UTS Reviewer 1st Sem PDF

THE NATURE OF THE consistent - there are characteristics that of life. Discovering and rediscovering the only you possess ever since you were born self becomes a complex procedure that we SELF...

THE NATURE OF THE consistent - there are characteristics that of life. Discovering and rediscovering the only you possess ever since you were born self becomes a complex procedure that we SELF unitary - your experiences and thoughts need to undergo to finally find the genuine The self is thinking and feeling being work as one in determining the self. self and individuality. within us, and within private - before you share whatever’s in ourselves. your mind in public, you processed it first THE JOHARI WINDOW The self is the distinct identity which is a in - The JOHARI WINDOW model was summation of the yourself. developed in 1955 at the University of experiences of an individual. California Los Angeles by Joseph Luft and The self is commonly defined by the Harrington Ingham who are both American following psychologists. characteristics: separate, self-contained, - The title of the model came from the independent, name of its two proponents: Joseph and consistent, unitary and private. Harrington PF OPEN - WE KNOW. Information about thinking and feeling being - pertains to a you that both you and others know. person’s capability to process his thoughts BLIND - I DON’T. YOU KNOW. and emotions THE PROCESS OF DISCOVERING Information about you that you don’t know distinct identity…summation of the THE SELF but others do know. experiences - that’s what makes each HIDDEN - I KNOW. YOU DON’T. person’s - The greatest challenge happens during Information about you that you know but identity unique. It’s their personal the period of adolescence as we go through others don’t know. experiences. There could be similarities ‘surge of hormonal imbalance’. UNKNOWN - NO ONE KNOWS, YET. but there’s isn’t Information about you that neither you nor complete sameness. 3 PROCESS: LEARN, RELEARN AND others know. separate - uniqueness; You can’t be another person but yourself. UNLEARN MAJOR LENSES self-contained and independent - does The search for our true identity is a process PHILOSOPHICAL - Focused on the not require any other self for the self to of learning, relearning, and unlearning the abstract self ,philosophers believe that a exist. lessons that we acquire from the teachings person is more than his/her physical aspect.  - “Know thyself!” - Bifurcated self PHILOSOPHICAL SELF - Socratic Method - The goal of every human person is - “An unexamined life is not worth living.” to attain the communion and bliss / PHILO PERSPECTIVE - “THE SELF HAS AN IMMORTAL PLATO (Aristocles) - supported the SOUL” PHILOSOPHY idea that man is a dual nature of body and 2 Greek Words: Philo – to love, Sophia- soul. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS (Aristotle) wisdom - The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self - Aquinas said indeed , man is “love of wisdom” - Greek philosopher who founded the composed of two parts: body and The science that by natural light of Academy in Athens. The Academy is the soul reason studies the first causes or highest first institution of learning in the West. - To Aquinas, just in Aristotle, the principles of all things. - “THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL soul is what animates the body; SOUL.” it is what makes us humans PHILOSOPHERS One possesses and cherishes above the ARISTOTLE - A Greek philosopher and MODERN PHILOSOPHY AND THE rest of humankind that “love of wisdom” scientist ENLIGHTMENT which is part of all human nature - “THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF RENE DESCARTES - “I think, One more reflectively and critically THE SELF.” therefore, I am”. brings to light and examines the largest - Ideas had strong Platonic influence - Conceived of the human person as having and widest implications of the life of all - According to him, the dead are more a body and a mind independent from each human beings blessed and happier than the living, and to other. die is to return to one’s real home. JOHN LOCKE - Personal Identity PHILOSOPHERS (ERA) - consciousness (memory) and not on ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS BIBLICAL - One can conclude that a substance of either soul or body. It is the MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHERS person , as a creation of God, is destined concept about oneself. MODERN PHILOSOPHY AND for greater things through the grace of God - TABULA RASA (Blank Slate) THE ENLIGHTMENT and by living a virtuous life DAVID HUME - The Self is the Bundle Theory of Mind ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHERS - The self is not an entity over and SOCRATES - was the first philosopher ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (Plato) beyond the physical body. It is just the who ever engaged in a systematic - infusing it with the newfound doctrine of thing all perceptions of a man is ascribed. questioning about the self. Christianity - There's is no self  GILBERT RYLE - What truly matter is not hindered by societal expectations; PHYSIOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY - the behavior that a person manifests in his based on impulses. Physical brain and not the imaginary mind, day-to-day life. ☑ EGO: governed by “reality principle”. gives us our sense of self. - Self is not an entity one can locate and Mediates between the impulses of the id analyze. and the restraints of the superego. ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM IMMANUEL KANT - “WE ☑ SUPEREGO: dependent on learning the PATRICIA CHURCHLAND - There CONSTRUCT THE SELF” difference between right and wrong. isn't a special thing called mind - Respect for Self Morality is dependent on childhood - The mind is just the Brain. - There is necessarily a mind that organizes upbringing particularly on r and p. PAUL CHURCHLAND - The curiosity the impressions that men get from the FREUDIAN STAGES of man and the cunning of his reason, have external world. Oral Stage - birth to 1 ½ yrs. revealed much of what nature held hidden. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY - Infants pleasure centers on mouth - Mind and body are so intertwined that Anal Stage - 1 ½ to 3 yrs. SOCIOLOGICAL SELF they cannot be separated from one - Childs pleasure focuses in anus another. Phallic Stage - 3 to 6 yrs. - The living body, his thoughts and - Childs pleasure focuses on The SELF, SOCIETY and CULTURE emotions, and experiences are all one. genitals Re-examine the true nature of the self Latency Stage - 6 yrs. To puberty Human Person - body PSYCHOLOGICAL - Psychologists use - Child represses sexual interest Components - soul stages or phases to explain that the self is a and develops social and intellectual - There are two components of the product of life’s development in its skills. HUMAN PERSON and whatever different aspects. Genital Stage - puberty onward relationship these two have is less - A time of sexual reawakening; important than the fact that there is a THE PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF source of sexual pleasure becomes SELF. SELF someone outside of the family. SIGMUND FREUD - Father of NEW APPROACH OF EXAMINING Psychoanalysis ERIK ERIKSON - The environment in THE SELF Personality consists of three interacting which a child lived was crucial to The relationship between the SELF forces: providing growth, adjustment, a source of and the EXTERNAL WORLD. ☑ ID: governed by “pleasure principle”. self awareness and identity. Demands the immediate satisfaction and is - life's outer and inner danger What is Self? - THE SELF IS ALWAYS AT THE MERCY OF EXTERNAL - Chief command post in an individual CIRCUMSTANCES THAT BUMP AND COLLIDE WITH IT. IT IS where all processes, emotions and thoughts ▪ In Unceasing flux EVER converge. ▪ In constant struggle with external reality CHANGING AND DYNAMIC, ALLOWING EXTERNAL 5. PRIVATE - SELF is isolated from the ▪ Malleable in its dealings with society INFLUENCES TO TAKE PART IN ITS SHAPING. external world. - is always in participation with social life - SELF lives within its own world. MARCEL MAUSS, every self has two and its identity subjected to influences here - Feelings, emotions and thoughts faces: personne and moi and there. processes within the self. Moi-(French word for ME) - “SELF is truly MULTIFACETED” ✔ refers to a person’s sense of who he is, Characteristics of self > EXTERNAL his body, and his basic Characteristics of self REALITY identity; 1. SEPARATE - Self is distinct from other ✔ his biological state, selves. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST ✔ a person’s basic identity - Self is always unique and has its own PERSPECTIVE: identity. - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE Personne - One cannot be another person SELF AND EXTERNAL (anybody/anyone/somebody/someone) 2. INDEPENDENT or REALITY ✔ is composed of the social concepts of SELF-CONTAINED - Self can exist in what it means to be itself. CONSTRUCTIVISM - is a learning theory who he is, - Its distinctness allows it to be found in psychology which ✔ what it means to live in a particular self-contained with its own thoughts , explains how people might acquire institution (family, characteristic and volition knowledge and learn. religion, nationality) - SELF does not require any other self - direct application to education. ✔ How to behave given the expectations 3. CONSISTENT - Personality is enduring - The theory suggests that humans and influences from and can be expected to construct knowledge and meaning from others. persist. their experiences. - Self’s traits, characteristics, tendencies The SELF simply transformed according are more or less the same. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST - Self to the circumstances and contexts 4. UNITARY - Self is the center of all should NOT be seen as a static entity that experiences and thoughts that stays constant through and through. Rather, The Self and the development of the run through a certain person. the self has to be seen as something that is social world in: Mead's Theory of Social Behaviorism - well as societal disorder in the form of Social institutions are like buildings that Sociologist George Herbert Mead believed crime, deviance, and revolutions. are at every moment constantly being that people develop self-images through reconstructed by the very bricks that interactions with other people. He argued SOCIETY - humanly created organization compose them. that the self, which is the part of a person's or system of interrelationships that personality consisting of self-awareness connects individuals in a common culture. SOCIAL STRUCTURE - A vague term and self-image, is a product of social that refers to the pattern within culture and experience. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION - the organization through which social action arrangement of the parts that constitute takes place; arrangements of roles, Vgotsky's theories - stress the fundamental society, the organization of social positions organizations, institutions, and cultural role of social interaction in the and distribution of people within those symbols that are stable over time, often development of cognition (Vygotsky, positions. unnoticed, and a changing almost invisibly. 1978), as he believed strongly that STATUS: socially defined positions - Structure both enables and constrains community plays a central role in the (student, professor, administrator). what is possible in social life process of "making meaning." ROLE: every status carries a cluster of - Schemata and resources (material and expected behaviors, how a person in that human) through which social action takes THE SELF FROM status is expected to think, feel, as well as place, becomes patterned, and expectations about how they should be institutionalized SOCIOLOGICAL treated by others. - Incorporates both culture and the PERSPECTIVE GROUP: two or more people regularly resources of social organization. interacting on the basis of shared expectations of others’ behavior; SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - The SOCIOLOGY - a social science that interrelated statuses and roles. division of people socio-economically into studies human societies, their INSTITUTION: patterns of activity layers or strata. The unequal positions interactions, and the processes that reproduced across occupied by individuals in society. preserve and change them. time and space. Institutions often concern Ex: - does this by examining the dynamics of basic living arrangements that human Caste System – closed system; constituent parts of beings work out in the interactions with membership is ascribed (assigned at birth) societies such as institutions, communities, one another and by means of which rather than achieved (look for India Caste populations, and continuity is achieved across generations. System) gender, racial, or age groups. The basic building blocks of societies. Class System – individuals are positioned - also studies social status or stratification, according to their access to the man of social movements, and social change, as production and contribution to productive 1. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD - Through communication, social labor. (1863-1931) relationships are formed MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF: - Children learn to ROLE PLAY and SOCIAL CLASS - a group of people with - Used Social Behaviorism approach to pretend to be other people. similar socioeconomic status or standing describe the power of - Role-taking on this stage is the process of within the society based on the level of environment in shaping human behavior mentally assuming the perspective of income, education, and occupation. Concept of Self: another person to see how this person 3 PRIMARY SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE - a dimension of personality that is made might behave or respond in a given PHILIPPINES up of individuals self-awareness and situation. low-income class self-image - The self emerges as children pretend to middle-income class - the self cannot be separated from the take the roles of of specific high-income class society (this was people/significant others. The self is further explained by this theory of self) developing. SOCIAL MOBILITY - People are allowed Developmental Stages: 3. Game Stage to move from one stratum or class to 1. Preparatory Stage - Approximate: early school years / 8-9 another class (e.g. from Poor to - Approximate 0-3 years old years old Low-Middle Class). - There is no sense of self at birth but - Child begins to see not just his develops over time. perspective but also the - The development is based on social perspective of those around him. interaction and social - Understand the following concepts: experience. Generalized Others – term used for - Children’s behavior is primarily based on expected behaviors, norms, and IMITATION. values of the society as a whole - Knowing and understanding the symbols Multiple Roles – a person can be a are important for this teacher, mom, and a sister at the will constitute the children’s way of same time. communication. Significant Others – important 2. Play Stage people who take care of - Approximate 3-5 years old them, whose opinions, values, and SOCIOLOGISTS AND THEIR - Knowing and understanding the language behaviors matter to them (ex. CONTRIBUTIONS and symbols of Communication is the Teachers, parents, peers). basis for socialization.  LOOKING-GLASS SELF analyze the intricacies of social interaction - The person whom a person interacts with (known become a mirror in which s/he views as the dramaturgical perspective). himself/herself. Dramaturgical Approach (a.k.a. - Self-image or self-identity is achieved Impression management) through - the self is made up of the various parts three-fold event: that people play, 1. A person imagine how he appears to and a key goal of social actors is to present others their various 2. A person imagine how others selves judge/evaluate/perceive him - Sometimes called impression 3. A person develops a reaction or identity management because part of 2. Charles Cooley(1864-1929) (Looking based on other’s evaluations. playing a role for others is to control the Glass Self) Criticism: impression they - American sociologist 1. May develop negative self-image if the have of you. - Used Sociopsychological approach in person Stages understanding society thinks/imagines that s/he is perceived Front stage refers to actions that are - believed that social reality was unfavorably observed by others. An qualitatively different from physical reality 2. May develop wrong self-identity if the actor on a stage is playing a certain role and was therefore less amenable to basis is and expected to act in measurement. from others. a certain way - theorized that the sense of self is formed Backstage means how people act when in two ways: by one’s 3. Erving Goffman they are relaxed or actual experiences and by what one (1922-1982)Dramaturgical Approach unobserved. imagines others’ ideas of Face-Work Idea. Face-Work oneself to be—a phenomenon Cooley - Canadian-American sociologist - Observed in situations where face-saving called the “looking glass - Known for his role in the development of are resorted to in self.” Modern American the maintenance of a proper image of the “I am not what I think I am, Sociology. self in frustrating I am not what you think I am, - used a theatrical metaphor of stage, and embarrassing situations. I am what I think You think I am.” actors, and audience to observe and THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF THE SELF FROM The word comes from the Greek archaia MODERN AND POST MODERN (“ancient things”) and logos (“theory” or SOCIETIES ANTHROPOLOGICAL “science”). PERSPECTIVE Archeologist a scientist who studies Jean Baudrillard (French sociologist) artifacts (tools and objects past people exposes the negative have made) in order to discover how these ANTHROPOLOGY - Field of social consequences postmodernity to society. people lived their lives. sciences that focuses on the study of man. CONSUMPTION structures the - One of the most complex areas of postmodern society. Discoveries on Human Beings: discipline; as a result, anthropologists Postmodern humans achieve - Human beings adapted to changes in their believed that there is no simple definition. self-identity through prestige symbols that environment in order for them to survive. - Concerned on how the biological and the they consume and seek for a position Men have used their big brains to look for cultural processes through the prestige symbols that they can ways to live longer. They have fashioned interact to shape human experiences. afford to consume. tools from the objects in their environment - interaction with culture. The cultural practices of as tools to further improve their lives. - what it means to be human advertising and mass media greatly - Human beings not just adapted to - Looks into the man’s biological/physical influence individuals to consume not for changes but gained dominance over all of characteristics, his social relationships, and their primary value and utility BUT FOR earth’s creatures. the influences of his culture from the dawn THE FEELING OF GOODNESS AND SURVIVAL - the most important aspect of of civilization up to the present. POWER WHEN COMPARED WITH human nature, but differs on the manners OTHERS. to survive (e.g. use of power, strength, FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY The self may be in a never-ending search wars, annihilation of races versus offering 1. ARCHEOLOGY - the scientific study for prestige in the and sharing of services, knowledge, of the material remains of past human life postmodern society. resources, and their lives) and activities. - These include human artifacts from the In a sociological perspective, you are the 2. PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL very earliest stone tools to the man-made product of what and how your society ANTHROPOLOGY objects that are buried or thrown away in influences you to be. - branch of anthropology (a.k.a. Biological the present day: everything made by Anthropology) concerned with the origin, human beings. evolution, and the diversity of people. Archaeological investigations are a - Physical anthropologists work broadly on principal source of knowledge of three major sets of problems: human and prehistoric, ancient, and extinct culture. nonhuman primate evolution, human ethnography, and ethnology, folklore, and kind of life they prefer. variation and its significance, and the linguistics in its descriptions and analyses - There is no limit to wherever or biological bases of human of the diverse peoples of the world. whatever the human behavior. - a major division of anthropology that beings set their hearts and minds into. -Biological anthropologists focus on how deals with the study of culture in all of its NEGATIVE CRITIC ON THE THEORY: the human body adapts to the different aspects and that uses the methods, - People may have no control over environments. They look at the possible concepts, and data of archaeology, what they learn. They would have causes of diseases, physical mutation and ethnography, and ethnology, folklore, and the tendency to blindly accept the death. They also want to know how linguistics in its descriptions and analyses learning their cultures expose them humans evolved from the basic or earlier of the diverse peoples of the world. to. forms. - Culture is one of the major tenets of this - Human beings may seem helpless field. It is described as, “a group of for doing what their cultures ask Discoveries on Human beings: people’s way of life. It Includes their them to. Though human beings vary in their behaviors, biological forms and behaviors, they do beliefs, values, and symbols that they 4. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY have a lot of similarities than differences. [unconsciously] accept. - a branch of anthropology that studies the Similarities may earn complete dominion role of language in the social lives of all over earth creatures and may be the THEORY OF CULTURAL individuals and communities. It also cause of their extinction. DETERMINISM on Human Nature: explores how language shapes The processes responsible for the The contention that culture has a strong communication. differentiation of people into geographic impact on how the individual views - Unlike linguists, linguistic populations and for the overall unity of himself. anthropologists do not look at language Homo Sapiens include natural selection, determined by the kind of culture he is alone, language is viewed as mutation, genetic drift, migration, and born into and grew up in. (Ideas, beliefs, interdependent with culture and social genetic recombination. meaning, and values) structures. There is no universal right way of being - It also closely studies those societies 3. CULTURAL/SOCIAL human. The right way is based on one’s where language defines a culture or ANTHROPOLOGY culture. society. - a major division of anthropology that deals with the study of culture in all of its POSITIVE CRITIC ON THE THEORY: In relation to Human Nature: aspects and that uses the methods, - Human beings can be shaped and concepts, and data of archaeology, formed to have the - Human survival is primarily linked to to a set of features a person chooses to - identity struggle is real. It is the their ability to communicate, and an emphasize in constructing a social self. discrepancy that a particular believes to essential part of this ability is language. IDENTITY DETERMINANTS: possess and the different identity - discover a group’s interaction and GENDER characterized to the person by others. worldview. RACE SOLUTION TO ATTAIN - Anthropologists also study how language AGE SELF-IDENTIFICATION changes over time. KINSHIP - Individuals have to overcome many - languages have evolved which represent ETHNICITY obstacles the subculture. PERSONAL APPEARANCES - Members of multicultural society have to SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS internalize divergent cultural models and CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF SELF FAMILY MEMBERSHIP should reject or suppress identifications AND IDENTITY LANGUAGE that may conflict with other 1. Culture and self happen to be RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS self-presentations. complementary, thus one needs to study 3. Personal Naming - a universal practice - “Know Thyself.” each in the context of the other. with numerous cross- Identity is formed in relation to the cultural variations. This establishes a THE SELF AS EMBEDDED IN environment one is cast in. The individual child’s birthright and social identity. This CULTURE learns to adapt, then eventually, the things also individualizes a person and “Without men, no culture, certainly; but that he adapts become his identity. legitimizes him or her as a member of a equally, and more The social self could either be egocentric group or family. It is considered as an significantly, without culture, no men.” - (autonomous and independent) or intimate marker which differentiates him CLIFFORD GEERTZ sociocentric (context-dependent). from the other. Culture is a system of inherited Chinese Culture (SOCIOCENTRIC): 4. Identity is a life-long development. It is conceptions - Prioritizes keen ties and cooperation not inborn but being developed from time Humans must give meanings to their - Mutual dependence is important. to time. Like for example the idea of a experiences - Values subordination to authority three-phased rite of passage. This helps a IMAGE OF MAN IN CULTURE: American Culture (EGOCENTRIC): person adjust from one social dimension of 1. Culture is not only a complex whole of - Believe they have to be assertive and his life to the others. (Separation > behavior patterns (rituals, beliefs, etc) but independent. limitation > incorporation) a set of control mechanisms (rules, 2. Identities can also be formed through instructions, plans) for governing behavior. similarities and differences. Each person PROBLEM: IDENTITY CRISIS / 2. Man is precisely dependent upon control possesses an identity toolbox, which refers STRUGGLE mechanisms for ordering his behavior.  - refer to standards of behavior that are ELEMENTS OF CULTURE considered less important but still CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE influence how we behave. MODES IN ACQUIRING CULTURE 5. Rituals - established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in COMPOSITION OF CULTURE the life course. MATERIAL - All physical objects that 6. Values - involve judgments of what is people good or bad and desirable or undesirable. produce and use. A culture’s values shape its norms. NONMATERIAL - Consists of elements that are CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE called norms, values, beliefs, and 1. Culture is learned. languages that define a 2. Culture is shared. society. 3. Culture is transmitted. 4. Culture is cumulative and constantly ELEMENTS OF NONMATERIAL changes. 1. Symbols - things that stand for 5. Culture is essential for life. something else and that often evoke various reactions and emotions. MODES IN ACQUIRING CULTURE 2. Artifacts - Material objects that 1. Imitation – duplication of behavior. constitute a society’s material culture. 2. Indoctrination – takes the form of 3. Language - can be spoken or written. formal training. 4. Norms - Standards and expectations for 3. Conditioning – a system of reward and behaving punishment. FORMAL NORMS 4. Acculturation – modification through - Mores and Laws fairly close and long continued contact. - refer to the standards of behavior 5. Amalgamation – intermarriage of considered the most important in any persons coming from different cultural society groups resulting in some kind of biological INFORMAL NORMS fusion. - Folkways and Customs