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Questions and Answers
What occurs during the Latency Stage of development according to psychological theories?
What occurs during the Latency Stage of development according to psychological theories?
Which component is NOT mentioned in the explanation of the human person?
Which component is NOT mentioned in the explanation of the human person?
What is the main idea behind Erik Erikson's view on the self?
What is the main idea behind Erik Erikson's view on the self?
Which statement best describes 'the self' according to the content?
Which statement best describes 'the self' according to the content?
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What does the ID represent in psychological terms?
What does the ID represent in psychological terms?
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What do Marcel Mauss's concepts personne and moi represent?
What do Marcel Mauss's concepts personne and moi represent?
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What is a significant characteristic of the self as described in the content?
What is a significant characteristic of the self as described in the content?
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What is indicated by the phrase 'self is in unceasing flux'?
What is indicated by the phrase 'self is in unceasing flux'?
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What age range does the play stage cover in social development?
What age range does the play stage cover in social development?
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According to the Looking-Glass Self, what are the three main components of self-identity development?
According to the Looking-Glass Self, what are the three main components of self-identity development?
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What term is synonymous with the Dramaturgical Approach in sociology?
What term is synonymous with the Dramaturgical Approach in sociology?
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Who is primarily considered a significant other in the context of socialization?
Who is primarily considered a significant other in the context of socialization?
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Charles Cooley is best known for which sociological concept?
Charles Cooley is best known for which sociological concept?
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What might result from negative evaluations in the Looking-Glass Self theory?
What might result from negative evaluations in the Looking-Glass Self theory?
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What is an essential basis for socialization according to the content?
What is an essential basis for socialization according to the content?
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What is the main goal of social actors as described in the Dramaturgical Approach?
What is the main goal of social actors as described in the Dramaturgical Approach?
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What does cultural anthropology primarily study?
What does cultural anthropology primarily study?
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How does language relate to culture according to anthropologists?
How does language relate to culture according to anthropologists?
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Which of the following is NOT identified as a factor contributing to human survival?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a factor contributing to human survival?
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What plays a significant role in shaping one's social identity?
What plays a significant role in shaping one's social identity?
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Which of the following does NOT contribute to identity determinants?
Which of the following does NOT contribute to identity determinants?
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What is a significant challenge faced by individuals in multicultural societies?
What is a significant challenge faced by individuals in multicultural societies?
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How should individuals handle conflicting identities in a multicultural environment?
How should individuals handle conflicting identities in a multicultural environment?
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In what way do anthropologists view human beings in relation to culture?
In what way do anthropologists view human beings in relation to culture?
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What is the primary focus of archaeology within anthropology?
What is the primary focus of archaeology within anthropology?
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Which of the following best describes physical or biological anthropology?
Which of the following best describes physical or biological anthropology?
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In what way does sociology differ from anthropology regarding the self?
In what way does sociology differ from anthropology regarding the self?
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Which of the following activities might a physical anthropologist NOT engage in?
Which of the following activities might a physical anthropologist NOT engage in?
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What role does the concept of power play in human survival as described?
What role does the concept of power play in human survival as described?
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What is the significance of the earliest stone tools in anthropology?
What is the significance of the earliest stone tools in anthropology?
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What does ethnography primarily focus on in anthropology?
What does ethnography primarily focus on in anthropology?
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Which of the following is NOT a major problem addressed by physical anthropologists?
Which of the following is NOT a major problem addressed by physical anthropologists?
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What is the primary focus of Socrates in his philosophy?
What is the primary focus of Socrates in his philosophy?
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Which philosopher is associated with the concept of the 'Bundle Theory of Mind'?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of the 'Bundle Theory of Mind'?
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According to Freud, which stage occurs from birth to 1 ½ years?
According to Freud, which stage occurs from birth to 1 ½ years?
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What does Immanuel Kant imply about the construction of the self?
What does Immanuel Kant imply about the construction of the self?
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Gilbert Ryle is known for emphasizing what aspect of behavior?
Gilbert Ryle is known for emphasizing what aspect of behavior?
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Which aspect does eliminative materialism challenge?
Which aspect does eliminative materialism challenge?
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What is the focus of Patricia Churchland's philosophy regarding the mind?
What is the focus of Patricia Churchland's philosophy regarding the mind?
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Which philosopher is known for the idea that the mind and body cannot be separated?
Which philosopher is known for the idea that the mind and body cannot be separated?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greek Philosophers
- Socrates was the first philosopher to systematically question the self.
Medieval Philosophers
- St. Augustine of Hippo, influenced by Plato, infused early philosophy with the doctrine of Christianity.
Modern Philosophy and the Enlightenment
- Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate): John Locke proposed that the mind is born as a blank slate, shaped by experience and without innate ideas.
- David Hume - The Self is the Bundle Theory of Mind: Hume argued that the self is not a fixed entity but rather a bundle of perceptions constantly in flux.
- Immanuel Kant - "We Construct the Self": Kant believed that the self actively shapes its own experience and knowledge through reason and understanding.
Psychological View of Self
-
Sigmund Freud - Father of Psychoanalysis: He believed that the personality is shaped by three interacting forces:
- Id: Governed by the "pleasure principle," seeking immediate gratification.
- Ego: Mediates between the Id's desires and the Superego's restrictions, governed by the "reality principle."
- Superego: Represents internalized societal rules and morality, shaped by childhood experiences.
- Freudian Stages: A series of developmental phases (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) through which individuals progress.
- Erik Erikson: Emphasized the importance of the environment in shaping the self and identity, highlighting social interactions and cultural influences.
Sociological Self
- Charles Cooley (Looking Glass Self): The self is formed through social interaction, understanding how others see and judge us.
- The Dramaturgical Approach (Impression Management): The self is constructed by playing various roles for others, with a focus on managing impressions and presenting desired identities.
-
George Herbert Mead (The Self and Society): The self develops through three stages :
- Preparatory Stage: Imitation of others and learning language.
- Play Stage: Taking the role of others and understanding social symbols.
- Game Stage: Learning to take on multiple roles simultaneously and understand social rules.
Physiological Philosophy
- Gilbert Ryle: Focused on observable behavior and argued that the mind is not a separate entity from the body.
- Eliminative Materialism: This view proposes that there is no separate "mind" independent of the brain.
The Self, Society, and Culture
-
Marcel Mauss: The self has two aspects:
- Personne: The socially constructed self, shaped by cultural norms and expectations.
- Moi: The personal and individual self, based on inner experiences and feelings.
Cultural Construction of Self and Identity
- Cultural Determinism: The self is shaped by the culture in which one is born and raised.
- Identity Determinants: Factors like gender, age, kinship, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, personal appearances, family membership, language, and religious affiliations play a role in shaping one's identity.
- Identity Struggle: The discrepancy between how one sees oneself and how others perceive them.
Anthropological Approaches
- Archaeology: Studies material remains of Past cultures and human activities.
- Physical/Biological Anthropology: Studies human evolution, human variation, and non-human primates.
- Cultural/Social Anthropology: Studies cultures and their diverse aspects, exploring practices, values, beliefs, and meaning-making.
Language and Culture
- Language as a key aspect of human survival: Language is essential for communication and understanding the world, reflecting cultural values and beliefs.
- Language as a defining element of culture and society: Language shapes how cultures understand and interact with the world.
Summary Points
- The "self" is a multifaceted concept, subject to both individual and societal influences.
- Philosophical and sociological perspectives offer varied interpretations.
- The self is constantly in flux and shaped by ongoing experiences, social interactions, and cultural influences.
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Description
Explore the development of the concept of self through major philosophical movements. From Ancient Greece to the Enlightenment, uncover how thinkers like Socrates, Freud, and Kant shaped our understanding of identity and consciousness.