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PARADIGM OF THE OLD -We can only control ourselves and not the world. In ancient Greece, the Sophist were known to be teachers of rhetoric, music, arithmetic and physical view of human’s in society, Plato’s Allegory of training....

PARADIGM OF THE OLD -We can only control ourselves and not the world. In ancient Greece, the Sophist were known to be teachers of rhetoric, music, arithmetic and physical view of human’s in society, Plato’s Allegory of training. the Charioteer, Aristotle’s view on souls, Epicurean Moderation and the Stoics view of Protagoras- “Man is the measure of all things” life. -“Man” translated to humankind (we look into the world, standards, and values are dictated by us THE MODERN SPARK humans.) The Modern Spark will cover ideas by Philosophers We see wealth as an ideal to chase rather than in the Modern Era. being contented with what we have. Francis Bacon- we humans are full of prejudices. -“Man” into “I”- I am the measure of all things; -The Idols Of The Mind embodies the selfish and self-centred desire to be 1. The Idols Of The Cave serve as our personal the meter stick of what is good. biases. -Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder, 2. The Idols Of The Tribe are biases from our -I am the standard, what is good for me may not be tribe, community, or family. good for you. 3. The Idol Of The Marketplace is biases we acquired through language and interaction. Thrasymachus- another Sophist 4. The Idol Of The Theatre. This idol is the biases -In society justice is nothing but the advantage of from systems of though, from education, the strong; “Might is right”. religions, dogmas and principles. Plato- Humankind is composed of a body and a Bacon is reminding us not to soul but humans are souls imprisoned in a body. be narrow minded simply because of our biases. -charioteer is our reason, it is our ability to think and to rationalize our action. While the black horse Soren Kierkegaard- stages of life we humans go symbolizes our appetite and craving, and the white through. horse symbolizes passions. 1. Aesthetic Stage- what is good, is what is -We cannot survive with only reason; we need to pleasurable to us. Self-centered stage. feed ourselves and be passionate of what we 2. Ethical Stage- we start to feel responsible pursue. towards others. the feeling of concern not just for us but for others. Aristotle- the body and soul are equals and has 3. Religious Stage- “I” and the idea of the “We”. function to our humanity. Selfless stage. We are willing to put ourselves on the line for the sake of others. 3 types of soul -Vegetative soul which can be found in plants Friedrich Nietzsche- Types of Human have the function of growth, nutrition, and 1. The Sheep- The Follower. They love conformity, reproduction. comfort, routines, and safety and their identity is -Sentient soul which can be found in animals have merely a reflection from others. the function of movement, external sense which are 2. The Camel- a follower of the conformities of the five senses and internal senses which are society, however the camel does not like comfort, memory, imagination, and common sense. instead it pushes itself to the limits and its best of -Rational soul which has the function of reason. abilities to achieve it. 3. The Lion- The Destroyer of the comformities. Vegetative soul as the lowest followed by the reactive and a strong commentator. challenges the Sentient soul and at the highest is the Rational conformities. does not hold on any principles in life. soul. 4. The Child- ideal types in the eyes Nietzsche. person that is not blinded by conformities and is Epicurus- focus is Now capable of building and owning its own principles in -A body that feels pain and pleasure life. -Epicurus believed that in whatever we do, we pursue pleasure because it is good and avoid pain Martin Heidegger- we human go through so many because it is bad. things in life. We do not feel “at home” in the world. -Moderation is the key for Epicurus, -unease feeling as angst or existential anxiety. -Not all pleasurable thing makes us happy and not -Heidegger believes that a person consumed by the all the painful experience end up bad. ambiguity of life becomes a Dasman and a person -we can fulfil happiness with moderation. who discovers the authenticity of who they are becomes a Dasein. Stoics -we do not control anything in this world. -What happens will happen. -What we can control is what we feel and how we THE MILLENNIAL TURN see things. 1 The Millennial Turn will cover ideas by Albert is a journey towards eternal realities that are Camus, Viktor Frankl, and Erich Fromm. beyond the realities that surround us. Eastern thought always believed that we are purely Albert Camus- life is absurd, life is meaningless a member to the tapestry of the and world that we live in and not to command nor pointless. control the world but to live in harmony Two Solution To The Problem Of Absurdity. with it. We live with the world and not as an isolated 1. Suicide- killing one’s self means the absurdity of entity. life also ends. 2. Belief in a Religion- at the end of this current Western Philosophy, on the other hand, adheres life, the is a beautiful afterlife for us. to a linear view of the universe The two solutions are not actual solutions, and life, everything has its beginning and end. rather they are an escape to the absurdity of life. Science is seen as laws and principles that we try to maximize and to familiarize ourselves with for a The real solution that Camus suggest is the road better human life. Sisyphus took. Sisyphus is a person that Camus calls as an absurd hero. Precepts about the Self (Eastern) life is absurd but it can still be a meaningful life. -Eastern paradigm looks at the inner-world dependence, self-liberation from the false "Me" Viktor Frankl- life is full of suffering and finding the true "Me." -But to escaping this feeling of pain is through -The true "Me" in eastern philosophy is believed to finding meaning in our life. be a state of 'no-self,'where neither self-worth nor But we discover this meaning in life through three self-importance has any real meaning where one is different methods, searching inside oneself by becoming a part of the 1. Doing a Deed In Life- Seeing people help the universe. one’s in need or seeing a child share food to others, -collectivism and the duty towards all others reminds us that the world is not that bad after all. are very important. Furthermore, the inner world of 2. Through Experiencing Something Or a human being and his or her ability to control and Encountering Someone- Seeing a beautiful develop it are of the highest value and that we sunset, comforts us that in the midst of our bad day, undergo constant self- development. the world can offer us something beautiful. Third is -Furthermore, the inner world of a human being and through his or her ability to control and develop it are of the 3. Our Own Attitude In The Search For Meaning- highest value and that we undergo constant self- I myself is a tool to find meaning in life. If I am left development. alone, I still can survive with my meaning in life. Precepts about the Self (Western) Erich Fromm- love. -is love an art? The first problem he has observed Western paradigm, on the other hand, looks at the is, the attitude of being loved, rather than that of Outer-world dependence, which is self-dedication loving, of one’s capacity to love. to the goal that is the life vision, success, and -Can I love you? The second problem Fromm happiness. observe is the attitude of, people think that to love -The "Me" for western philosophies is the here and is simple, what is difficult to find is the right object to now. love, the right person to love. -The true "Me" in every human being is a part of the -The third error that we commit with love, is the Divine that needs to become apparent. confusion between the initial feeling of “falling” in -True "Me" is given and does not have to be love, and the permanent state of being in love. cognizable. -that life is a service to God, money, business, etc. -western's main values are success and THE EASTERN AND WESTERN PERSPECTIVES achievement, which have an external nature such differences in Culture, Religion and the way of as money, faith, popularity, and rarely the life, and how these differences creates clouded development of one's inner strength. judgments in understanding others and -it looks at human beings in an individualistic nature ourselves. and is an independent part of the universe and the society where individualism and materialistic Main Schools of Thought nature are stronger. Eastern Philosophy- Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and Taoism. Matters of Culture Western Philosophy- Christianity, Rationalism, Scientific Revolution, and Logical Thinking. -The Eastern Paradigm is focused more on the collective responsibility of each individual in Precepts About The World adherence to the collective norms agreed upon by Eastern Philosophy- adheres to cosmological the society and, in return, becomes the basis for unity, which is an understanding that life collective interest. 2 -The easterners are also focused on Some examples of Values are competence, spirituality and control over emotions through service, and uprightness, honesty, integrity, and meditation. respect. -The easterners are also focused on spirituality and control over emotions through meditation. Beliefs, on the other hand, are specific statements that people hold to be true. Western Paradigm that posits individual self- interest and values competition towards individual Values are abstract standards of goodness. growth that highlights the westerners living principle Beliefs are particular matters that individuals that relies on ethics (e.g., being career-driven and consider to be true or false. the principle of self cultivation). -The westerners are always in the journey of Cultural values and beliefs not only affect how searching outside thyself through research and we perceive our surroundings, they also form the analysis giving importance on the idea that our core of our personalities. future is unknown and that it was predetermined by God and is not much influenced by your deeds. Social Norms with its sources- mores and folkways. Norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. THE SELF AS EMBEDDED IN CULTURE -proscriptive, mandating what we should not do, culture, we mean the values, beliefs, norms, and prescriptive, which state what we should do. behavior, and the material objects that Source of norms constitute a people’s way of life. Mores refer to a society’s standards of proper moral conduct. They tell us what is right or wrong, total way of life of a particular group of people. appropriate or inappropriate. Folkways refer to a society’s customs for routine, Culture helps shape one’s perception and his/ her casual interactions, Folkways have less moral relationship with others. Our identity is our beliefs significance than mores and include notions about about our self and others, which is influenced by proper dress, appropriate greetings, and common our culture. the meaning of self varies from culture courtesy. to culture. mores distinguish between right and wrong, So, what are then the cultural forces and folkways draw a line between right and rude. influences that shape one’s self? Say for instance in the case of quarreling and These are language, symbols, values, beliefs, and fighting, folkways say that it is so rude for a norms that are taken from mores and folkways. couple to fight or quarrel quarrel in public, while mores says that the husband should not Language is a system of symbols that allow beat, slap, or batter his wife. members of society to communicate with one another. It is the major means of cultural mores tell us that wearing a bikini in the church transmission, the process by which one generation would not be expected and is socially not accepted. passes culture to the next. Language is a powerful concept for it has the ability to completely shape one’s personal identity. The usage of words and SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN SOCIETY phrases significantly impacts individuals’ thoughts AMONG OTHER CONSTRUCTION and character. It is the key to communication, conversation, collaboration, and co-creation George Herbert Mead- symbolic interactionism among individuals. Charles Horton Cooley- looking glass self Erving Goffman - Dramaturgy Symbols Like all creatures, human beings sense the surrounding world, but unlike others, we also create a reality of meaning. That is, humans Topics Under Mead includes transform elements of the world into symbols, - I and Me anything that carries a particular meaning - Symbolic Interactionism recognized by people who share culture. Symbols - Significant symbols help communicate ideas and information. - Nature of Symbols Examples of these are a whistle, a flashing red light, and a fist raised in the air. We use symbols Me (Persone) Mask to make sense of our lives. (Generalized others) Is the set of attitudes that a person assumes. The formation of values and beliefs also shape one’s self. Values are culturally defined I (Moi) Real Self standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that It is the immediate response of an individual to serve as broad guidelines for social living. others. 3 Symbolic Interactionism 3. Some sort of self-feeling such as pride or in interaction there are symbols. mortification Symbols – are the perceived meaning from How you feel after you see yourself in their POV interactions may it be from words or gestures. (e.g. (pride or mortification) rules, authority, roles, care, love, functions, affection, impose, implore, Erving Goffman (1952) angst, etc.. )  Performer and Character Social Interactions affects the development of the  Impression Management self or what he calls the “Social Self.”  Dramatic Realization  Front Stage and Back Stage Three (3) Premises, the significant symbols and nature of symbols. Dramaturgy First- symbols have meaning within The general concept that we make a presentation Second- people identify and shape their symbolic of ourselves to others is hardly a references through socialization. novel; Third- that behaviors are learned processes, and therefore, a cultural dimension exist that connects Performer- fabricator of impression the symbolic educational development. Character- Your Mask (Mead) Significant symbol is a vocal or other kind of I - Real Self - Performer gesture that arouses in the one using Me - Mask/Roles - Character it, the same response as it arouses to those to whom it is directed. Impression Management Is defined as a conscious decision on the part of Their responses to one another depend on the the individual to reveal certain aspects of the self interpretation of symbols rather than merely on and to conceal others, as actors do when the enactment of responses they have been performing on stage. And this is where dramatic conditioned to realization comes in. make. What are our self-presentation motives or the SYMBOLIC INTERACTION AND INSTITUTION reason why people act? FAMILY: Symbolic interactionists argue that shared activities help to build emotional bonds, and that 1. Achieve personal goals marriage and family relationships are based on 2. Present a consistent and positive view of our self negotiated meanings. to the world  The interactionist perspective emphasizes that 3. Conform to social norms families reinforce and rejuvenate bonds through symbolic rituals such as family meals FRONT STAGE and BACK STAGE and holidays. RELIGION: The cross, Star of David, and the Front Stage- The behavior in the front stage is crescent and star are symbols of Islam, observed, it is when individuals are aware that Christianity, and Judaism, respectively. others are watching. This behavior is reflected with  Focuses on the ways in which individuals the set norms in a given setting. interpret their religious experiences. Back Stage- In the back stage, individuals are free The Nature of Symbols from the expectations and norms that influences SIGN- something stands for something else behavior. NATURAL SIGNS- signs found only in “natural” connection with the things for which they stand. Front Stage- Your Character CONVENTIONAL SIGN- Human produced signs Bact Stage- Your True Self E.g. Human language The Me and I Self Looking Glass Self Charles Horton Cooley WILLIAM JAMES- On January 11, 1842, he was (Self Reflection) born in New York City, New York, and died at the “if there is no communication there can be no age of 68 last August 27, 1910. He was an nomenclature and no developed thought.” -Cooley American philosopher and psychologist who first offered psychology courses in the United States in Three Principle Elements: 1875 at the Harvard University Department of 1. The imagination of our appearance to other Psychology. person -"father of American Psychology"  How others see you 2. The imagination of his judgement to that The "I" is the self that distinguishes who you are appearance and what you have done in your life while the  How you see yourself into their POV "Me" can be thought of as a separate object a person refers to when describing your personal 4 experiences For example, in every person, a definite version of one’s empirical self exists. His/her appraisal of the “one duality” and “two trichotomies” empirical self's status will then stimulate some “self- the duality of “I” and “me,” feelings” or attitudes towards oneself. The self- trichotomies of the “history of me” conscious emotions and attitudes further activate “constituents of me.” the individual to engage in “self seeking” activities to improve his/her material, social, and spiritual -human individuals have the capacity for being a selves. This entire interactive process repeats and thinking subject and the object of their thinking forms a continuous cycle at the same time. THE DIFFERENTIATED SELF Murray Bowen was born on January 31, 1913 in Waverly, Tennessee and died of lung cancer on October 9, 1990. American psychiatrist and a professor in psychiatry at Georgetown University. Differentiation Of Self - one can balance emotional and intellectual functioning and the intimacy and autonomy in relationships. It further describes the flexible capacity of a person to balance emotions and intellect as well as to balance the need to be attached with the need to be a separate self ME describe yourself- explanation I - the one who explain Intrapsychic Level- differentiation is the ability to differentiate thoughts from feelings and to choose Emperical “ME” between being guided by one’s intellect or emotions. Material Self -the things you like, the perfume you Highly differentiated- individuals tend to wear for example. experience a strong effect and shift to calm, Social Self- How others see us. How we are logical reasoning when situations dictate them. regarded and recognized by others. The Flexible, adaptable, and better able to cope with recognition we tend to get from our friends, stress, more differentiated individuals operate family, workmates, relatives, and others. equally well on both emotional and rational Spiritual Self- includes one’s psychological levels. faculties and dispositions, as well as one’s Poorly Differentiated- individuals tend to be more thoughts, beliefs, and feelings. most enduring emotionally reactive. and intimate part of the self. Interpersonal Level- differentiation of self denotes a person's ability to experience intimacy and The material self is at the bottom and the independence from others. spiritual self is on top with the social self in More Differentiated persons can take “I Position” between. in relationships, which means they can maintain a well-defined sense of self and thoughtfully adhere “HISTORY OF ME” TRICHOTOMIES to their convictions when pressured by others to Constituents of the “ME”- which refers to an do otherwise. individual’s empirical existence in the world; Poorly Differentiated- individuals tend to engage Self-Feeling- refers to the feelings and emotions in infusion or emotional cutoff when overwhelmed that are aroused in the individual by one’s by emotionality in their family relationships. knowledge and appraisal of one’s empirical Highly Fused- (undifferentiated people), the existence in the world individual functions automatically and respond Self Seeking- refers to an individual’s effort to emotionally to life situations. They let the preserve and better oneself based on one’s self- emotional system take control of all their knowledge and resulting self-feelings. actions. They also have a pseudo self. Highly Differentiated- the individual has an autonomous intellectual system that can control his/her emotional system. They respond better to life’s stresses. They allow both the intellectual and emotional systems to function 5  appropriately. They have a solid self. full human growth and development are neither automatic nor effortless, and so to achieve its fullest potential and the highest level of 'human- beingness', the self usually encounters struggles and pains. we go over our life experiences which challenged our ‘human-beingness’? through the organismic valuing process. The organismic valuing process is a natural instinct directing us toward the most fulfilling pursuits (Feist, 2008). Individual’s Experiential World and Development of the Self-Concept The individual’s experiential world is also important in understanding the development of the self concept. Experiential world is where you operate daily, which provides you a frame of reference or context that influences your growth and behavior. Through life experiences we can learn. The process by which the persons perceived it subjectively is phenomenology. It argues that the only reality of which can be sure is the person’s subjective world of experience. phenomenal field- the total sum of experiences. Self-worth- This encompasses what and how you think about yourself. The feelings of self- worth usually developed and shaped from your interaction with your parents and other significant Less Differentiated Individuals- experience people during your early childhood. This is all greater chronic anxiety, and they become about how you value yourself. dysfunctional more easily when under stress; thus, Self-image or the Real-Self- This includes the they suffer more psychological and physical influence of your innate body image. How you symptoms (e.g., anxiety, somatization, depression, see yourself is very crucial toward your good alcoholism, and psychoticism). psychological health. Highly Differentiated Individuals- are thought to -The real self also feels most true to what and who establish better psychological adjustment. They you are. Though may not be impeccable or perfect, are also expected to remain in satisfying contact but it is the part that feels most real to you. with their families of origin, establish more Ideal self- This is the person you like to become. It satisfying marriages, and become effective briefly represents your strivings to achieve your problem solvers. goals or ideals. the best way to grow a more solid self is being in What is the implication if there is a wide gap relationships that make up your original families. between the ideal self and other components of Running away from difficult family members would the self concept? only add to managing relationships and upsets the self Whenever there is a wide gap between the ideal- self and other components of the self, it is a signpost of incongruence and unhealthy The Real and Ideal Self by Carl Rogers personality. there is a mismatch of your real-self from the ideal-self. Carl Rogers (1959)- believed that people are When the self detaches from its value and self- driven by an innate tendency to actualize, worth, incongruence develops.The bigger the maintain, and enhance the self. discrepancy between the real self and ideal self, To self-actualize is to fulfil one's potential and the more we are distant to what is reality and the achieve the highest level of our 'human-beingness'. chances of denying one's real experiences. drive toward self-actualization is part of a larger actualization tendency. Actualization Tendency- is the basic human motivation to actualize, maintain, and enhance the self, which encompasses all physiological and psychological needs. serves to maintain the individual’s sustenance and survival. 6