UTS Prelims PDF

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES For Aristotle, Self is composed of matter and form. 1. PHILOSOPHY THE POST-ARISTOTELIANS The self in a philosophical paradigm. The self is more tha...

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES For Aristotle, Self is composed of matter and form. 1. PHILOSOPHY THE POST-ARISTOTELIANS The self in a philosophical paradigm. The self is more than our names. ❖ Stoicism Apathy or indifference to pleasure. Hence, ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Embracing Adversity (1000BC TO 500 AD) It is a philosophy designed to make us more The Ancient Triumvirate: resilient, happier, more virtuous, and more wise that results in better people, better ❖ Socrates parents, and better professionals. Known for “Know Thy Self” (Introspection) having patience, being resilient and not showing emotions in the things they do. An unexamined life is not worth living. ❖ Hedonism Believed in the Dualistic Reality (Body and “Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, Soul). To which, our soul strives for wisdom you will die”.They believe that pleasure is and perfection. the only good in life, and pain is the only evil. ❖ Plato Believed in the 3 part self which includes: Our life’s goal should be to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Hence, they REASON, Intellectual and live for pleasure. Logical Self, PHYSICAL APPETITE the ❖ Epicureanism Biological Needs Moderate pleasure. Being content with the SPIRIT, what fuels our simple things in life, ensures that you will actions and emotions never be disappointed. According to Plato, a good person is the one MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY who can balance these three parts. (500 AD - 1350 AD) ❖ Aristotle ❖ Theo-Centric The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank From the scientific investigation on nature tablet) and the Process of Completion of this and search for happiness to the question of tablet is through experience life and salvation in another realm, in a better world. (i.e., the afterlife) There was an aim to merge philosophy and Rene Descartes religion (Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) The self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body St. Augustine Integrates Platonic ideas with the David Hume tenets of Christianity. There is no “self”, only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions The self strives to achieve union with passing through the theater of our God through faith and reason. minds. Everything changes. We cannot experience self because there St. Thomas Aquinas is no continuity nor conceive quality. Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us or Gilbert Ryle the objects in our environment. The self is the way people behave. Looking at the behavior of the The labels we attribute to ourselves people (Observation) are taken from the things we encounter in our environment. John Locke Personal Identity is made possible by “The things that we love tell us self-consciousness. Locke what we are” emphasized Sensory Experiences. We are all connected in life based on Experiencing that something exists our experiences. doesn’t tell us what it is because knowing and learning about a thing Immanuel Kant requires a long process of The self is a unifying subject, an understanding; the same goes with organizing consciousness that makes the mind and the self - with intelligible experience possible. experience and reason. Develop from the idea of Locke. Self is a unifying subject to connect and MODERN PHILOSOPHY see connections. (14TH - 20TH CENTURY) Paul and Patricia ❖ Anthropocentric Churchland Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ The self is the brain. Mental states (medieval thinkers) excessive reliance on will be superseded by brain states. It authority. As this is considered the Period of is just brains and neural events, no radical, social, political, and intellectual emotions, pain, and thoughts. developments.  over how this process and its consequences CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY develop. (LATE 19TH CENTURY) ❖ Classical Sociological Perspective Edmund Husserl The self is a relatively stable set of We experience ourselves as a unity perceptions of who we are in relation to which in the mental and physical ourselves, others, and to social systems. are seamlessly woven together. Both body and soul. Rejected dualist ❖ The Looking Glass Self Charles Horton Cooley Maurice Merleau-Ponty The self is embodied subjectivity. A person’s self grows out of a person’s Self should not be looked at in an social interactions with others. The view of objective way. ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how ❖ Embodied Subjectivity others perceive us. Both Husserl and Merleau-Ponty agree that our living body is a natural synthesis of mind and biology. ❖ Phenomenological Approach Describes the phenomena of the lived experience (reducing biases) by describing what your immediate responses are- physically, emotionally, cognitively. How we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather how we believe others see us. 2. SOCIOLOGY - How my parents see me , - How my girlfriend sees me The self as a product of modern society - How my ex-girlfriend sees me among other constructions. Looking Glass Self is reacting towards The self is socially constructed in the sense how others see us. that it is shaped through interaction with other people. ❖ Johari Window Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham As with socialization in general, the individual is not a passive participant in Technique used to enhance the individual’s this process and has a powerful influence perception of self and others. Learn to expand on others things in order to have a better knowledge of self. 3. PSYCHOLOGY ➔ Open Arena The self based on psychoanalytic approach Attitudes, behavior, Views (Public), and cognitive construction. and actions seen by everyone ❖ Psychoanalytic Approach ➔ Blindspot What others think/feel about you Sigmund Freud Father of Psychoanalysis ➔ Hidden/Facade Personal feelings and information The self is multi-tiered or (fears, past, future plans) that only multi-layered. you know, you do not share with other people. ➔ Conscious Refers to those thoughts and ➔ Unknown feelings that we are aware of. Subject for discovery This includes our perceptions. ❖ Symbolic Interactionism George Herbert Mead ➔ Preconscious Experiences that are The self is created and developed through unconscious but could human interaction. With the two aspects of become conscious with a self-awareness (I and the Me Self): little effort. This includes our experiences, memories, and - “I”, is the active aspect of the person stored-knowledge. - “Me”, is the socialized aspect of the person ➔ Unconscious Contains all drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our  awareness but motivate our The ego constantly tried to reconcile the feelings, thoughts, and irrational wants of the id and the superego behavior. Push out of with the realistic demand of the world. consciousness 3. Superego The Social Self (Idealistic Principle). It incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. When the scale is out of balance, it is the STRUCTURE OF SELF responsibility of the EGO to mediate the conflict between the ID and SUPEREGO. 1. ID This pertains to our Biological Self - Weak Ego = Anxiety (Pleasure Principle). A Natural part of self (Animalistic Nature of Man). This is the EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS pleasure seeking part of personality that is determined by genetic codes and provides 1. Sublimation raw material, setting the boundary Suppression of unwanted impulses by conditions for development. substituting it with creative cultural accomplishments. The ID represents the basic need of a man. That, if it is not satisfied may result in stress 2. Displacement and tension, and if satisfied, to comfort and Redirecting unacceptable urges to less joy. threatening people or objects. 2. Ego 3. Repressions The Psychological Self (Reality Principle). When the ego is threatened, it unconsciously The only region of the mind that is in forgets or blocks unpleasant feelings. contact with reality as it operates to fulfill the reality principle. 4. Regression The ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety.  5. Projection ➔ Real and Ideal Self Attributing the unwanted impulses to A person’s ideal self may not another person. be consistent with what actually happens in life and ❖ Cognitive Construction experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist ➔ Imaginary Audience between a person’s ideal self Adolescents are thought to believe and actual experience. that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are Carl Rogers believes that for a special and unique. person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of ➔ Self-Concept congruence. It is the Mental Representation of what we look like, how we feel in different types of situations, how we behave towards others, what we do at work, what are the roles we have in the family or society. The self concept is a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, Self as defined by Social Comparison physical characteristics, abilities, (Leon Festinger) values, goals, and roels, as well as the knowledge that we exist as ➔ Temporal Comparison individuals (Harter, 1999). Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past. ➔ Self-Esteem Jm Used to describe a person’s overall ➔ Social Comparison sense of self worth or personal value. Evaluating yourself in comparison to others- In other words, it refers to how much using others as a basis for evaluating your you appreciate and like yourself. attributes. It is often seen as a personality Depending on the level of someone’s trait, which means that it tends to be motivation, he/she may have the tendency to stable and enduring. compare himself;/herself with others either in an UPWARD or DOWNWARD kind of comparison.  therefore giving him the chance to ➔ Upward Social Comparison make a downward comparison. We compare ourselves to those who we believe are better than us. This often focuses Self-Evaluation and Self Enhancement on the desire to improve our current level of ability. Hence, a highly motivated person Motivation plays a role in this model and is tends to engage in upward comparison, and manifested by: usually assumes themselves as better or equal to the best person. Studies have shown ➔ Self Evaluation that if given a chance, people choose to This occurs when someone looks for make upward comparisons instead of positive traits in himself based on the best downward ones. person he compares himself with. ➔ Downward Social Comparison ➔ Self Enhancement When we compare ourselves to others who This occurs when the person questions are worse off than ourselves. Often centered which aspects of himself need to be on making ourselves feel better about our improved to reach the level of goodness of abilities. Hence, it is usually the people who the person he is comparing himself with. are unhappy or unmotivated that usually engage in this to feel better about Reference Group themselves. A group to which an individual or another group is compared. According to Passive DC sociologists, a reference group is any group Happens when a person takes into that individuals use as a standard for consideration the previous condition evaluating themselves and their own in making comparison. behavior. Ex. A low performing student The Creation of Identities comparing himself with a worse off student. One’s identity must balance the need to be similar to one’s reference group with the Active DC need to be a unique individual. Happens when a person compares himself with others by demeaning or ➔ Children become aware of the need causing harm to them. for a group identity and are often afraid or acting differently. This is done by derogating the target or causing harm to him. This person ➔ Teens often seem torn between the generates a situation in which the need to assert their own individual target is worse off than him,  identity and the need to conform to ➔ Working as a group their reference group. ➔ Doing what’s best for society. ➔ Families and communities have a New identities are forges in relation to work, central role. parenthood, economic status, and ageing. 5. ORIENTAL/EASTERN 4. ANTHROPOLOGY THOUGHT The self and person in contemporary The self as embedded in relationship and anthropology and the self being embedded through spiritual development in Confucian in culture. thought. ❖ Western VS. Non-Western Self ❖ Buddhism Wolter (2013) Sidhdhartha Gautama The self is the source of all sufferings. It is Western Self are autonomous and egocentric our quest to forget about the self, forget the whilst Non-Western or the Eastern Self is cravings of the self, break the attachments the identity shared with others and derived you have with the world, and to renounce from a culture instead of the self. the self in order to attain the state of Nirvana. ❖ Individualism-Collectivism Model Markus & Kitayama (1991) ❖ Hinduism Fusion of various Indian cultures and Individualism pertains to a human being traditions. that has an individualistic nature and is an Hindus believe that an individual’s action independent part of the universe and the (karma) - the bad or good actions that the society. individual performed in a previous life ➔ Self-Sufficiency determines his/her caste. ➔ Uniqueness ➔ Autonomy ❖ Taoism ➔ Independence Lao-Tzu Self does not exist without the existence of Collectivism on the other hand, pertains to a the other. This is because self is considered human being that is an integral part of the as a separate identity that is supported by universe and the society. These people are the equal and opposite sensation of fundamentally connected and have a duty otherness. towards all others that is considered as a very important matter. Confucianism ➔ Social rules on promoting Filial piety is a foundational concept in the selflessness thought of Confucius. It teaches how one should properly act according to their aggressive erogenous indicated relationship with other people, focused on learning how to bite and chew. having a harmonious social life. It is advisable for newly born babies UNPACKING THE SELF to be breastmilk fed. ❖ Early Weaning - means early 1. PHYSICAL SELF lost of milk. Hence, identifies milk as a support. The self as impacted by the body. It is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of ❖ Late Weaning - means late the person that can be directly observed and lost of milk. Identifies milk examined. as a source of nutrition. Physical Self/Body is an initial source of The fixations during these stages sensation and necessary for the origin and include thumbsucking, nail biting, maintenance of personality - William James. straw biting, chewing gum, verbally biting, cigarette smoking, and PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF alcohol drinking. DEVELOPMENT In the Psychoanalytical school, Sigmund ➔ Anal Stage ( 1.5 - 3 years old) Freud’s construction of self and personality Talks about the anus (bowel and makes the physical body the core of human bladder control). During these stage, experience. an individual is doing toilet training supervised by an adult preferably by PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF the parent. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT ❖ Anal Expulsive - anal Through the body we experience but specify expulsion. This indicates how the erogenous zone (the part of our body the child can identify when to where we experience pleasure) and fixated pee or poop. This can result (what hinders us from going to the next in easy identification of stage). comfort rooms. ➔ Oral Stage (Birth - 1.5 years old) ❖ Anal Retention - to control The erogenous zone during this stage bladder or bowel at will. Anal is the mouth for it is used by infants retention can result to being for eating, suck/swallow. Hence, O.C. (Obsessive Compulsive) passive erogenous indicates that whatever is given will be accepted;  as an individual cannot pee in Later in life, the development of physica; as different comfort rooms. well as intellectual skills help determine whether the individual will achieve a sense ➔ Phallic Stage (4 -5 years old) of competence and ability to choose This focuses on Genital demanding roles in a complex society. Identification. It is also when an individual is in the identification or the aggressor (same gender parent) ❖ Edipose Complex - it is the son’s desire with mother (Mama’s Boy). Boys usually experience castration anxiety. ❖ Electra Complex - the daughter’s desire for the dad (Papa’s Girl). Girls often experience a penis envy. SOMATIC SOCIETY ➔ Latent Stage (5 years - Puberty) The sociology of the body became an During this stage, the individual established discipline in the 1990s. Bryan experiences a libido inactive. This Turner, coined the term “somatic society” means that the individual does not which means the newfound importance of care anymore about the gender due the body in contemporary society. to social interactions (same gender grouping). This simply means the obsession to have a perfect face and body and demand for ➔ Genital Stage (Puberty - Present) cosmetic surgery and skin whiteners. (E.g: This simply means that the The tragedy of Michael Jackson) individual is maturing sexual interest. ❖ Body Shaming - Criticizing your own appearance, through a PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF judgment or comparison to DEVELOPMENT another person. - Criticizing another’s The role of bodily organs is especially appearance in front of them important in early developmental stages of a - Criticizing another’s person’s life. appearance without their knowledge. \  PHYSICAL SELF ISSUES AND CONFLICTS ➔ Anorexia Nervosa Characterized by loss of body weight and refusal to eat. Appetite is usually intact. ➔ Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by recurrent and frequent binge eating with our without vomiting (use of laxatives or weight loss supplement). ➔ Body Dysmorphic Disorder Characterized by a distressing and SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS impairing preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. 2. SEXUAL SELF Understanding one’s identity and sexuality. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ONE’S SEX EROGENOUS ZONES At conception, egg and sperm unite to create It is where the libido is centered (according a new organism that incorporates some to Freud). The erogenous zones are the parts characteristics of each parent. The first 22 of the body that experience heightened pairs are called AUTOSOMES whilst the sensitivity and/or signal sexual arousal of last pair is called the SEX some kind. This needs stimulation by CHROMOSOMES. engaging the person in gratifying activities. The genetic basis for sex determination: ➔ X Chromosomes ➔ Y Chromosomes XX is used to identify female sex while XY is used to identify male sex.  Arousal slowly subsides and returns to normal levels. Males experience a refractory period during which they are incapable of having another erection or orgasm. THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE It is a model that descirbes the physiological responses, that occue during sexual activity. ➔ Stage 1: Excitement CHEMISTRY OF LUST, ATTRACTION, The beginning of sexual arousal. It is AND ATTACHMENT the reparation for intercourse. ➔ Lust ➔ Stage 2: Plataeu - Testosterone Physical arousal builds - Estrogen ➔ Stage 3: Orgasm Lust and attraction shut off the prefrontal Third and shortest phase of the cortex of the brain (which includes rational sexual response cycle. Both men and behavior). The hypothalamus regulate the women describe the experience of function of the pituitary gland to secrete orgasm in similar and positive terms. hormones. The vast majority of men experience one intense orgasm. But many women are capable of experiencing multiple orgasms. Males ejaculate while females experience vaginal contractions. ➔ Stage 4: Resolution The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big ❖ Sex role in stimulating the production of the sex Sometimes called biological sex, anatomical hormones (testosterone and estrogen) from sex, or physical sex. It is the person’s the testes and ovaries. identity based on their physical characteristics, genes, and hormones. ➔ Attraction - Dopamine ➔ Male - Penis - Norepinephrine ➔ Female - Vagina - Serotonin ➔ Intersex: Chromosomes and hormones of a female/male but Attraction involves the brain pathways that external genitals is like that of a control “reward” behavior, which partly male/female. explains why the first few weeks or months of a relationship can be so exhilarating and Also refers to sexual acts, as in “having even all-consuming. sex”. Primary and Secondary Sex characteristics. High levels of dopamine and norepinephrine are released during attraction. These ❖ Gender chemicals make us giddy, energetic, and It is the structure of social relations that euphoric, even leading to decreased appetite centers on the reproductive arena, and the and insomnia. set of practices that bring reproductive distinctions into social purposes. ➔ Attachment - Oxytocin - also known as the It is a term that refers to social or cultural cuddle hormones. It is distinctions associated with a given sex; it is produced by the generally considered to be socially hypothalamus and released in constructed concept. large quantities during sex, breastfeeding, and childbirth. Gender underlies assumptions regarding - Vasopressin Masculine and Feminine behavior. Attachment is the predominant factor in This also refers to the attitudes, feelings, and long-term relationships. While lust and behaviors that a given culture associates attractions are pretty much exclusive to with a person’s biological sex. romantic entanglements. Attachments mediates friendships, parent-infant bonding, ➔ Gender - Normative social cordiality, and many other intimacies The behavior that is compatible with as well. cultural expectations. SEX VS. GENDER ➔ Gender Nonconformity  Behaviors that are viewed as A person whose assigned sex is male incompatible with these and identitfies as a woman. expectations. ➔ TRANSMAN A person whose assigned sex is SEXUAL DIVERSITY female and identitfies as a man. Sex and gender are foten thought of as a ❖ Gender Expression binary categories; that is, we can be either male or female, or feminine or masculine. Refers to the ways that humans choose to However, this is a false assumption. display their gender identity to the world usually expressed through: Although sex can be quantifies by DNA and ➔ Behavior genetic testing, someitmes the results are ➔ Clothing difficult to make sense of with regard to ➔ Haircut their social implications. ➔ Voice And which may/may not conform to socially ❖ Gender Identity defined behaviors and characteristics typically associated with being either One’s innermost concept of self as male, masculing or feminine. female, a blend of both or neither - how individuals perceive themselves and what ❖ Sexual Orientation / Attaction they call themselves which can be the same or different from their sex assigned at birth. Tackles who you are romantically and sexually into. Sexual orientation is all about Gender Identity, in nearly all instances is who you are physically, spiritually, and self-identified, as a result of a combination emotionally attrcted to (specifically intoe of inherent and extrinsic or environmental sexual an romantic attraction), and the labels factors. then to describe the relationships between your gender and the gender types you’re ➔ CISGENDER attracted to. A person whose gender identity matches his or her assigned sex. ➔ Straight (Heterosexual) Attracted to people of the opposite ➔ TRANSGENDER gender. A person whose lived experience do not match their assigned sex. ➔ Gay/Lesbian Attracted to people of the same ➔ TRANSWOMAN gender.  ➔ Bisexual The Philippines has the fastest growing HIV Can be attracted to both men or epidemic in Asia and the Pacific Region. women. 237% increase in annual new HIV infections from 2010 - 2020. THE CHURCH AND SEXUALITY AIDS-related deaths have increased by 315% from 2010 - 2020 and the total HIV ❖ Sexual Intercourse prevalence in the Philippines is less than 1%. The two primary purposes of sexual intercourse are Total estimated number of Filipinos living ➔ Unitive, the process to unite couples with HIV in 2020 has reached 115,100. And ➔ Procreative, the process to create if rapid increase in new infections is more people. sustained, an estimated number of Filipinos living with HIV will triple by 2030 reaching Pope Francis has repeatedly spoken about over 330,000. the need for the Catholic Church to welcome and love all people regardless of sexual Transmitted Through: orientation. ➔ Unprotected Sex ➔ Drug Addicts ➔ Blood Transfusion SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED ➔ Pregnancy INFECTIONS ➔ Non-sterile instruments. In 1984, the first case of HIV in the Not Transmitted Through: Philippines was reported. 1 million STI ➔ Touching cases every day worldwide (WHO, 2016). ➔ Food ➔ Kissing Estimated 357 million each year are infected ➔ Insect Bites by 1 of 4 STI: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, ➔ Swimming in Pools. Syphilis, and Trichomoniasis. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON HIV/AIDS Drug resistance is a challenging esp. for Gonorrhea (WHO, 2018) ❖ Republic Act 8504 Poor young females are found more Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act vulnerable than well-off counterparts of 1998. (Abrigo, na) Public awareness of HIV/AIDS through comprehensive nationwide educational and information campaigns. This brings full protection of human rights and civil liberties of every person suspected or known to have 3. MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF HIV/AIDS. The self in association to his/her ❖ Republic Act 11166 possessions. This new law attempts to address WILLIAM JAMES ON THE “SELF” discrepancies of RA 8504. A man’s self is the sum total of all that he It defines HIV and AIDS education as a can call his, not only his body and his right and also ensures free treatment psychic powers, but his clothes and his provided and stricter policies to enact house, his wife and children, his ancestors against discrmination. and friends, his reputation and works, his lands and horses, and yacht and Prohibits HIV-Related Descrimination such bank-account. All these things give him the as in the workplace and in learning same emotions. If they wax and prosper, he institutions. feels triumphant; if they dwindle and die away, he feels cast down,—not necessarily Allows minors from 15-17 years old to in the same degree for each thing, but in undergo HIV testing without parental much the same way for all. consent with assistance of licensed health or social worker. Material Self refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation my or mine. HOW TO AVOID STIs AND AIDS ❖ Bodily Self ❖ Abstinence Refers to any part of our body. These The most reliable way to avoid infection is entities are clearly an intimate part of who to not have sex, we are. ❖ Mutual Monogamy ❖ Extended Self Means that you agree to be sexually active Refers to anything that is beyond our body with only one person, who has agreed to be (Psychological ownership) sexually active only with you. ❖ Vaccination Vaccines are safe, effective, and recommended ways to prevent hepatitis B and HPV.  FUNCTIONS OF POSSESSIONS attempt to convince himself (and others) that Possessions can go beyond their functional he is the erudite scholar he aspires to be. value: ➔ Influence Even though you are not too smart or not ➔ Power qualified, so long as you wear an expensive ➔ Sympathy watch, an high-class pair of shoes and you ➔ Social status have the latest model of cellphone ➔ Emotions CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION MATERIALISM Consumers own high-priced, status-oriented The importance a consumer attaches to goods to impress others and to convince worldly possessions. The extent to which them of their high social status. consumption becomes the primary source of satisfaction, as well as the dominant mode of LOSS OF POSSESSIONS motivation. SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION MODEL: POSSESSIONS AS SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIONS OF IDENTITY There’s an observation that one’s possessions are considered a part of oneself. They are symbols and extensions of the personal and social aspects of her identity/personhood. Possession helps people define themselves. Possessions can enhance one’s image and develop a positive sense of self. It can be a reassurance that one is the person one's wishes to be. Goods and possessions are used to fill in or to compensate for the person's lack. POSSESSIONS AND SELF - IDENTITY POSSESSIONS AS UNSTABLE MEANINGS A recent Ph.D., for example, may prominently display his diploma in an Meaning is in a constant state of flux. Cultural categories of person that help shape identity are subject to constant manipulation by individuals, social groups, and marketing ➔ Praying the Rosary agents. ➔ Senakulo Meanings of objects that are used to make ❖ Spirituality visible and stabilize the categories of culture Concerns an aspect of the divine and are also subject to frequent change through supernatural but is oftentimes limited to the their appropriation in advertising, in individual, with no need for any formal television programming, and among social organization. This is the search for meaning subgroups. and direction in life and the ways. PETS AS EXTENSIONS OF THE SELF It is a phenomenological experience that has to do with the human being. Pets have become parts of the extended self. Pets belong to the top 5 possessions. The two are related: Although not separate Positive relationship between self esteem from one another, spirituality is much more and owning pets (Covert et al, 1985). The profound than religion. dog as “co-therapist” (Levinson, 1962) STAGES OF FAITH DEVELOPMENT 4. SPIRITUAL SELF FOR ADOLESCENCE. RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY ❖ Synthetic Conventional Stage (Age 12 and up) ❖ Religion Conformity to authority and the religious an organized system of ideas about the development of a personal identity. Any spiritual or supernatural realm, that is conflicts with one's beliefs are ignored at accompanied by rituals. Through rituals, this stage due to the fear of threat from people attempt to influence things that they inconsistencies think are beyond their control. ❖ Individuative-Reflective Stage (Age Religions have rituals/ritu (whatever if done 21 and up) repeatedly). There are two types of ritual (1) Stage of angst and struggle. The individual According to the Calendar (Calendric) and takes personal responsibility for his or her (2) Based on Crisis. beliefs and feelings. As one is able to reflect on one's own beliefs, there is an openness to ➔ Fasting a new complexity of faith, but this also ➔ Healing increases the awareness of conflicts in one's ➔ Offering belief. ➔ Panalanging Walang Patid ➔ Attending Mass ➔ Praying Novena  LOGOTHERAPY ❖ Active Citizenship (VICTOR FRANK) Structured forms of engagement with political processes and everyday forms of Logotherapy aids individuals to find participation in a society. personal meaning of life, whatever life situation they may be. Engaging in such activities can also enhance the efficacy and competence of the younger ❖ Someone - refers to someone special, generation, as they are considered to be the friend, children, and family. “future leaders of the society”. ❖ Deed, Act, or Work - finding POLITICAL SELF AMONG FILIPINOS fulfillment and/or being passionate IN THE PRESENT about one’s work/deed. The SWS survey was conducted through ❖ Suffering - through face-to-face interviews with 1,440 adults 18 rumination/contemplation, we get to years old and above. One out of 4 Filipinos have a deeper sense of our self and looks for senatorial candidates who "will not experiences. be corrupt. 5. POLITICAL SELF Developing a Filipino Identity. An increasing awareness of the deeply dysfunctional and divisive nature of many of our traditional political and economic institutions. POLITICS, CITIZENSHIP, AND THE SELF ❖ Politics Refers to the actions or activities concerned with achieving and using power in a nation ❖ COVID-19 Pandemic and or society. Politics as imbibed by man Implications of Government's implies several things: Response ➔ Concerned with power ➔ Functions based on a particular This is an acid test of every single country’s: social economic and cultural context ➔ Quality of Healthcare ➔ Based on one’s personality ➔ Standard of Governance ➔ Goes hand in hand with the society. ➔ Social Capital If any one of this tripod is weak, it will be exposed, and exposed quite unmercifully by this epidemic. 6. DIGITAL SELF Self and Identity in Cyberspace. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY ➔ Actual Self What you actually have / New field within applied psychology. A What you actually are. Branch of psychology that examines: ➔ How we interact with others using ➔ Ought Self technology What you need to improve ➔ How our behavior is influenced by Technology ➔ Ideal Self ➔ How technology can be developed to What you want to be. best suit our needs. ➔ How our psychological states can be affected by technologies. RESPONSIBLE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA Mainly focused in the world wide web ❖ Smart Sharing specifically Social MediaOther technologies Use guide questions to consider before involved: posting (“Is this post necessary?” or ”Is ➔ Online and offline gaming such as there a real benefit to this funny?”) video games ➔ Mobile Computing ❖ Netiquette ➔ Artificial Intelligence Take into consideration the ABCs of Online ➔ Virtual Reality School Etiquette: ➔ Augmented Reality ➔ Avoid Acronym ➔ Brevity SELF-IDENTITY IN THE CYBERSPACE ➔ Courtesy ➔ Ditching Distractions ❖ Identity ➔ Early Development of one’s self-concept, ➔ Focus and Friendships including one’s thoughts and feelings about ➔ Good Intentions oneself.  DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP symptoms, increasing tolerance (for screen use). ❖ Being Online Information related to how we engage and Failure to reduce or stop screen activities, exist online, it comprises three digital lying about the extent of use, loss of outside domains: access and inclusion, learning and interests, and continuation of screen use creativity and media and information despite adverse consequences. literacy. ❖ Internet Gaming Disorder ❖ Well-being Online It is a pattern of excessive and prolonged Information related to how we feel online, Internet gaming that results in a cluster of comprising another three digital domains: cognitive and behavioral symptoms, ethics and empathy, health and well-being, including progressive loss of control over and e-presence and communications. gaming, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, analogous to the symptoms of ❖ Rights Online substance use disorders. Information related to being accountable online, comprising the final four digital Conditions for further study (DSM-5 domains: active participation, rights and responsibilities, privacy and security and consumer awareness. DIGITAL WORLD ISSUES AND CONFLICTS ❖ Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Exists when an individual is anxious of being left out and feels the constant need to know what the others are doing. It is an anxiety that emanates from the feeling that you are not up to date because of the phase social media and news pass very quickly. ❖ Screen Dependency Disorder Emerging problem (not yet included in DSM-5 and/or ICD-10). Dependent, problematic behavior, including withdrawal