individual objects, they are always singular, and one must always use singular verbs in conjunction with uncountable nouns. The following uncountable noun examples will help you to gain even more understanding of how countable and uncountable nouns differ from one another. Notice that singular verbs are always used with uncountable nouns. 1. There is no more water in the pond. 2. Please help yourself to some cheese. 3. I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners. 4. You seem to have a high level of intelligence. 5. Please take good care of your equipment. 6. Let’s get rid of the garbage. Uncountable nouns can be paired with words expressing plural concept. Using these words can make your writing more specific. Here are some examples of how to format interesting sentences with uncountable nouns. 71  Garbage – There are nine bags of garbage on the curb. Water – Try to drink at least eight glasses of water each day. Advice – She gave me a useful piece of advice. Bread – Please buy a loaf of bread. Furniture – A couch is a piece of furniture. Equipment – A backhoe is an expensive piece of equipment. Cheese – Please bag ten slices of cheese for me. Countable and Uncountable Nouns Exercises: Is the underlined noun countable or uncountable? 1. The children fell asleep quickly after a busy day of fun. 2. Be careful! The water is deep. 3. The parade included fire trucks and police cars. 4. We like the large bottles of mineral water. 5. My mother uses real butter in the cakes she bakes. 6. How many politicians does it take to pass a simple law? 7. Most kids like milk, but Joey hates it. 8. Most pottery is made of clay. 9. Michael can play several different musical instruments. 10. I was feeling so stressed that I ate an entire box of cookies. Answers: 1 – countable, 2 – uncountable, 3 – countable, 4 – countable, 5 – uncountable, 6 – countable, 7 – uncountable, 8 – uncountable, 9 – countable, 10 – countable 71 Exercises : 1-I have ………. Information about Nasa Agency. ( many – many ) 2-I don't have ……. Skill in the computer. ( any – many ) 3-He has ……… advantages in collecting people. ( many – much ) 4-He has ….. demerits in speech. ( any – some ). 5-I have …… relationships among people ( a few – few ) 6-She is interested in …… speech with neighbors. ( any – many ) 7-Ali has …..money. ( many – much ) 8-Ahmed is accustomed to drink two ……of tea. ( cup – cups – a cup ) 9-I'm accustomed to drink …..coffee in the morning. ( some – many ). 10-He doesn't feel …… happiness in his life. ( any – many ). 72  The past simple tense: The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend. Ex : - He won the silver medal. - He visited his friends. The simple past is also used to talk about a past state of being, such as the way someone felt about something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase. 73 Ex : - Wolfgang was proud of his hula hoop victory. - The contest was the highlight of his week. How to Formulate the Simple Past For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already ends in an e): Play→ Played ، Type→ Typed Listen→ Listened ، Push→ Pushed ، Love→Loved For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs looks exactly like the root form: Put→Put ، Cut→Cut Set→Set ، Cost→Cost ، Hit→Hit For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more erratic: See→ Saw ، Build→Built Go→Went ، Do→Did Rise→Rose ، Am/Is/Are→Was/Were How to Make the Simple Past Negative Fortunately, there is a formula for making simple past verbs negative, 74 andit’s the same for both regular and irregular verbs (except for the verb to be). The formula is did not + [root form of verb]. You can also use the contraction didn’t instead of did not. Wolfgang did not brag too much about his hula hoop skills. Wolfgang’s girlfriend didn’t see the contest. For the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. When the subject of the sentence is singular, use was not or wasn’t. When the subject is plural, use were not or weren’t. The third-place winner was not as happy as Wolfgang. The fourth-place winner wasn’t happy at all. The onlookers were not ready to leave after the contest ended. The contestants weren’t ready to leave either. How to Ask a Question The formula for asking a question in the simple past tense is did +[subject] + [root form of verb]. Did Wolfgang win the gold medal or the silver medal? Where did Wolfgang go to celebrate? Did the judges decide fairly, in your opinion? When asking a question with the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. The formula is was / were + [subject]. Was Wolfgang in a good mood after the contest? Were people taking lots of pictures? 75 The words indicated to the past simple tense : Period of time + ago - last + period of time ( week - month - Saturday …. etc) Exercises 1- Mozart…............... more than 600 pieces of music. a. writes b. wrote c. writed d. was wrote 2- We................... David in town a