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certain extent, of technology. Speaking of technology, Manny Calayan's and Vicky Belo's names have become by-words in UNIT 2: UNPACKING THE SELF...

certain extent, of technology. Speaking of technology, Manny Calayan's and Vicky Belo's names have become by-words in UNIT 2: UNPACKING THE SELF the beauty industry. Belo's billboards, for example, are William James suggests in his book, The Principles covered with the pictures of exquisitely beautiful and Psychology, (1890), that we look into the aspects of "Self," handsome, well-carved and muscled models. What is their fors better understanding. Deemed to be logical, we unpack message: Come, invest and we will create a new, beautiful the "Self" by discussing individually the six dimensions or you. Of course, many submit themselves to enhancement aspects, name the physical self, material/economic self, procedures. Today, undergoing the procedures, especially spiritual self, politics self, sexual self and digital self. This is when performed by famous names in the industry, has the focus of Chapter Divided into six lessons, each lesson become a status symbol. While there is nothing wrong with investigates fully. enhancing one's appearance, the alterations in the physical self will have life- altering consequences in the personality of CHAPTER 6: THE PHYSICAL SELF the person. And usually, these consequences are negative. The image you are gazing at the mirror is your physical self The following practices are popular among many health - the body, the concrete and tangible part of your 'self' that enthusiasts in keeping themselves physically fit, can be directly seen and examined. youthful and naturally glowing. As you intently examine the details of yourself, you notice the 1. Improve sleeping habit. As the saying goes, early to bed, color of your hair, the skin tone, your body figure, your height early to rise makes Juan healthy, wealthy and wise. It is true. and many other features. All these make up your personal Sleeping early makes one healthier, wrinkle-free, more appearance or personal characteristics; only you have these active, able to maintain a positive disposition and more particular features; no one else but you, and you are productive. identified as "you" because of them They are unique to you ONLY and no other. They make you different from all others. 2. Observe correct eating habit. Valuable suggestions are, eat the right food; avoid junk foods and soda. This practice is Our physical self is the first aspect that is noticed in a person. proven to be good in attaining healthy skin, ideal body weight As such, many would like to enhance their physical and sustained youthfulness. appearance, their God-given looks. And that is commendable. They are entitled to that. however , beyond 3. Do regular exercise. Regular toning of the muscles the looks, we also need to respect and pay particular provides the stamina, energy and strength and keeps one attention to our whole body and being it is God’s gift to us, physically fit and well-shaped. It helps in achieving a healthy with all its natural features. We give value to our physical self core and correct waistline. because it is the seat of all other selves; material/economic self, spiritual self, political self, sexual self and digital self. As 4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle. Sustaining a healthy lifestyle such, we keep it physically healthy, clean and neat and requires discipline in terms of food intake and other habits. beautiful inside out. For example, doing away with drinking and smoking is a prevention against illnesses and diseases. Eating good food In the story of creation, God Himself marvelled at the contributes to having a stronger immune system, like, goodness and beauty of His creation. And to man, whom He preference for fresh vegetables and fruits, rather than canned created last, was given the authority to subdue the earth. For foods and processed meat products. all that God has given us, we manifest our gratitude and respect to God's work by preserving and sustaining 5. Practice right hygiene. Taking a bath daily keeps the skin continually all these gifts through proper care of ourselves clean and healthy. It adds glow to the skin. Applying body and our environment, including the right attitude. lotion, preferably one that has a higher SPF, or derma- tested, protects yourself from the radiation of the sun; apply a As we mature, our idea of what is good and beautiful good quality of body deodorant. Cap this with a dub a favorite changes as we interact with our surrounding, with what we scent. see in others and what we observe in Western culture. We tend to compare ourselves with others, most particularly, in 6. Feel confident. Looking good and feeling clean inside out style and fashion. Now, we are more inclined to imitate and smelling good daily, will make you feel naturally beautiful others; we have the tendency to prefer imported products and proud of yourself. over the locally-made ones. Our standard for what is good and beautiful has also changed, partly because of the As part of the natural course of nature, physical changes influence of Western culture. To many, a beautiful woman has become evident at the onset of puberty. During this period, a long nose, lighter, fairer skin, blonde or colored hair and some changes noticed among the boys are their voice gets slim body figure and other features commonly seen among deeper hair starts to show on their faces. This develop into Western women. So our preference for the 'mestiza' type. mustache, as they progress into adulthood. At this period, they experience rapid growth in a span of two to three years. Our standard of beauty and goodness is further elevated by This is referred to a growth spurt. Also during this period, the flooding of beauty products and the rising of beauty they attain body maturity when they experience ejaculation, salons, gyms for physical fitness and sometimes and to a the ejection of semen through the penis. On the other hand, maturity of the body among the girls is attained when girls perceive himself herself as ambar of the organization or a experience their first menstruation. is at this stage when they nurturing and caring person. become capable of reproduction. Self-concept differs from self-awareness which refers to the More noticeable changes occur when the individual reaches extent to which self-knowledge is defined, consistent and adolescence, the transition between childhood and adulthood currently applicable to one's attitudes and dispositions. This period is divided into three stages, described as follows. Early adolescence stage is between 11-14 years old. It has Self-esteem, on the contrary, refers to how much you been observed that during this period, adolescents would appreciate, value and like yourself. Your self-concept affects rather tell their stories to their peers rather than to their your self-esteem. As what we already discussed, what you family. The middle adolescence stage is between 15-17 hear from other people, their influences and beliefs, including years old, when the children demonstrate consistency to those of your family, contribute to the formation of achieve their goals in life. In the late adolescence stage, self-concept. For instance, one may look at himself herself, between 18-24 years old, they become more concerned of and may form either a positive or negative self-esteem of others rather than, mainly, of themselves. himself/herself. If one's attitude towards his/her physical self is positive, his/her self- esteem is also positive. He/she feels Related to the study of the Self, it is during the late confident to express his/her opinion, decision, or objection, adolescence stage when children notice further the changes toward an issue because he/she trusts himself herself well in their physical self. They become more conscious of how enough. It would be otherwise, if he/ she lacks they look, rather than the other aspects of the Self. self-confidence. Sometimes, they are able to adapt to the changes, but there are others who find these changes difficult to accept. We With self-confidence, one will be able to express himself discussed earlier that the changes in the Self are affected by herself freely. Thus, people with high self-esteem can the surrounding. Thus, their perception of themselves is not establish relationship than those with low solids only affected by these changes in their body, but also by what self-evaluation none at all. It becomes necessary then that people say about them, the culture and the environment one builds his/her or self-esteem. This calls for reflection, and where they grew up. self-knowledge. The philosophy, "know thyself," and "to confidence thyself be true," re-affirms this call. Aware of who Because of those factors, children at this period would need he/she is, he she can start liking or appreciating guidance from their significant others to realize that they himself/herself. What he/she thinks of himself herself is much should not only be concerned of their physical self, as they more important than what others think of him her. should value a much higher goal that lasts and that is, the formation of their positive self-identity, self-image, self-concept and self-esteem. Factors Affecting Growth and Development Self-identity, Self-image, Self-concept, Self-esteem Let us consider the factors that impact the growth There are four important concepts related to physical and development of a person. We will discuss each of them self that we need to fully understand. These are self-identity, for a better appreciation of how we become who and what we self-image, self-concept and self-esteem. are now, Heredity. Heredity is the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through their genes. It When asked to do a self-introduction, what usually would you influences all aspects of physical appearance such as height, tell people about you? In all probability, you would state your weight, body structures, the color of the eye, the texture of name, your status, profession, your place of origin, the place the hair and even intelligence and aptitudes, Diseases are where you reside, your rank in the family- whether you're the also passed through the genes, such as diabetes, heart eldest, or the youngest, as the case may be. If you're a disease, obesity and more. These genetic factors can student, you will mention the name of your school, or the adversely affect the growth of a child. program you're enrolled in. Right? That is how you are known. That is your personal self-identity. There are two biological factors that contribute to a child's growth and development. One is nutrition. Nutrition becomes What about self-image? Self-image refers to the idea one a vital factor in a child's overall development. Prior to birth, a has of his/her abilities, appearance and personality. For mother's diet and overall health plays a role in the child's example, as you stand before the mirror, what do you see? development. The, other is gender. It plays a factor in How do you look? What skills are you capable of doing? All cognitive maturation in that the boys tend to develop and these tell of your self- image, the idea that you have about learn differently from girls. Research suggests that boys have yourself. lower level of school readiness than girls. Intelligence. On the other hand, self-concept is a collection and Intelligence, specifically in emotion, means honestly construction of an individual's thoughts, feelings and beliefs evaluating and paying attention to how you feel. When you that he/she holds about himself/herself and the responses of feel a certain emotion, you do your best to understand and others about him/her. It is active, dynamic and adaptive. It explain it. You are aware of how your actions and emotion responds to the question "Who am I?" Like, one may say, impact not only yourself, but, other people, as well. "I'm a sociable and accommodating person." or, one may Environment.  Our sexual self comprises a complex set of schemas that Environment is observed that a well-nurtured child does allow us to understand and express ourselves as sexual better than a deprived one and the environment that they are beings. We hold self-schemas that pertain to our sex, gender, constantly immersed in contributes to this. For instance, a sexual orientation and sexual expression/responses. good school and a loving family, build in them strong social and interpersonal skills, while excelling in academics and Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics extra- curricular activities. It is different for children who are that define men and women and that constitutes the sex raised in stressful environment, such as poverty and broken categories of male and female (World Health Organization, families.. 2014). It is sometimes referred to as biological or assigned sex as it is based on what a person is eadowed by nature or Geographical influence. Living in an exciting community at birth. that has parks, libraries and community centres for group activities and sports, all play a role in how much a child is Gender, on the other hand, refers to the attitudes, feelings involved. Unlike those who have nowhere to go to play, nor and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's have the opportunity to be with some other children to go biological sex (American Psychological Association, 2012). outside often and spend time playing video games at home, instead of being with other children and interacting with them. Gender identity is an internal awareness of where the individual belongs in the feminine and masculine categories. The world one lives has cultural factors that help shape the One may identify with either of these categories, or neither, child's thought, attitudes and behaviour. Like, in a happy such as in the case of people who label themselves as family where the father and the mother are loving and "gender queer," "gender variant," or "gender fluid." nurturing and showing good role modelling, raising a well-adjusted child is not far behind. Sexual orientation refers to the direction of one's sexual and romantic interests (Rathus, 2014). Categories used to The parent's socio-economic status is another factor. It describe sexual orientation are heterosexual, homosexual can determine many things about the child's early or bisexual. development, like, how he views the world, what, how much and how often he eats in a day, the type of early childhood Finally. we have schemas that guide how we express education he went to, his overall health, or how others view ourselves in sexual relationships. Many might find it easy to him. What happens in a child's life between the ages of two describe themselves simply as men or women because there through five, impacts his later success or failure in life. is congruence in the schemas related to their sexual self. Accidents and incidents that children experienced may also However, as we know there are others who have a different affect their physical development. Print and social media experience and who find that those self- schemas are not in show that kids who have been exposed to repeated trauma agreement with each other. The society at large tends to also could become hypersensitive to physical contact, developing see human beings simply as men or women. in sansorimotor problems Shown in movies and television programs, physical and sexual abuse could lead to many MAMAWA is an abbreviation used for physical health problems. Teachers in schools heard sad "Men-Are-Men-And-Women-Are-Women"assumption. stories of kids who have been traumatized, causing them to suffer from headaches, stomach aches and other somatic Although it could have been better abbreviated 25 symptoms. MAMAWAWA, but that is how it is referred to by Pinel (2014). All these have bearing on human growth and development. It is a simplistic and heuristic reference to what makes a man Make sense out of what had been discussed so far. Evaluate a man and a woman based on age-old traditions and your physical self and decide the shift or shifts you need to perspectives of these two genders. This assumption has adjust in your person, considering the negative comments been strongly questioned now particularly because of the referring to you as part of human experience and a challenge modern roles that males and females play which may no to continually improve your total person. Accepting the longer fit the gender stereotypes. This kind of thinking that challenge and making the necessary shift would be doing views sex or gender as based on core or innate differences, yourself a great favour! pervades most of society. Among the assumptions is that "female hormones" and "male male hormones" fuel the different sexes leading to differences in their shape and behavior. Others tend to quickly summarize their CHAPTER 7: THE SEXUAL SELF assumptions about sex or gender differences with lines such Our self-concept refers to the knowledge and belief that we as men are from Mars and women are from Venus. While we have and the evaluation that we make about ourselves. The may be drawn by the simplicity and comfortable social elements of our self-concept are self-schemas, or those implications of "mamawa," this assumption is flawed (Pinel, specific beliefs that help us organize and guide our 2014). This assumption over emphasizes the role of nature processing of self- relevant information (Myers & Twenge, and explains differences between males and females mainly 2017). These schemas provide direction to our action and from this perspective. k is important, however, to understand coherence to our identity. the interplay between nature and nurture in our conception of the sexual self. Therefore, the intended learning outcome of this Chapter is to expand our understanding about the sexual ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles (Witchel & Lee, 2014). self by looking at its multiple dimensions that consist of both The Müllerian system, on the other hand, has the capacity to biological and environmental influences. form into the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the upper portion of the vagina (Goodman, 2009) LESSON 1: THE BIOLOGICAL SEX Our biological sex begins with the sex chromosomes that we inherit from our parents during the time of fertilization, that is the fusion of the sex cells of our parents. These sex chromosomes are so called, because they genetically program the organism to develop either along a female or male line. The mother's egg cells typically carry an X chromosome while the father's sperm cells are split into two- half have has X chromosomes while the other half have has Y chromosomes. If the sperm with an X chromosome fertilizes the egg cell first, then the resulting XX pair of sex chromosomes produces a girl. However, if the one with a Y chromosome successfully unites with the egg cell, then the XY pair produces a boy. It should be noted though that the X and Y chromosomes are not named after their shape but to indicate the difference in their appearance. X chromosomes are bigger than the Y chromosomes that on earlier investigation appeared to lack a small arm. While this carliest event that happened in our lives when we were yet a zygote, or a single-cell organism, assigned us to a particular sex, it did not lead to an automatic divergence of sexual development in boys and in girls. In fact, sex is initially undifferentiated in the embryo up until a certain time. Most importantly, sexual development basically follows a natural principle that genetically programmed all human beings to develop female bodies (Freberg, 2010). In the case of males, there was an interference in the course that led them to develop male bodies; otherwise they could have developed female bodies. There are important stages that distinctly defined the development of our biological sex first, during the prenatal stage when the gonads, internal organs and external genitalia are formed and then, in the pubertal stage when the secondary sex characteristics develop. Sexual Development Prenatal Stage Gonads External Organs At 6 weeks after fertilization, regardless of gender, all At 6 weeks after fertilization, the external embryos have identical primordial gonads (primordial reproductive organs for both males and females-begin to meaning "existing at the beginning) (Pinel, 2014). The differentiate from initially the same 4 parts: the glans, the identical pair of gonadal structures consists of an outer urethral folds, the lateral bodies and the labioscrotal covering, or cortex that has the potential to become an ovary swellings (Pinel, 2014). The glans develops into the head of and an inner core, or medulla, that can potentially become a the penis in the male or clitoris in the female; the urethral testis. (See Figure 1 Earliest sexual development) At about 6 folds fuse in the male while become enlarged as the labia weeks after conception, the SRY gene (so named because it minor a in the female, the lateral bodies form the shaft of the is found in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome penis in the male or the hood of clitoris in the female; and the of the male embryos) triggers the synthesis of SRY protein labioscrotal swellings form the scrotum in the male or the (Arnold, 2004). This protein causes the internal part, or the labia major a in the female. medulla, of each gonad to grow and develop into testes. In female embryos that lack the SRY gene that encodes the Puberty Stage SRY protein, the primordial gonads automatically develop As children transition into adulthood, they pass the into ovaries. Internal Organs Until about the third month in puberty stage that is characterized by adolescent growth the prenatal development, both embryos possess the same spurt, maturity of the external genitalia and the development reproductive ducts including a male Wolffian system and a of secondary sex characteristics. Secondary sex female Müllerian system (Freberg, 2010). The Wolffian characteristics are those physical changes that distinguish system has the potential to develop into the male sexual maturity in women and in men. The changes that reproductive ducts comprising the epididymis, vas deferens, occur during puberty are mainly caused by increased production of hormones. The anterior pituitary releases high system, develop ambiguous external genitalia such as an levels of growth hormone that acts directly on the bones and enlarged clitoris and fused labia and in some cases, no muscle tissues resulting in growth spurt (Pinel, 2014). The vaginal opening. Behavior is also affected, in which they hypothalamus releases the gonadotropin-releasing hormone display tomboyishness engage more in male-related (GnRH) that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release activities and are more likely to engage in bisexual and two gonadotropic hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone lesbian behavior. However, it should be noted that majority of (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (Freberg, 2010). Both women with CAH are heterosexual and that the majority of hormones are present in males and females but produce bisexual and lesbian women do not have CAH or other different effects. In males, FSH and LH cause the testes to similar conditions. release testosterone while in females, they stimulate the ovaries to produce estradiol (most common type of estrogen). 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency. The testes also produce estradiol in low amount; similarly, the Individuals born with this condition have a deficient enzyme ovaries release androgens, including testosterone, in small known as 5-Alpha-reductase that converts testosterone into amount. 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The higher the levels of androgen than estrogen, The 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is responsible for the masculinization occurs. Thus, in the case of males, masculinization of the external organs of fetus. Those with transformations include development of muscle mass and this condition have ambiguous external genitals and are strength, broadening of shoulders and chest, growth of facial commonly raised as girls. At puberty, increased levels of and body hair including in the underarm, abdomen, chest and testosterone lead to the development of male secondary sex pubic area, enlargement of the larynx and the deepening of characteristics. In a surprising turn of events, these voice. Likewise, the more abundant amount of estrogen than individuals raised as girls develop normal male external androgen results in feminization. In females, typical changes organs and take a male gender identity. include enlargement of breasts, changes in fat distribution and quantity, widening of the hips, growth of body hair in the The Case of John/Joan underarm and pubic area and maturity of the uterus. The case of John/ Joan, or Bruce Peter Reimer in real life, created one of the greatest controversies about the Abnormalities in Sexual Development effects of nature and nurture in one's sexual identity. His life For the majority, the processes by which the gonads, has been the subject of many books, documentaries and tv the internal and external organs develop produce and shows. Gaetano (2017) described Bruce's life as follows. unabigous male or female. However, there are certain Bruce was born a biological male, whose penis was conditions in which sex characteristics including irreparably damaged during circumcision. Upon the advice of chromosome, sex hormone, and external and internal an expert known as John Money, Bruce's parents decided to reproductive organs, do not fit with the typical male or female raise him as a girl. Bruce underwent a surgery in which an biological make-up. Among the inter sex conditions described artificial vagina was created. He was also given female below by Freberg, (2010) & Pinel (2014) are Androgen hormones during puberty. After reassignment, Bruce was Insensitivity Syndrome (AIST), Androgenital Syndrome, given the name Brenda. Since infancy, Bruce/Brenda and 5-alpha-Reductase Deficiency. together with his twin brother Brian regularly came to visit Money and were unknowingly the subjects of Money's Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS). experiments. Money's academic works endorse the theory Individuals who win AIS have an XY genotype but develop a that gender is a social construct and that it is fluid particularly female appearance Remember that in male embryos, their early in life. His works had provided justification for the sex testes produce androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone. In the reassignment surgeries of thousands of children who were case of AIS, there is a mutation in the androgen receptors born with abnormal genitals. such that they become unresponsive, or it is as if no androgens are released. This non. reactivity to androgen Money had provided the public a very interesting report about prevents the development of the Wolffian system, which is John Joan, the pseudonym he used for Bruce/Brenda, partly the antecedent of the male internal organ Because the because of the availability of data of Bruce's twin brother anti-Müllerian hormone functions normally, the internal Brian. Money reported a successful transition for Brenda female reproductive system does not also fully develop describing her as girlish, in stark contrast to her twin brother's resulting to a shallow vagina, with no uterus, fallopian tubes boyishness. However, Bruce debunked these claims as an and ovaries. Although individuals with AIS are genetic males adult and recounted the trauma and anguish he suffered many have married and maintained their female gender while growing up. He reported that even as a child, he identity and physical appearance. experienced great distress over his assigned sex, now known today as gender dysphoria. Although he grew up, Androgenital Syndrome. programmed as a girl including engaging in girl's activities The Androgenital syndrome is due to congenital adrenal and interest and was subjected to estrogen regimen by age hyperplasia (CAH), a heritable condition in which there is 12, he had never identified himself as a girl. In fact, he increased level of androgens. This has little observable resented the changes that happened in his body like the effects in males because they are typically exposed to high development of his breasts. At 13, he threatened to commit levels of androgens. Females born with CAH, who have suicide if his parents would force him to go to Money for their higher than typical amounts of androgen circulating in their annual visit. At 15, his father revealed to him his medical history, Immediately afterward, he assumed a male identity, Gender expression renaming himself as David. He then began male hormone Or the manner by which people express themselves therapy and went to surgery for removal of his breasts and and behave may be true to their gender identity such as reconstruction of a penis. He subsequently married. when they convey their sense of femininity or masculinity outwardly. This may occur naturally for the majority, that their actions are effortless. However, there are some people LESSON 2: GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION whose gender expression does not match their gender identity and who are more comfortable presenting herself in Gender masculine ways such as wearing a man’s clothing or a man Gender is a term that is used to describe the who is acting in feminine ways such as being fussy with characteristics, whether biologically or socially-influenced, house decors. However, there are those who undergo that people use to define males and females (Myers & transexual surgery but who still keep their original gender Twenge, 2017). It is shaped by cultural expectations and identity and even their sexual orientation. Celebrities like social roles that affect people's self. concept, behaviors and Caitlyn Jenner and Angie King are biologically male, but aspirations (Rathus, 2014). We basically learn about our became transwomen and they remained to be heterosexual gender and to act accordingly, that is based on our gender in sexual orientation. This brings us to the next topic. roles, through a lifelong socialization process. Even before we were born, a name was chosen for us usually based on Sexual Orientation our gender. Sexual orientation refers to the stable pattern of attraction or sexual interest that one has to a member of a Then we grew up exposed to gender-specific activities and particular sex It can also mean the complete absence of any are encouraged and rewarded for what are considered as sexual interest, Sexual orientation should not be mistaken as gender-appropriate roles and behaviors. For instance, sexual behavior because they are not necessarily the same. women have always been expected to perform housework For instance, there are some people who engage in and childcare, while men are responsible for the household same-sex behavior and fantasy but maintain a strong repair. Women dominate in teaching and nursing while men, heterosexual orientation (Freberg, 2010). Majority of the in the world of engineering and mining. Certainly, there have people have heterosexual orientation, that is, their sexual been changes in the gender roles over time but there are interest is towards people of the opposite sex. Others have cultural expectations and gender stereotypes that remain homosexual orientation in which their sexual and romantic deeply ingrained in society. interests are with same sex individuals and they are either gay or lesbian. There are others whose orientations do not The awareness of one's gender identity usually starts with fall from the aforementioned categories. Table 2 lists the self-categorization that influences individuals to engage in different sexual orientation of people (Keener, 2015). gender-typed behaviors (Keener, 2015). In Bem's (1981) gender schema theory, our identification as man or woman affects our development, because it directs what we pay attention to and process. Gender is traditionally understood based on binary categories: male/masculine and female/feminine. Typically, girls and boys grow up to be more inclined to notice and to engage in behaviors that are expected of their gender. However, there are people who cannot identify with either of these binary categorization and who find their interests and inclinations to be also non-typical. Below are different terminologies compiled by Keener (2015) to help us understand this broad range of gender identity. Factors Contributing to Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation has been examined from the nature and nurture perspectives, or based on the biological make-up of the individual and environmental influences. Biological factor There is an evidence of genetic link in sexual orientation. It was found that 52% monozygotic twins, whose genetic codes are nearly identical, share a gay male sexual The general expectation is that individuals will identify orientation, as compared with 22% fraternal twins (Rathus, with their biological sex (based on their inherited XY and 2014; Pinel, 2014). XX chromosomes and the sexual organs they possess), establish their gender identity (based on gendered- roles), be A line of investigation that is increasingly anchored to explain attracted towards the opposite sex (be heterosexual in about homosexuality is on the fraternal birth order effect. It is romantic relationships) and express themselves based on seen that the probability of becoming a homosexual man cultural norms. increases with the number of older brothers, as compared to men who have no siblings, have younger siblings only, or For instance, a genetic female is expected to embrace older sisters (Blanchard & Lippa, 2007; Blanchard, 2004). herself as a woman, be attracted to a male and to behave in The effect was quite large, in which the probability of being feminine ways e.g. to dress up in typical women's clothing gay increases by 33.3% for every older biological brother that However, in our present society, there are more and more he has (Puts, Jordan& Breedlove, 2006). The explanation for cases of individuals that do not conform to the traditional this is the maternal immune hypothesis in which there are expectations of a man or woman. The idea of the sexual self some mothers who become progressively immune to as based on a binary of women w categorization occurs with masculinizing hormones as they bear male fetuses and such humans not universal and could not accurately describe hormones may be deactivated in the later pregnancies of those individuals whose gender identity, expression, or their sons (Blanchard, 2004). sexual preference may be somewhere between those two categories. The multidimensional aspect of the sexual self is There is also the assumption that sexual orientation is well depicted in the Genderbread Person. See Figure associated with sex hormones. There is little evidence on this 2(Image is free to use. Source:Killermann, 2019). Heterosexual and Homosexual people do not differ in amount of hormones circulating in their bodies. Also, although there is some condition of CAH, which involves prenatal exposure to androgen and that are associated with some women engaging in bisexual and lesbian behaviors. However, the majority of women with CAH have heterosexual orientation. Further, because experiments involving hormone exposure in pregnancy is not possible, more of the studies are done with non-humans. Therefore, those studies do not necessarily explain what can possibly occur with human beings. Environmental factor Social-cognitive theorists provide explanation for how sexual orientation could possibly develop. They particularly look into the antecedents and consequences of the behavior. They look into the process of observational and experiential learning Some of the theories for homosexual orientation include ear exposure to an enjoyable male-male or female-female sexual encounters, the inavailability of a sexual partner of the opposite sex in one's cultural group, or LESSON 3: SEXUAL BEHAVIOR as reported by some, an experience of childhood sexual Sex Hormones and Sexual Motivation abuse by someone of the same gender that influences their Sex hormones are important in our sexual own sexual orientation (Rathus, 2014). Many critics point out development for their developmental and activating effects though that sexual orientation is not simply a matter of sexual (Pinel, 2014). Fron our previous discussion, we learned that preference, such as choosing what particular sex one would sex hormones influence our sexual development from partner with. Instead, it is argued to be stemming from conception to sexual maturity They promote the development discovery, of finding the particular sex that one is attracted to. of the sex organs and secondary sex characteristics of males Further, for the majority, they already know their sexual and females. Further, sex hormones are responsible for orientation even before they are exposed to sexual activating the reproduction-related behaviors of sexually encounters or relationships, such as in the case of children mature adults that includes the sexual drives and responses. who at an early age already identified themselves as gay or lesbian. In women, both estradiol and testosterone are implicated as the hormones critical in modulating women's sexual desires. Multidimensional View of the Sexual Self Estradiol is produced by the ovaries while the testosterone is From the earlier discussions, a distinction has been produced by both the ovaries and adrenal glands. However, made about biological sex, sexual orientation, gender identity literature is mixed when it comes to which one has the and gender expression. These variables are related with strongest influence in increasing women's sexual desire. each other as they exist in one person, however, as noted There were studies indicating that testosterone has the earlier, they are not necessarily congruent with each other. greatest impact on sexual activity (Freberg, 2010). Consequently, pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in the development of androgen therapies for women with low libido, however, there has been no FDA - approved Sexual Response androgen therapies to date. There were studies however, Sexual desire is typically higher in men than in that showed that estradiol increases sexual desire in post- women (var Anders, 2012). Men reported to be more open to menopausal women (e.g. Cappelletti & Wallen, 2016). casual sex and multiple sex partners while women are more likely to combine sex with romantic relations (Rathus, 2014). Women's sexual behavior has been shown to differ from William Masters and Virginia John(1966) found that males non-primate mammals. Women are sexually receptive under and females tend to produce the same biological responses any hormonal condition and irrespective of their levels of to sexual stimulation including vasocongestion and myotonia, sexual desire (Wallen, 2001). Although, there are reports, Vasocongestion refers to the swelling of the bodily tissues however, of more sexual interest around the time of due to increased blood flow that causes erection of the penis ovulation. Sexual behavior is also associated with cultural and the swelling of the nipples and the surrounding area of and social norms. For instance, sexual intercourse is often the vagina. Myotonia is muscle contraction and tension that avoided during menstruation, or increases during causes spasms of orgasm and spasms of the hands and celebrations or holidays in some cultural context. feet. With adequate sexual stimulation, natural responses including erection, vaginal lubrication and orgasm are Similarly, men's sexual behaviors are influenced by external achieved. Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the sexual factors such as culture and social relationships. There are response cycle as consisting of four phases: excitement, some cultures and religions that give more freedom for men plateau, orgasmic and resolution. to have multiple sexual partners. Also, relationship problems including poor communication, trust issues, unresolved Excitement phase conflicts and loss of attraction affect one's sexual desire. For males, the penis becomes erect, the scrotal skin Further, physical and mental health are known to affect thickens and becomes less baggy and the testes increase in sexual well-being. Therefore, male sexual motivation and size and become elevated. In females, excitement is seen in behavior are not entirely driven by sex hormones. the engorgement of the clitoris and the labia and expansion Unarguably though, testosterone plays an important role in of the inner parts of the vagina. Vaginal lubrication also controlling and synchronizing male sexual desire and starts. There is increased heart rate and blood pressure. arousal. In meta-analysis study, testosterone therapy is used to improve low desire and erectile dysfunction (Corona, Plateau phase Isidori, Aversa, Burnett, & Maggi, 2016).. This phase is an advanced state of arousal before the orgasm. This is characterized by a somewhat stable state Erogenous Zones in the cycle. In males, there is a slight increase in the size of Stimulation of the erogenous zones or those areas in the circumference of the head of the penis. The testes are the human body that have heightened sensitivity, can elevated in preparation for ejaculation. In females, further produce sexual responses including arousal, sexual thoughts vasocongestion is seen in the swelling of the outer part of the and/or fantasies and orgasm. They are found all over the vagina and the full expansion of the inner vagina. The clitoris body and are quite complex and intricately connected. Males shortens as it withdraws beneath the clitoral hood. Breathing and females appear to have effectively the same distribution becomes more rapid, heart rate increases and blood of erogenous zones. This was the finding derived from a pressure continues to rise. systematic study on the magnitude of arousal for various body parts between men and women (Turnbull, Lovett, & Orgasmic phase Chaldecott, 2014). (See Table 1 below listing 10 from the 41 Male orgasm involves muscle contractions that body parts reperted). Although, it was reported that women propel semen from the body. Sensations of pleasure tend to reported greater sensitivity in several body parts. Thus, it is be related to the strength of the contractions and the volume not entirely right to claim that women have a greater diversity of the seminal fluid. The most intense are usually the first of erogenous zones. It is however clear that women three to four contractions and take place at 0.8 experience higher erotic intensity for some of body parts. second-intervals (five contractions happening every four seconds). The succeeding contractions appear more slowly. Orgasm in female involves rhythmic contractions of the vaginal walls, anal sphincter and uterus. As with males, contractions occur at 0.8 second intervals. Pleasurable sensations are subjectively located in the different areas of the genital region. Weaker and slower contractions follow. Blood pressure and heart rate reach a peak and respiration also increases. Resolution Phase In the post-orgasm phase, the body returns to its pre-aroused state. Men lose their erection and enter a refractory period during which they cannot experience another orgasm or ejaculate. The testes and scrotum also return to their normal size. Females do not experience a refractory period and therefore can become quickly rearoused to the point of multiple orgasm if they want to and anxious-avoidant (Feist, & Roberts, 2018). Securely attached if there is continued sexual stimulation. infants are happy and enthusiastic upon the return of their mothers. They demonstrated confidence in the accessibility Love, Lust and Attachment and responsiveness of their caregiver. Anxious-resistant was Sexual relationships can be described based on the displayed by infants through ambivalence. They were kind or level of relationship that is shared between partners. unusually upset when their mothers left the room. When their At the basic level is sex which is a physical or biological need mothers returned, they seek contact but at the same time aimed at releasing sexual tension and experiencing pleasure reject their mothers' soothing attempt. These infants give and satisfaction. Without any deep connection, partners contradictory message to their mothers. engaging in sexual intercourse merely satisfy their lust. Anxious-avoidant style was seen in infants who were calm Lust is enjoyment in the "here and now" with little to when their mothers leave them but also were indifferent on no consideration of long-term commitment (Förster, Özelsel, their mothers' return. Both the insecurely attached different & Epstude, 2010). In modern times, this takes the form of on unable to fully explore and engage in effective play in hook-ups, one-night stands, or “friends wit benefits. When these experimental situations. These early styles are said to partners are not only physically desire, but most importantly influence the kind of attachment an adult forms with a seek for an enduring union with each other, sexual partner. Securely attached adults are relaxed, open to relationship already elevates to a higher plane. Romantic interdependence and has adequate trust on their partner. love is usually associated with attachment goals and sharing of a life together Anxious-resistant are worried about abandonment, feel unsure about their lovability and afraid to fully trust the There are many perspectives about romantic love and one is partner. Anxious-avoidant are dismissive and uncomfortable presented here that is Robert Sternberg's (1988) triangle of intimacy, valuing more their independence. mode of love. The triangle comprises three essential component Intimacy, passion and commitment. LESSON 4: SEXUAL HEALTH Intimacy refers to the couple's sense of closeness and the presence of mutual concen and sharing of feelings Sexual health is described as a state of physical, and resources. emotional and social well-being in relation to sexuality not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Passion means romance and sexual feelings. Further, it requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships for the possibility of Commitment means deciding to enhance and maintain pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, the relationships. discrimination and violence (World Health Organization, 2002). Passion is most crucial in short-term relationships while intimacy and commitment are more important in The succeeding sections provide us with information about enduring relationships. protecting sexual health including sexually transmitted diseases and methods of contraception. The ideal form of love consummate love combines all three. How is attachment formed? There are two perspectives that Sexually-transmitted Diseases (STDs) would provide explanations one is biological and the other, Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually is psychological. transmitted infections (STIs) are spread generally through sexual contact, including anal, vaginal, or oral sex. STDs can From the biological point of view, certain hormones such be caused by bacteria such as in the cases of gonorrhea, as oxytocin influence bonding in romantic relationships. syphilis, and chlamydia, by parasites such as in Although oxytocin is released in both men and women during trichomoniasis, or by viruses such as in human orgasm, but it is released in higher levels in women during papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and childbirth and breastfeeding. It also appears to be highly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). associated to women's feelings of romantic love than in men whose higher levels of testosterone raise their sexual desires In the Philippines, the most common STDs are syphilis, HPV, (Freberg, 2010) HSV, and HIV. There were a total of 665 syphilis patients 2,053 HPV-infected patients. 977 patients with herpes A psychological explanation of romantic attachment is reported between 2011 and 2018 by the Philippines anchored on Mary Ainsworth's theory on types of Dermatological Society (PDS). A total of 69, 512 HIV cases attachment style. Attachment theorists believe that the have been reported to the HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the earliest mother. Child bond influences adult relationships Philippines (HARP) since the first recorded case of HIV including romantic partnerships. Ainsworth and her infection in the country in 1984. Based on the July 2019 colleagues experimented with mothers and infants and report of HARP, the average number of people newly examined how infants reacted when their mothers left the diagnosed with HIV per day in 2019 is 35, which is a stark room for a few minutes and then returned. Three attachment contrast in 2008, when new diagnosing only averaged 1 per styles were observed secure, anxious-resistant and day (Department of Health Epidemiology Bureau, 2019). Further, majority of the cases were among the males aged and Days 20 through start of next menstruation are safe 25-34 years old, although a significant increase what also days. In the Calendar Rhythm Method, the woman starts by noted in the last five years among the female youth. monitoring her menstrual cycle for 6 cycles. Then she estimates her first day and last day of fertile time. The first Individuals at risk for STDs are those who engage in day of her fertile time is computed by subtracting 18 from the unprotected sex, have multiple sexual partners, have history length of her shortest recorded cycle. Her last day of fertile of STDs and those who misuse alcohol and drugs and share time is computed by subtracting 11 from the length of her needles with other people. To eliminate the risk of acquiring longest recorded cycle. For example, if in the last 6 cycles, STD, it is advised to avoid risky behaviors. Sexual her shortest menstrual cycle was 27 days, 27-18-9. Day 9 is abstinence is the best kind of protection for those who are her estimated first day of fertile time. If in the last 6 cycles, not in a committed relationship as hook-ups with random her longest cycle was 31 days, 311120, so Day 20 is her last people only increase the chance of STDs. For those sexually day of fertile time. Thus, she is fertile from Day 9 through Day active, some safe sex practices include staying in a long-term 20 and can have unprotected sex on Day 21 (World Health monogamous relationship in which sexual intercourse is Organization, 2018). All women can use calendar-based exclusive only between two uninfected partners, using methods, however, it is important that the method is used or condoms consistently and correctly not abusing alcohol or followed correctly. drugs as this can led to risky sexual behaviors. Symptoms-based methods require monitoring the woman's Symptoms of STD may vary depending on the type and may fertility signs. Among the signs are the cervical secretions, manifest differently between men and women that have the and basal body temperature and other fertility signs. A same STD. Symptoms may include painful or frequent woman has her observe her bodily reactions for 3-6 urination, unusual discharge from the penis or vagina and menstrual (monthly) cycles to get a good picture of her fever although STDs may occur without any symptom (US fertility signals Department of Health and Human Services, 2019) A major barrier in STD prevention and control is the social stigma Withdrawal is also a natural contraception method known as associated with STD. Stigmatizing beliefs and fear of coitus interrupt us and pull out. The main withdraws his discrimination have been shown to influence help-seeking penis from partners vagina before ejaculation to keep the behaviors among those infected (Vista, 2018). Thus, it is semen away from the partner's genitals. necessary to promote awareness and encourage infected individuals to seek for testing and treatment in order to Artificial Methods reduce the symptoms, eliminate, or help keep the STD under The main types of artificial contraception include control. long-actin reversible contraception (LARC), hormonal methods, barrie methods, emergency contraception and Methods of Contraception (Natural And Artificial) sterilization. They a discussed below (Eunice Kennedy Contraception is the deliberate use of certain Shriver National Institute q Child Health and Human methods to prevent pregnancy. It has a range of health Development, 2017). benefits including delaying pregnancies in young girls, reducing unwanted pregnancies, spacing pregnancies, The common LARC are intrauterine device (IUD) that is limiting number of children and securing maternal and child small, T-shape device inserted into the uterus and health (World Health Organization, 2019). Contraception may implantable roc that is match-sized, flexible and plastic rod use either natural or artificial methods. The most appropriate inserted under the skie of the woman's upper arm. Health method for contraception depends on the woman's overall care providers or physicians ar needed to use these devices. health, age, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual Both the IUD and implantable rod remain in place for years partners, future plans of having a child or children and history until their recommended length of usage and they can be of particular diseases in the family (Eunice Kennedy Shriver removed or replaced when they are no longer needed. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2017). The hormonal methods use hormones and/or synthetic hormones to prevent pregnancy. They are introduced to the Natural Family Planning body as injectable birth control, i.e. Depo-Povera, It is also known as periodic abstinence and fertility progestin-only pills (POPs) combined oral contraceptives awareness methods. Fertility awareness means that the (COCs, "the pill"), contraceptive patch and vaginal ring. woman must be able to tell her fertility time or when she can become pregnant. This is done through calendar-based or Barrier methods prevent sperm from entering the uterus. symptoms- based methods that can be used alone but most Male condoms, female condoms, contraceptive sponges and effective when use in combination. Calendar-based methods spermicides are barrier methods that do not require health require monitoring the menstrual cycle for fertile days, when care provider visit while diaphragms and cervical caps the couple must abstain from sexual activity or use other require so. contraceptive methods and for safe days when the couple can have unprotected sex. Day 1 is always counted as the Emergency contraception can be used in situations when a first day of a woman's monthly bleeding. In Standard Days condom breaks or after an unprotected sex. It can be in the Method, in which a woman has 26 to 32 days menstrual form of copper IUD or as an emergency contraceptive pill cycle, Days 8 through 19 are fertile days. Days 1 through 7 (ECPs).  object into the surface of our body, we invest that object into Sterilization procedures are often permanent and irreversible. the consciousness of our personal existence taking in its It is usually done through surgery. Tubal ligation involves contours to be our own and making it a part of the self. This cutting, tying or sealing the fallopian tubes. The male is true. When you wear a new dress that fits you to a tee, you counterpart is vasectomy, in which the vas deferens are cut, feel that you and your dress become one! closed or blocked. However, nonsurgical procedure is sterilization implant which permanently blocks the fallopian Clothes are very important to us. They protect our body from tube but without performing incision. extreme temperature. They enhance our physical appearance. This is the reason why we are careful in choosing the style, color and the quality of the material used. We want to look at our best with whatever we use. CHAPTER 8: THE MATERIAL SELF The Aspects of Material/Economic Self Material self Our choice of clothing is one of the best ways to distinguish is a dimension of the self that relates to physical materials. our social class, as well as our culture, our profession or We are made aware of them by what we see in commercials occupation and our sex preference. In fact, the first on television, what we hear over the radio and what we read impression of people about us is based on the clothes we in the print and social media, like newspapers and wear, the brand, the color and our accessories, like, our bags magazines, social platforms like Twitter, Facebook page, and shoes and other things we consider our own. It is a YouTube and Private Messages. reflection of our personality, our character and even our attitude. Material self refers to our body, as well as the tangible objects, places, things that we describe as "My" or Equally important as our clothing is our choice of style and "Mine." material of the clothes we wear. A style that suits our person and the material of the fabric that suggests good taste, may It has two sub-classes: cause us certain sensations that can affect our attitudes and the body self, referring to our body and all its parts behaviors. We exude a pleasing personality, confident and the extra-corporeal self, beyond the body, which, beautiful, because we are wearing the latest style in fashion, according to Rosenberg (1979), is our extended self. made out of quality material, done by our favorite couturier, the fit of which perfectly flows with the contour of our body. All It includes all the people, places, things that we regard as these contribute to the feeling of assurance and OURS. It can also refer to our possessions. All components self-confidence. of objects we possess are our own instinctive preferences coupled with the most important interests in life. The third essential part of Material self is our family, the source of our life, the single, most important influence on a William James said that the Material self basically refer to child's life. At the first moment of life, the child depends on body, the parents to protect and provide for his/her needs. The clothes, parents are present to serve as role model on how to act and immediate family experience the world around him/her. A child grows up home. according to what he's he sees and lives in the family. The kind of world he/she lives with his/her family could set his/her Of these four components, let us consider first our body, the sail towards life. His her moral sense of value and personality most part of Material self. Self and body are intimately are shaped in the family. Based from our own experience, the attached. A we discussed in Lesson 1, our body is of prime world in which we live shows us how truly our family importance to us We value it the most. We keep it healthy influences us. Thus, as popularized by one TV jingle, family and in good condition because if our body is not well, our is forever. other selves will suffer. For example, if our body is sick, our total well-being will be affected we cannot go to work and fail The family signifies love and hope; it gives the members a to attend to our responsibilities, our attitude toward others sense of purpose and goal. As communicated within the may be affected and we cannot appreciate the world around family. every member strives to live a life in accord with what us. But if our body is healthy, relationships can be much the family aspires to achieve. With the family, we share and better. celebrate our successes; it is, likewise, with the family that we seek support and comfort if we fall short of what the Some of us have some special attachment, some closeness, members expect of us. Our family is the replica of ourselves. to some of our body parts. Like, we pay more attention to our eyes, nose, body shape and contours. In our study of the We value our dignity and integrity and respect our name physical self we saw how much money and effort some because it symbolizes us. We respect family principles, roles people invest just to take care of certain body parts. and values. It is in our family that we first learn and experience respect for authority, as we look up to the father Now let us look at clothing, which, according to James, is as head, the mother as support, the children as followers or the second most essential part of the Material self. James members. In our family we learn the values of working idea was complemented by Herman Lotze, in his book, together, respecting the rights of members, cooperating with Microcosmus Lotze commented that anytime we bring an one another and living in solidarity with the others. These we wants under the sun, without leaving the comfort of home. bring with us to the wider community. Different goods and services are made known to consumers through advertisements on TV and radio commercials, the In the family, we live out family tradition, the ways of the social and print media magazines and newspapers, facebook family in the past, lived out to the present. For instance, we and others. hear of family of doctors, of politicians, engineers, or teachers. As the parents were, so are the children. This is Sad to note, but people are just willing to submit themselves true in many families. This might even be true in your own to these allurements. And they become materialistic. family. Commercialism and consumerism have successfully created in us the desire to acquire more, to update and upgrade our Setting aside family time is necessary to keep the bond and gadgets and buy more, to keep up with the trends. love for each other alive. Members may spend time together through different activities, like worshiping God together on We are what we buy and what we have. So, what should we Sundays and other occasions, spending weekends together consider if we want to buy something or upgrade anything we by the beach, traveling and vacationing together, or by simply already have? Our decision will depend on some factors. For cleaning the house or the car, together. These allow example, we need to confront ourselves with this reality: Can members of the family to play, laugh, and eat together and we afford? If we can afford it, is it necessary to buy it, other similar activities. Being present for and with one upgrade it, or we just simply want it? another enhances unity and closer relationships besides living out the family values. To decide objectively, we should clearly differentiate what we NEED from what we WANT. Needs are those that are basic Maintaining family ties is as important as family time. The to our survival, like, food, clothing and shelter. We buy them essence of being family has to be sustained by connecting regularly because they are necessary for our daily with family members and relatives. Special occasions like subsistence. Christmas Day, New Year, Easter Sunday may not be good reasons for family reunions, when members young and old Wants, on the other hand, are those that do not warrant come together to renew relationships and meet new necessity. Meaning, we can do without them.. members of the family. In the process of acquiring material possessions, smart The fourth essential part of Material self is the home. Our consumers consider their capacity to buy and their economic home is our source of life; it is where our heart is. It is our self- sufficiency. Some people would satisfy first their need in sanctuary where we can relax, rest and enjoy life with friends daily life; they curtail their wants knowing their ability to and family. It is in our home where we could be our real consistently meet their needs. But there are others who selves. It is our safest refuge. It is a symbol of our security. choose more luxurious materials, buy high-end brands because they are aware of their economic identity and Some families put a premium on the structure, style, size and economic status. They are rich and sustainable. So their the overall make-up of their house because they reflect the choices project class, elegance and affluence, reflecting their economic and social status of the family. While this is social status. But whether a person is meeting his needs, or important, it is not always a guarantee that it is a home based satisfying his wants, his material possessions and choices on the value of a happy home where everyone wants to reflect his personality, aspiration and self-identity. experience acceptance and whose rights are respected. Neil Young, in his song, Home, Home, on the Range, expresses it Roland Barthes (1915-1980), a French Critical theorist, was eloquently: Oh, give me a home, where the buffalos roam, the first to observe the relationship that people have with where the deer and the antelope play; where seldom is heard objects. According to him, a sign has two elements, the a discouraging word and the sky is not cloudy all day. signifier, referring to its physical form and the signified, referring to one's mental concept about the object and Our home can say a lot about us. It is a witness to our its effect on him. So we can say that a person buys the becoming who and what we are. It is where we learned our object because he believes it is a reflection of who and what first footsteps, uttered our first words, learned how to make his is. choices and decisions, whether to love or hate; it is also where we first experienced success or failure. Likewise, he introduced semiology, a study of objects and signs. Our home is an extension of our self. It is where we develop our sense of what is right and wrong and form our personality According to him, objects, as signs or things, could be and self-identity. It is in our home where we can easily decoded to convey a message beyond the object itself and connect to our self. abo the person using it. On Material Possessions Objects are not just things; they are als a reflection of the We live in a fast-paced society where shopping malls lives of communities and individuals. On buys the product abound. and sales are held the whole year round, offering all because other people in his community organization are sorts of items at much discounted prices.. Add to this is buying it to show he belongs. This points to the realization online shopping where one could get anything he or she that the buying or purchasing behavior of a person can also be influenced by what the community or the organization values. It enhances and sustains community or organizational relationship and behavior. Our Attachment to our Possessions Why are some people attached to their possessions? Have you noticed how a child is in rage when deprived of the things they own? Piaget found out that it is part of human nature by developing a sense of ownership and attachment to things one values. This is called endowment fact. For example, we value the award or any reward, in recognition of something we have done. So we would want to keep it. As a child, we keep the things that we received from a significant other, as something special and memorable. We are also attached to family heirloom because of its sense of history and connectedness, with someone dear to us in the past. Added to these, we keep memorabilia that we received from significant people whom we value, admire and idolize in our life. Conclusion The foregoing discussion is in accord with what Russel Belk (1988) posited: that we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. Truly, we are what we possess. They reveal who we are. They reflect our culture and beliefs, economic identity and economic status. Through them, we are viewed either as belonging to the rich or to the poor stratum of society. We can also claim that our possessions are our personal choices and preferences and that they convey to people our taste, our style. They define who we truly are. We can safely state, to a certain extent, that our material and economic self is an expression of our personality and a revelation of our social identity.