UTS-REVIEWER PDF - Material Self & Economic Self

MATERIAL SELF / ECONOMIC SELF MATERIAL SELF - suggest that the environment/ surroundings affects what we think we need versus to what we really need. - We develop an attachment with most of the things we buy because we accord the same to the resources that enable us to accomplish the tran...

MATERIAL SELF / ECONOMIC SELF MATERIAL SELF - suggest that the environment/ surroundings affects what we think we need versus to what we really need. - We develop an attachment with most of the things we buy because we accord the same to the resources that enable us to accomplish the transaction. “Aside from the physical body, which is considered its central constituent unit , this facet of the self also includes one’s closest relative and material possession, with specific focus on clothes” - William James Hermann Lotze - Asserted that each time we get to wear garments of varying kind is a chance for us to “bring them into relationship with the surface of our body” and inject them with the very “consciousness of our personal existence”. “Consumerism has attached itself to a novel identity politics in which business itself plays in forging identities conducive to buying and selling.” - Benjamin Barber “Necessity is the mother of consumption” Wants - Synonymous with luxuries. People buy them for reasons that do not warrant necessity. Needs - These are important for survival. Food, clothing, and shelter are basic needs so people purchase them out of necessity. Utility - Concerned with how things serve a practical purpose. Significance - Concerned with the meaning assigned to the object. It is also concerned with how objects become powerful symbols or icons of habit and ritual which can be quite separate from their primary function. Roland Barthes - French theorist, who was one of the first to observe the relationship that people have with objects, and in particular looked at the objects as signs or things which could be decoded to convey messages beyond their practical value. SYMBOLS - An action, object, event, etc., that expresses or represents a particular idea or quality. SIGN - anything that conveys meaning. SEMILOGY - the study of objects as signs - It was Barthes who revealed that everyday objects are not just things but a complex system of signs which allows one to read meaning into people and places. SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS - objects function as signifiers in the production of meaning.  FUNCTIONS OF MATERIAL POSSESSION Instrumental function - relate to the functional properties of a product. Social symbolic - function signifies personal qualities, social standing, group affiliation and gender role. Categorical functions - refers to the extent to which material possessions may be used to communicate group membership or status. Self-expression functions - reflect a person’s unique qualities, values or attitudes. 1. Objects or Materials as Process of Self-Extension Ways of incorporating Possessions into the Extended Self 1. Appropriating or controlling an object for personal use - This can be done through appropriate intangible or non ownable objects by overcoming, conquering, or mastering them. 2. Creating the object - Whether the thing created is a material object or an abstract thought, the creator retains an identity in the object for as long as it retains a mark or some other association with the person who brought it into existence. 3. Knowing the object - Whether the object known is a person, place, or thing, Sartre maintains that the relationship in knowing the object is inspired by a carnal and sexual desire to have the object 2. Contamination  - According to Goffman (1971, pp. 44-47), there are six modes of interpersonal contamination. Six modes of interpersonal contamination 1. Violation of one's personal space 2. Touching and bodily contact; 3. Glancing, looking, and staring; 4. Noise pollution; 5. Talking to/addressing one 6. Bodily excreta. Corporeal excreta (spittle, snot, perspiration, food particles, blood, semen, vomit, urine, and fecal matter-and stains of these); b. Odor (e.g., flatus, tainted breath, body smells); c. Body heat (e.g., on toilet seats); d. Markings left by the body (e.g., plate leavings- leftover food). 3. Maintaining Multiple Levels of Self The extended self operates not only on an individual level, but also on a collective level involving family, group, subcultural, and national identities. These additional levels of self were posited to account for certain behaviors that might be seen as selfless in the narrower individual sense of self. HOW DO I DECIDE WHAT TO BUY? Consumer Identity - the pattern of consumption that describes the consumer. CONSUMERISM - the preoccupation with an inclination towards the buying of consumer goods. THE POLITICAL SELF POLITICS - the actions or activities concerned with achieving and using power in a nation or society. - the ways that power is shared in an organization and the ways it is affected by personal relationships between people who work together.  - Politics is concerned with power. Power inequalities can be observed within societies. The one who holds power holds influence. - Politics functions based on a particular social economic and cultural context - Politics is also personal - Politics goes hand in hand with the society CITIZEN - a person who legally belongs to a country and has the rights and protection of that country CITIZENSHIP - a person who legally belongs to a country and has the rights and protection of that country. ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP - the structured forms of engagement with political processes and everyday forms of participation in society. THE SPIRITUAL SELF RELIGION - came from the Latin word “religio” means to respect or care for - a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide a sense of ultimate meaning by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing and supernatural (Giddens, 2006). - a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, things set-apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them (Durkheim, 1912) - It is generally defined as; belief in, worship of, or obedience to a supernatural power or powers considered to be divine or to have control of human destiny. - KEY ELEMENTS OF RELIGION - Culture - Ritualized practices - Provides a sense of purpose ANIMISM - one of the oldest beliefs which is taken from the Latin word Anima meaning breath or soul. - the belief that everything in nature - living things like trees, plants, and even non-living rocks or streams - have their own spirit or divinity. SUPERNATURAL BEING - the concept of supernatural has been shaped by the Western notion of nature and causality and it is culturally specific. MANUNGGUL JAR - The Manunggul jar from Palawan was used about 2,700 years ago to protect the remains of the dead (A. Guillermo, 2020). BULUL - The memories of the dead are remained through carving their image using gold and stone. BAYLAN/BABAYLAN/ KATALONA - The priestess who does the ritual or offering. - someone who has the ability to mediate with the spirit world, has her own spirit guides, and is given gifts of healing, foretelling, and insight. She may also have knowledge of healing therapies such as hilot, arbularyo. POLYTHEISM - a belief in many gods, which was brought by the early Chinese and Indian merchants. - Some of their gods are Bathala, the Almighty God, Agni, God of Fire, Mandarangan, God o War, Sidapa, God of Death, Lalahon, God of Harvest, and Siginarugan, God of Hell. SPIRIT OR “DUNGAN” - The soul according to the indigenous Filipinos is known as Kaluluwa, Ikararuwa or kararuwa. It is taken from the root word duwa which means two. RITUALS - a formal ceremony or series of acts that is always performed in the same way. FUNCTION OF RITUALS AND CEREMONIES: 1. Good Harvest 2. Guidance and protection from ancestors and unseen forces 3. Healing 4. Bring good luck 5. To concieve Panaynon believes that the earth and the universe has a layered structure with spirit beings live in each layer. Pilaton refers to a list of dates, including the phases of the moon, that would ensure the success of any major undertaking or activity of residents in the province. RELIGION - a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide a sense of ultimate meaning by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing and supernatural (Giddens, 2006). RELIGIOUSNESS - the degree by which one is affiliated with an organized religion in terms of the person’s participation in the prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs and involvement with its community of believers. SPIRITUALITY - involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society. SPIRITUAL IDENTITY - the persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate questions about the nature, purpose and meaning of life. MAGIC - the ability to use supernatural forces to make impossible things happen, such as making people disappear or controlling events in nature. BALANG - Filipino term for sorcery. In the Philippines, it swarms small invisible insects residing in bamboos that enter the body through open space causing the intestine, stomach, lungs, and liver to swell during high tides and shrink during low tides. KULAM - the Tagalog word for “voodoo” or“witchcraft” ALBULARIO - a Filipino witch doctor, folk healer or medicine man. VIKTOR FRANKL - a psychiatrist who survived the Holocaust, developed logotherapy. Logotherapy - is often referred to as the “third Viennese school of psychotherapy,” and it originated in the 1930s as a response to both Freud’s psychoanalysis and Adler’s emphasis on power within society. - It's based on the idea that people are motivated to find meaning in their lives, and that this is the most powerful driving force in humans. It is more than just “therapy.” It is a philosophy for the spiritually lost and an education for those who are confused. It offers support in the face of suffering and healing for the sick (Guttmann, 2008) BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LOGOTHERAPY 1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. 2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. 3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or at least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering 3 Ways of Discovering the Meaning of Life 1. By creating a work or doing a deed; 2. By experiencing something or encountering someone; and 3. by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. THE SELF IN THE DIGITAL WORLD The advent of technology comes with a corresponding challenge: to ensure that technology is used properly. This is the essence of digital citizenship, which refers to the norms of appropriate and responsible behaviour towards technology use. Digital citizenship - is anchored in 3 general principles: respecting, educating, and protecting oneself and others. Digital citizenship serves the purpose of regulating human behaviour in a highly-technological and digital world. Online Disinhibition - It is defined as the lack of restraint one feels when communicating online in comparison to communicating in person. Anonymity - may serve as an option for individuals who are naturally shy and introverted to express their thoughts, without threat to their self-esteem. The idea of the digital self developed from the original phenomenon of the ‘extended self’, pioneered by Russell Belk in 1988. He believed our possessions are a major contributor to and reflection of our identities.  Nowadays however, it isn’t merely tangible belongings that researchers consider as part of our extended self. Our digital possessions such as photos, videos, statuses, texts, and emails are now seen to be significantly important to shaping our digital self. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT Learning - is simply what the brain does. - is a physical process in which new knowledge is represented by new brain cell connections. The strength and formation of these connections are facilitated by chemicals in the brain called growth factors. Brain - is an enormous network of neurons. How the Brain Learns - The brain acts as a dense network of fiber pathways consisting of approximately 100 billion (1010) neurons. The brain consists of three principle parts 3 stem, cerebellum and cerebrum 3 as shown in Figure 1 below. Of the three, the cerebrum is most important in learning, since this is where higher-ordered functions like memory and reasoning occur. Each area of the cerebrum specializes in a function 3 sight, hearing, speech, touch, short-term memory, long-term memory, language and reasoning abilities are the most important for learning. METACOGNITION AND STUDY STRATEGIES Metacognition - is often defined as “thinking about your own thinking.” The learner’s awareness of one’s ability to understand and learn concepts, and knowledge about one’s learning strategies is called metacognitive knowledge while the learner’s ability to observe one’s method of thinking, planning, evaluate the effectiveness of the own learning strategies and identifying the outcomes is called metacognitive regulation. Here are some metacognitive study skills and strategies: 1. Listening to your own thoughts by speaking clearly. 2. Self-monitoring. Observing and evaluating one’s behavior or performance on specific task. 3. Reflection. Think deeply about what is being learned. 4. Awareness of rubrics. Identify the basis for evaluation which aids in planning and decision making. 5. Self-tests. 6. Observing overt teacher demonstration and modeling. 7. Comprehension. Knowing the meaning of the text being read or concept being learned. 8. Rehearsing. Repeatedly doing a skill or acquiring information and adapting strategies to ensure better performance or retention. 9. Knowing one’s limits. Awareness of one’s mental and physical capacities for specific task. In the Self-Regulated Learning model, pioneered by Barry Zimmerman, self-regulation is composed of three phases: forethought, performance control and self-reflection. In the first phase, (forethought) the self regulated student expects and prepares for the approaching learning task. Then in the second stage (performance control) the student organizes and performs the procedures while learning. This consists of self-talk and self-monitoring to make the most of the learning opportunity. In the last phase, (self reflection) the self-regulated student reflects at the end of the learning task. The student matches the result of their performance to their objectives. B. SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS Goal - is the desired outcome anticipated by a person or organization.  - Goals help us to concentrate our energy, arrange strategies, consciously having a purpose-centered life, and provide us a sense of accomplishment. GOAL- SETTING THEORY - refers to the effects of setting goals on subsequent performance. Researcher Edwin Locke found that individuals who set specific, difficult goals performed better than those who set general, easy goals. Locke proposed five basic principles of goal-setting: clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and task complexity. Effective goal-setting principles: 1. Clarity. A clear, measurable goal is more achievable than one that is poorly defined. In other words, be specific! The most effective goals have a specific timeline for completion. 2. Challenge. The goal must have a decent level of difficulty in order to motivate you to strive toward the goal. 3. Commitment. Put deliberate effort into meeting this goal. Share your goal with someone else in order to increase your accountability to meet that goal. 4. Feedback. Set up a method to receive information on your progress toward a goal. If losing 30 pounds in four months turns out to be too hard, it is better to adjust the difficulty of your goal midway through the timeline than to give up entirely. 5. Task complexity. If a goal is especially complex, make sure you give yourself enough time to overcome the learning curve involved in completing the task. In other words, if a goal is really tough, make sure you give yourself some padding to give you the best chance at succeeding. Goal Setting Tools - are a great way to help you set goals, keep track of, and stay focused on what you’re trying to achieve. GOLDEN RULES OF GOAL SETTING Five Rules to Set Yourself Up for Success 1. Set Goals That Motivate You 2. Set SMART Goals - Specific. Measurable. Attainable. Relevant. Time Bound. - Set Specific Goals - Your goal must be clear and well defined. Vague or generalized goals are unhelpful because they don't provide sufficient direction. - Set Measurable Goals - Include precise amounts, dates, and so on in your goals so you can measure your degree of success. - Set Attainable Goals - Make sure that it's possible to achieve the goals you set. - Set Relevant Goals - Goals should be relevant to the direction you want your life and career to take. - Set Time-Bound Goals - Your goals must have a deadline. 3. Set Goals in Writing - The physical act of writing down a goal makes it real and tangible. 4. Make an Action Plan 5. Stick With It! TAKING CHARGE OF ONE’S HEALTH Healthy Lifestyle - is a way of living that lowers the risk of being seriously ill or dying early. - When a healthy lifestyle is adopted, a more positive role model is provided to other people in the family, particularly children. Healthy Lifestyles for College Students 1. STICK TO SOLID SLEEP SCHEDULE 2. LEARN TO SAY NO 3. EAT REGULAR MEALS 4. FIND AN EXERCISE ACTIVITY YOU LOVE 5. UP ON HEALTHY FOODS 6. STOP PROCRASTINATING 7. TRY NOT TO BURN OUT MANAGING STRESS - in its early stages can help make the most of the university experience and opportunities for students. THE PROS AND CONS OF STRESS Stress - is anything that alters your natural balance. Stress is a part of everyday life. There are many instances when stress can be helpful. ARE YOU EXPERIENCING TOO MUCH STRESS? Here are a few common indicators: - Difficulty concentrating - Increased worrying - Trouble completing assignments on time - Not going to class - Short temper or increased agitation - Tension - Headaches - Tight muscles - Changes in eating habits (e.g., ‘stress eating’) - Changes in sleeping habits WAYS OF REDUCING AND MANAGING STRESS Practice time management skills. Set and implement specific goals for yourself. Avoid procrastination. Exercise regularly. Practice good sleep habits to ensure that you are well-rested. Try mindfulness meditation.  Limit (or eliminate) the use of stimulants like caffeine. Pace yourself throughout the day, taking regular breaks from work. Start a journal. Realize that you have limits. Plan leisure activities to break up your schedule. Recognize the role your own thoughts can play in causing you distress. Find humor in your life. Seek the support of friends and family when you need to “vent” about situations that bring on stressful feelings. Try setting a specific goal for yourself that will improve your mood and help you reduce stress. Relaxation Techniques - are an effective way to reduce not only stress but many of the symptoms associated with mental illnesses. 1. Breathing Exercise 2. Progressive Muscle Relaxation 3. Visual (Guided) Imagery Mindfulness: Mindfulness is about noticing our thoughts, feelings or bodily sensations without judgment. It's a helpful tool in managing stress for those with a mental illness. How to practice Mindfulness through Meditation. - Find a comfortable position. - While focusing on your breathing, allow your thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations to flow over you, entering and leaving your awareness at their own pace. Recognize each sensation, but then let it fade away, allowing the next thought or feeling to enter your mind. Continue to acknowledge each sensation, then let it go. - You will likely find that your mind is very busy with thoughts about all kinds of things 3 some pleasant, some unpleasant. Each time you notice that your mind has wandered, gently and without judgment shift your awareness back to your breath. - It can be most helpful to practice mindfulness for 30 minutes a day until you become comfortable with the technique. The goal of mindfulness meditation is not to change your thoughts in any way, but simply to notice them and as best you can, continuously returning to your breath. Learning mindfulness meditation is similar to learning any new skill. SELF-CARE AND WELLNESS Self-care - is any activity that we do deliberately in order to take care of our mental, emotional, and physical health. Although it’s a simple concept in theory, it’s something we very often overlook. Good self-care - is key to improved mood and reduced anxiety. It's also key to a good relationship with oneself and others. - Agnes Wainman explained, self-care is “something that refuels us, rather than takes from us.” SELF-CARE vs. WELLNESS Self-care is a vital part of maintaining good health and a vibrant life. I Self-care is a way of living that incorporates behaviors that help you to be refreshed, replenish your personal motivation, and grow as a person. Wellness is an interactive process of becoming aware of and practicing healthy choices to create a more successful and balanced lifestyle. Wellness is: - A direction in which by its nature, moves us toward a more proactive, responsible and healthier existence. - The integration of the body, mind, and spirit. - The loving acceptance of ourselves today and the exciting free search for who we choose to become tomorrow. - Choice living; a compilation of the daily decisions we make that lead us to that person we choose to become. - Wellness is the framework that you can use to organize, understand, and balance your own growth and development. Everything you do, every decision you make, every thought you think, and every attitude and belief you hold fits into this framework made up of the following six basic concepts: 1. Social Wellness involves developing friendships, healthy sexual behaviors, and the ability to interact comfortably with others. Social wellness is important for maintaining harmony in personal and community environments. 2. Intellectual Wellness involves the strong desire to learn from challenges and experiences. Intellectual wellness is important for encouraging ongoing intellectual growth and experiencing creative yet stimulating mental activities that will provide you with the foundation to discover, process, and evaluate information effectively. 3. Spiritual Wellness involves the willingness to seek meaning and purpose in human existence; regardless of your religious beliefs. Spiritual wellness is important for allowing you to be open to diverse multi-cultural beliefs and backgrounds because of your comfort level with yourself and with your belief structure. Spiritual wellness coincides with the exploration of the meaning of life. 4. Emotional Wellness involves having the ability to acknowledge and accept a wide range of feelings in oneself as well as in others. Emotional wellness is important in order to be able to freely express and manage one's own feelings, to develop positive self- esteem in order to arrive at personal decisions based upon the integration of one's attitudes and behaviors. 5. Physical Wellness involves regular physical activities, proper nutrition and health care, such as exercise or sports, and personal hygiene. 6. Occupational Wellness involves the integration of various components of the wellness framework into planning for a healthy future, such as career, family and future wellness.  It also involves gaining personal satisfaction and finding enrichment in your life through work. Maria Baratta - refer to self- care as a huge part of what’s missing in the life of someone who’s busy and stressed. 10 ways to exercise self-care and take better care 1. Self- care means knowing who you are and your limits 2. Self -care means getting the sleep you need and knowing how to rest 3. Self- care means making sure that you're well fed. 4. Self -care means finding a way to decompress throughout your day 5. Self- care means giving some thought to changing a difficult work situation 6. Self -care means taking time to get to know you better 7. Self- care means identifying what you enjoy doing and what's fun for you and make a serious effort to integrate it into your day 8. Self- care means knowing how to decompress after a day's work 9. Self-care means feeding your spiritual self 10. And finally, self- care means taking time to love yourself and appreciating that there's only one you and you're the expert on that.