UTS-CHAPTER-12-1.pdf

CHAPTER 1 Personality Traits SELF-CONCEPT Introduction to Understanding the Self Personality traits reflect people’s Self-concept tends to be more malleable...

CHAPTER 1 Personality Traits SELF-CONCEPT Introduction to Understanding the Self Personality traits reflect people’s Self-concept tends to be more malleable characteristicpatterns of thoughts, feelings, and whenpeople are younger and still going through Understanding oneself is essential to behaviors. the process of self- discovery and identity understand behaviors and beliefs that affects formation. As people age, self- perceptions ourselves and others specifically in becoming Personality traits imply consistency and become much more detailed and organized as effective and successful person in life, work, and stability— someone who scores high on a people form a better idea of who they are and relationship. Moreover, self-understanding (1) specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be what is important to them. provides a sense of purpose; (2) leads to sociable in different situations and over time. healthier relationships; (3) helps harness your Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that SELF-CONCEPT natural strength; and (4) promotes confidence. people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that According to the book Essential Social Personality persist over time and across situations. Psychology by Richard Crisp and Rhiannon Turner: The etymological derivative of personality FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY comes from the word “persona”, the theatrical The individual self consists of attributes and masks worn by OPENNESS. The tendency to appreciate new personality traits that differentiate us from other art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors. individuals. Examples include introversion or Romans in Greek and Latin drama. extroversion. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. The tendency to be ❑ Personality have no single definition since careful, on time for appointments, to follow rules, The relational self is defined by our different personality theories have different and to be hard working. relationships with significant others. Examples views on how to define it. include siblings, friends, and spouses. EXTRAVERSION. The tendency to be talkative, ❑ However, the commonly accepted definition sociable, and to enjoy others; the tendency to The collective self reflects our membership in of personality is that it is a relatively permanent have a dominant style. social groups. Examples include British, traits and unique characteristics that give both Republican, African-American, or gay. consistency and individuality to a person’s AGREEABLENESS. The tendency to agree and behavior. (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). go along with others rather than to assert one At its most basic, self-concept is a collection of owns opinions and choices. beliefs one holds about oneself and the Determinants of Personality responses of others. It embodies the answer to NEUROTICISM. The tendency to be frequently the question "Who am I?". The lesson to follow ENVIRONMENTAL experience negative emotions such as anger, will facilitate learning about the self, and self worry, and sadness, as well as being concept The surroundings of an individual compose the interpersonally sensitive. environmental factors of personality. This CHAPTER II includes the neighbourhood a person lives in, his FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY school, college, university and workplace. THE SELF ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHY Moreover, it also counts the social circle the individual has. Friends, parents, colleagues, co- What will you get out of Philosophy? workers and bosses, everybody plays a role as 1. The skills are; the determinants of personality. ❑ Critical thinking BIOLOGICAL a. hereditary factors or genetic make-up of the ❑ Argument skills person that inherited from their parents. ❑ Communication b. physical features include the overall physical structure of a person: ❑ Reasoning c. brain, the preliminary results from the ❑ Analysis electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) research gives indication that better understanding of ❑ Problem solving human personality and behavior might come What will you get out of Philosophy? from the study of the brain. 2. Which will allow us to; SITUATIONAL Justify our opinions. Although these factors do not literally create and shape up an individual’s personality, situational Explain to people why are they wrong and you factors do alter a person’s behavior and are right. response from time to time. The situational factors can be commonly observed when a It basically teaches us to think. person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and characteristics. Origin of Philosophy CULTURAL Search for truth Culture is traditionally considered as the major Search for meaning determinants of an individual’s personality. The - Importance - Value culture largely determinants what a person is and what a person will learn. The culture within - Significance - Relevance a person is brought up, is very important determinant of behavior of a person. Culture is Philosophy ask a lot of questions. complex of these belief, values, and techniques * The Greek philosophers were the ones who for dealing with the environment which are seriously questioned myths and moved away shared among contemporaries and transmitted from them in attempting to understand reality by by one generation to the next. exercising the art of questioning that satisfies their curiosity including the questions. SOCRATES - Through mystical experience, man is capable 20th to 21st century. of knowing eternal truths. A philosopher from Athens, Greece and said to SIGMUND FREUD have the greatest influence on European - Without God as the source of all truth, man thought. could never understand eternal truth. Freud’s Dualistic view of self “Know Thyself” 2. The sinfulness of man 1. Conscious self - emphasize that knowing or understanding - The cause of sin or evil is an act of mans’ -governed by the reality principle (Ego) oneself should be more than the physical self, or freewill. Moral goodness can only be achieved -the self is rational, practical, and appropriate to the body. through the grace of God. social environment. “The unexamined life is not worth living” - He stated that the real happiness can only be 2. Unconscious self found in God. Every man is dualistic -governed by pleasure principle (Id) For God is love and he created humans for them 1. Body- changeable, imperfect and it dies. (may to also love. -the self is aggressive, destructive, unrealistic, flaws and damage) and instinctual. 2. Soul- perfect and permanent. *Both of Freud’s self, needs immediate Self is dichotomous gratification and reduction of tensions to optimal RENE DESCARTES levels, and the goal of every individual is to make ✓“The Self comprises of the body and soul” unconscious conscious. A French philosopher, mathematician, and 1. Physical Realm considered the founder of modern philosophy. Provinces of the Mind -changeable, temporary, and imperfect. “I think therefore I am” Id (Pleasure Principle)-it demands immediate satisfaction. It is not hindered by societal 2. Ideal Realm The fact that one thinks should lead one to expectations. conclude without a trace of doubt that he exists. -perfect and unchanging, eternal and immortal. Ego (Reality Principle)-this mediates between “The self is comprised to the Mind and Body” the impulses of the id and restraints of the -This include the intellectual essences of the superego. universe, like the concept of beauty, truth and Mind (Cogito)- the thing that thinks goodness. Superego (Morality Principle)- incorporates the Body (Extenza)- extension of the mind values and morals of society which are learned A person can have a meaningful and happy life from one's parents and others upbringing only if he becomes virtuous and knows the value -It is nothing else but a machine that is attached particularly on rewards and punishments. of himself that can be achieved through constant to the mind. soul-searching. *There are two kinds of instinct that drive JOHN LOCKE individual behavior PLATO He is an English philosopher and physician and 1. Eros (life instinct) “The soul is immortal” famous in his concept of “Tabula Rasa” or Blank Slate that assumes the nurture side of human - its energy is libido. A student of Socrates who introduced the idea of development. a three-part of soul/self. - it includes urges necessary for individual and “The Self is Consciousness” species survival like thirst, hunger, and sex. He believed in the existence of the mind and soul. The human mind at birth is a tabula rasa or 2. Thanatos (death instinct) blank slate (empty ideas) The three-parts of the soul/self; - human behavior is directed towards destruction Self is not tied to any particular body or in the form of aggression and violence. 1. Reason (a.k.a divine essence) substance. It only exists in other times and places because of the memory of those IMMANUEL KANT - enables human to think deeply, make a wise experiences. choice and achieve a true understanding of A German Philosopher who made great eternal truths. He was a Scottish philosopher and also an contribution to the fields of metaphysics, empiricist. epistemology, and ethics. 2. Physical Appetite He assumed that “there is no self!” “We construct the self” - basic biological needs of human being such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. In his essay entitled “On Personal Identity” Individual self 1739 3. Spirit or Passion - responsible for synthesizing the discreet data Two kinds of Perception: of sense experience into a meaningful whole. - basic emotions of human being such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy. 1. Impressions- are the basic sensations of our - It is the one that help every individual gain experience, the elemental data of our minds: insight and knowledge. ✓ These three parts of the self-works in every pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, fear, individual inconsistently. exhilaration, and so on. (vivid) Note: If the self, failed to do the synthesizing function, there would be a chaotic and ✓ When conflict occurs, it is always the 2. Ideas- faint images of impressions. (not vivid) insignificant collection of sensations. responsibility of the reason to organize, control, and reestablish harmonious relationship DAVID HUME Self is the product of reason, a regulative between these three elements. unified experience possible. - A well-known Australian psychologist. ST. AUGUSTINE Transcendental apperception- it happens when - A Father and founder of people do not experience self directly, instead as He is considered as the last of the great ancient a unity of all impressions that re-organized by Psychoanalysis. philosophers whose ideas were greatly Platonic. the mind through perceptions - His influence in Psychology and therapy is Human nature is composed of two realms: PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND dominant and popular in the 1. God as the source of all reality Patricia Churchland- claimed that, man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as self. Paul Churchland He claims that the self is the product of brain activity. “The self is the brain” The self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body. All we have is the brain and so, if the brain is gone, there is no self. Brain- is more on physical thing, attachable organ Mind- Mental state, ability to understand things and generate thoughts and ideas. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY A French philosopher and phenomenologist. “The self is embodied subjectivity” “Mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another. One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience. All experience is embodied. One’s body is his opening toward his existence to the world. Because of these bodies, men are in the world.”