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Measures of association include the relative risk and the odds ratio. True In a 2x2 table, the columns represent disease or outcome status, and the rows represent exposure status. This results in four groups of people: 1) exposed and diseased; 2) exposed and nondiseased; 3) unexposed and diseased; a...

Measures of association include the relative risk and the odds ratio. True In a 2x2 table, the columns represent disease or outcome status, and the rows represent exposure status. This results in four groups of people: 1) exposed and diseased; 2) exposed and nondiseased; 3) unexposed and diseased; and 4) unexposed and non-diseased. True A relative risk can be calculated in any epidemiological study design. False A RR10% difference in the crude and factor-adjusted measure of association Interaction or effect modification describes the situation when the association between two variables is different at different levels of a third variable. True Synergistic interaction is said to be present if the observed measure of association for two exposures exceeds the expected product of the two measures of association of both exposures individually (e.g., RR11 > RR10 x RR01). True Investigators have no strategies available to them to reduce the occurrence of chance associations that appear simply due to random variation in the study. False Which of Hill’s criteria does NOT establish causation, but merely explain it? Biological plausibility Which of Hill’s criteria does NOT explain causation, but establishes it? Dose response A causal relationship where all factors must be present, often times in a specified temporal sequence, in order for a multi-factorial disease development to occur is referred to as Necessary, but not sufficient Which of Hill’s criteria for causation refers to an exposure being associated with only one disease? Specificity of association The three components included in the epidemiologic triangle used for infectious disease epidemiology are pathogen, vector, host. False The ability of an agent to survive adverse environmental conditions is referred to as: Toxigenicity Almost all infections are clinical and will result in severe symptoms. False Innate immunity provides protection against infection to pathogens without prior exposure. True Sanitation measures, including proper disposal of human and animal waste, is an example of: Community prevention measures _____________ is defined as the unusual occurrence of a disease in a community that is considered in excess of the expected. Cluster In a point common source epidemic, all cases tend to fall within one incubation period, since it involves exposures that occur over a relatively brief period. True Cancer clusters are one of the most simpler types of outcomes to investigate. False The purpose of a secondary attack rate is to assess the pathogenicity of an infectious disease agent. False Economic development and land use are factors involved in infectious disease emergence. True