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CHAPTER 1. DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND Merleau Ponty: Phenomenologist DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND -He insisted that body and mind are so intertwined IDENTITY from one another. One cannot find any exp...

CHAPTER 1. DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND Merleau Ponty: Phenomenologist DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND -He insisted that body and mind are so intertwined IDENTITY from one another. One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience. All experience is LESSON 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS embodied. One‟s body is his opening toward his PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES existence to the world. Because men are in the world. For him, the Cartesian problem is nothing but plain The Philosophical view of Self: Various misunderstanding. The living body, his thoughts, Philosophers emotions, and experiences are all one. Socrates: Know Yourself The Christian or Biblical view of Self -He is principally concerned with man. He was the first The Holy Bible philosopher who engages in systematic questioning “God created man in His image; in the divine image He about the self. “Every man is composed of body and created him; male and female He created them. God soul.” – i.e. dualism [Man is composed of two blessed them, saying, „Be fertile and multiply; fill the important aspects of his personhood] earth and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds in the air, and all the living things that “An Buhay na dai pinaghurop-huropan mayo nin move on the earth.” Gen. 1:24-28 pakinabang.” – Socrates Augustine: Love and justice as the foundation of Plato: The Ideal Self, perfect self the individual self -Plato claimed in his dialogues that Socrates affirmed -Augustine‟s view of the human person reflects the that the unexamined life is not worth living. With this, entire spirit of the medieval world when it comes to he basically took off from his master and supported man. He combined the platonic ideas into Christianity the idea that man is dual in nature. He added that there perspective. are components of the soul: a] rational soul; b] -Augustine agreed that man is of a bifurcated/ dual spiritual soul; and c] appetitive soul. nature. An aspect of man dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously years to be with the Divine “Love in fact is one of the links between the sensible and the other is capable of reaching immortality. and the eternal world.” – Plato -The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in communion with God. Rene Descartes: Cogito, ergo sum/ I think, -He believes that a virtuous life is the dynamism of therefore I am love. Loving God means loving one‟s fellowmen; and -He conceived of the human person as having a body loving one‟s fellowmen denotes never doing any harm and a mind. He claims that there is so much that we to another. should doubt since much of what we think and believe “An sakong puso dai matutuninong sagkod na Ika is not infallible, they may turn out to be false. mapasapuso ko.” – Augustine -The human person has the body but it is not what makes a man a man. If at all, that is the mind. Thomas Aquinas: Angelic doctor Descartes: says: “What then am I? A thinking thing, -Adapting some ideas from Aristotle, Aquinas said that that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, indeed, man is composed of two parts: matter and refuses; that imagines also and perceives form. Matter/ hyle refers to the common stuff that makes up everything in the universe. Forms/ morphe David Hume: the self is the bundle theory of mind refers to the essence of the substance of things. It is -He is an empiricist who believes that one can know what makes it what it is. only through the senses and experiences. Example: -In the case of the human person, the body of the Ana knows that Lenard is a man not because she has human person is something that he shares even with seen his soul. Ana knows Lenard just like her because animals. she sees him, hears him, and touches him. - Hume posits that self is nothing else but a bundle of The Psychological View of Self impressions. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic theory of self Immanuel Kant: respect for self He asserts that the human psyche [personality] is -Every man is thus an end in himself and should never structured into 3 parts. be treated merely as a means – as per the order of the ID [internal desires] Creator and the natural order of things. EGO [reality] -To Kant, there is necessarily a mind that organizes the SUPEREGO [conscience] impressions that men get from the external world. Time and Space are ideas that one cannot find in the (5) PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES world but built-in our human mind. Kant calls these ORAL STAGE (Birth-18 months)- Pleasure seeking is the apparatuses of the mind. through the infant’s mouth during this stage. They like to put things in mouth. Gilbert Ryle: The mind-Body dichotomy ANAL STAGE ( 18 months-3 years)- pleasure seeking -what truly matters is the behavior that a person centers are located in the bowels and bladder. manifests in his day-to-day life. For him, looking for Children begin potty training. and trying to understand the self as it really exists is PHALLIC STAGE (3 years-6 years)- boys are more like visiting your friends‟ university and looking for attracted to their mother (Oedipus complex) and girls the “university.” are more attracted to their father (Electra complex). -Ryle says that self is not an entity one can locate and LATECY STAGE L (6 years-11 years)- children analyze but simply the convenient name that people develop social skills and final comfort in family and use to refer to all the behaviors that people make. peer interactions. GENITAL STAGE (11 onwards and ends when reaches adulthood)- the onset of puberty is Moi- a person's basic identity personne on the demonstrated by showing strong interest in another other hand, is composed of the social concepts of what person of the opposite sex. it means to be who he is. Personne- has much to do with what it means to Erik Erikson: Psychosocial stages of self- live in a particular institution, a particular family, a development particular religion, a particular nationality and how to He primarily concerned with how both psychological behave given expectations and influences from others. and social factors affect the development of individuals. He formulated 8 major stages of THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL development, each posing a unique developmental WORLD- The unending terrain of metamorphosis of task and simultaneously. the self is mediated by language. Language as both a publicly shared and privately utilized symbol system  Infancy (trust vs, mistrust) is the site where the individual and the social make  Early Childhood (autonomy vs. shame and and remake each other. doubt)  Preschool (initiative vs. guilt) MEAD AND VYGOTSKY- the way that the human  School Age (industry vs. inferiority) persons develop is with the use of language  Adolescence (identity vs. role confusion) acquisition and interactions with others - without a  Young Adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation) family biologically and sociologically a person may not  Middle Adulthood (generativity vs. even survive or became a human person. stagnation)  Maturity (ego vs. despair) GENDER AND THE SELF- is another important aspects of the self and gender. GENDER is one of those loci of the self that is subject to alteration, change, and development. We have seen in the past years how LESSON 2: THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE people fought hard for the right to express, validate, and assert their gender expression. SELF- in contemporary literature and even common sense, is commonly defined by the following Self in Families- Apart from the anthropological and characteristics: “separate, self-contained, psychological basis for the relationship between the independent, consistent, unitary and private.” self and the social world, the sociological likewise struggled to understand the real connection between SEPARATE -it is meant that the self is distinct from the two concepts. In doing so, sociologists focus on the other selves.The self is always unique and has its own different institutions in powers at play in the society. identity.one cannot be another person. Even twins are Among these the most prominent is the family. distinct from each other. GENDER has to be personally discovered and asserted and not dictated by culture and the society. SELF-CONTAINED & INDEPENDENT- because in itself it can exist its distinctness allow it to be self- contained with its own thoughts, characteristics, and volition. It does not require any other self for it to exist. LESSON 3: THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT CONSISTENT- because it has a personality that is "I am who I am" yet, this statement still begs the enduring and therefore can be expected to persist for question, "if you are who you are, then who are you quite some time its consistency allows to be studied , that makes you who you are?" described, and measured, consistency also means that a particular self traits , characteristics, tendencies, and "Self" and other similar or interchangeable concepts in potentialities are more or less the same. psychology simply put, "self" is "the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals (Jhangiani UNITARY- in that it is the center of all experiences and and Tarry 2014)." thoughts that run through a certain person it is like the chief command post in an individual where all processes , emotion, and thoughts converge. William James (1890) PRIVATE- Each person sorts out information, feelings one of the earliest psychologist to study the self and emotions, and though processes within the self. This whole process is never accessible to anyone but conceptualized the self as having two aspects – the “I” the self. This last characteristic of the self being private and the “me”. suggest that the self is isolated from the external world. I - thinking, acting, and feeling self Social constructionist perspective - argues for a Me - physical traits as well psychological traits that merged view of the person and their social context makes you who you are where the boundaries of one cannot easily be separated from the boundaries of the other. Carl Rogers's (1959) THE SELF AND CULTURE- Remaining the same person and turning chameleon by adapting to one's his theory of personality also used the same terms context seems paradoxical. I - the one who acts and decides MARCEL MAUSS- A French Anthropologist has an explanation for this phenomenon. According to Mauss, every self has two faces: personne and moi. Me - what you think or feel about yourself as an Psychoanalytic Theory object ID - primitive of the three forces. According to Other concepts similar to SELF Freud, part of the personality of instinctual drives that serves as the basic motivation for our behavior. IDENTITY is composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as EGO - the part of personality that is oriented well as affiliations that define who one is (Oyserman, toward acting responsibly and realistically. Elmore, and Smith 2012). SELF-CONCEPT is what basically comes to your SUPEREGO - the part of the personality which mind when you are asked about who you are contains one's ego-ideals and conscience. (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012). Self-identity and self-concept are not fixed in on-e time frame, and they are not fixed for life nor are they ever-changing at ocial interaction always has a part to play in who we every moment. think we are. This is not nature vs. Nurture but instead a nature and nurture perspective. Self, identity, and self-concept are not fixed in --------------------------------------------------------------- one frame. LESSON 4: SELF IN WESTERN AND They are not fixed for life nor are ever changing at EASTERN THOUGHT every moment. Eastern Self Carl Roger's Self-Schema Self-cultivation: The cultivated self in Carl Rogers captured this idea in his concept of Confucianism is what some scholars call a “subdued self-schema or our organized system or collection of self” wherein personal needs are repressed [subdue] knowledge about who we are (Gleitman, Gross, and for the good of many, making Confucian society Reisberg 2011; jhangaini and Tarry 2014). also hierarchal for the purpose of maintaining order and balance. Hobbies Taoism Family SELF Religion  was founded by Lao Tzu. Nationality  is living to the way of the Tao (Universe). It may also include your interest, work, course, age, However, they reject the hierarchy and name, and physical characteristics, among others. strictness of Confucianism. Taoism prefers As you grow and adapt to the changes around you, to live a simple Life. they also change, but they are not passive receivers,  Self is not an extension of family or they actively shape and affect how you see, think community. Self is part of the universe, one and feel about things. of the forms and manifestations of the Tao. The ideal self is selflessness but this is not Theories generally see the self and identity as forgetting about the self, it is living a mental construct created and recreated in memory balanced- about prejudices and egocentric (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012). ideas and thinking about equality as well as complementarily among humans as well as Frontal Lobe other beings. Buddhism.  The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human centered needs; thus, the self is also the source of all these suffering.  Life is full of suffering and it is made up of a cycle of birth, decay, illness, death. It is therefore our quest to forget about Current researches point to the frontal lobe of the the self, forget the craving of the self, brain as the specific area in the brain associated break the attachments you have with the with the processes concerning the self. world, and to renounce the self w/c is the cause of suffering and in doing so, attain Sigmund Freud- saw the self, its mental processes, the state of nirvana. and one's behavior as the result of the interaction  Nirvana (liberation)- blowing out the between the ID, the EGO and the SUPEREGO. flames of desire. Western Self  The male sex cell called spermatozoa [sing. –zoon] are produced in the male gonads  Western Self focuses on self called testes. (Individualistic). You compare in order to be  On the other hand, the female sex cells called better. You create associations and bask in ova are produced in the female gonads the glory of that group for your self-esteem. known ovaries. You put primacy on developing yourself.  The fertilized egg cell known as zygote  By focusing on the self, they may seem to contains all the hereditary potentials from the have loose associations or even loyalty to Sperm are produced in the male their groups. Competition is the name of the gonads. This zygote goes to the uterus and game and they are more likely continues to grow during the gestation period straightforward and forceful in their of about 280 days or 36 weeks or 9 calendar communication and decision making. months.  They value equality even if they see that  Both male and female chromosomes contain individual can rise above everything else. several thousands of genes – called They also promote ideals that create 'fair' deoxyribonucleic acid which is the code of competition and protect the individual. heredity. Maturation is the unfolding of the inherent traits. Western and Eastern Differences Human Development  Western referred as the school of thought from Greek Philosophy. The formation of male or female structures  It is rooted from Rome and Christianity. depends on the presence of testosterone Laws are the ones that govern the behavior. It is individualist in culture. (A substance called hormone that  It is all about 'I'. Tries to find self as it is the occurs naturally in men and male animals). given part of the divine. Logical, scientific, The embryonic testes release testosterone rational, and focus on ethics. once formed and the formation of the duct  Eastern roots are from Asia. They believe system and external genitalia follows. The that natural world does not follow laws, it same with female embryos that form ovaries, simply 'is'. It is collectivist in culture. It is all it will cause the development of the female about 'We'. Drawn on people's actions and ducts and external genitalia since testosterone thought as one. Trying to get rid of the false hormone is not produce. 'me' concept and find meaning in discovering the true 'me'. Life is all about unity. The Pseudo hermaphrodites are formed who is innerself must be freed. an individual having accessory reproductive structures that do not “match” their gonads Western and Eastern Similarities while true  Similarities: Both approach share a concept Hermaphrodites are individuals who that a deeper understanding of reality is possess both ovarian and testicular tissues but possible. Influenced by the notion that there this condition is rare in nature. is a supreme being who guides the mankind and provides for all he created. Believes in Nowadays, many pseudo hermaphrodites the concept of "God as the king of universe". undergo sex change operation to have their outer selves fit with their inner serves LESSON 2.1 The Physical self: The Beautiful Me! (gonads). Marieb, E.N. (2001) explains that the gonads begin Human anatomy to form until about the eight week of embryonic development. The embryonic structures of males and  Puberty is the period of life when the females during the early stages of human reproductive organs grow to their adult size development are alike and are said to be in indifferent and become functional under the influence of stage. When the reproductive structures are formed rising levels of gonadal hormones development of the accessory structures and external [testosterone in male and estrogen in female] genitalia begins. and generally between the age of 10-15 years old. Beginning of life  At the age of 13, male puberty is characterized by the increase in the size of the Life begins at fertilization. reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary  It refers to the meeting of the female sex cell and face. The reproductive organs continue to and the male sex cell. grow for two years until  These sex cells are developed in the  sexual maturation marked by the presence of reproductive organs called GONADS. mature semen in the testes.  For the female, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 as a sign of their puberty stage. body. With this case, the vaginal becomes dry  Menarche is the first menstrual period of that causes intercourse to become painful if females which happens two years after the frequent and the vaginal infections become start of puberty. increasingly common.  Hormones play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility of Signs of estrogen deficiency: irritability and females. mood changes [depression in some]; intense vasodilation of the skin‟s blood vessels, Factors in development of the physical gradual thinning of skin and loss of bone self mass, slowing rising high blood levels etc. The development of the individual is caused Note: there is no counterpart for menopause by two interacting forces: heredity and in males. Although aging men show a steady environment. decline in testosterone section, their reproductive capability seems unending. 1. Heredity [nature] is the transmission of Healthy men are still able to father offspring traits from parents to offspring it provides the well into their 80‟ and beyond. raw materials of which the individual is made up. Erogenous zones 2. Environment [nurture] is the sum total of It refers to part of the body that are primarily the forces or experiences that a person receptive and increase sexual arousal when undergoes from conception to old age. It touched sexually. includes family, friends, school, nutrition and other agencies one is in contact with. Examples: mouth, breast, genitals, anus. However, erogenous zones may vary from Diseases associated with the one person to another. Some people may reproductive systems desire and enjoy being touched in certain area more than the area, like, neck, thighs,  Infections are the most common problems abdomen and feet. associated with the reproductive system in adults. Human Sexual Behavior  Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women and those whose It defined as any activity – solitary, between resistance to diseases is low, like, two persons, or in a group – that induces/ Escherichia coli which spread through the brings sexual arousal [Gebhard, P.H. 2017]. digestive tract, the sexually transmitted This behavior is classified according to microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea gender and number of participants. and herpes virus and yeast fungus. Types of behavior: Pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility are also the effect of vaginal infections. For Solitary behavior [involving one males, the most common inflammatory individual]; and Socio- sexual behavior conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and [more than one individual] epididymitis, STD, Orchiditis. This is common for males but becomes less Major treat to reproductive organs are frequent or is abandoned when socio-sexual Neoplasms, tumor of the breast and cervix activity is available. cancers in adult females and prostates cancer in adult males. Therefore, self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried. Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20‟s, i.e. However this self-gratification usually irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual decreases as soon as an individual develop periods – menopausal period. socio-sexual relationship. The production of estrogen may continue Nowadays, human are frequently being after menopause, but the ovaries finally stop exposed to sexual stimuli esp. from functioning as endocrine organs. The advertising and social media. Some reproductive organ and breast begin to adolescents become so much Aggressive atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer when they respond to such stimuli. released from the The rate of teenage pregnancy is recently increasing. The challenge is todevelop self- control so that to balance suppression and  free expression. Why? To prevent premarital  The nervous system plays a significant role sex and acquire STD. during sexual response. The autonomic system is involved in controlling the Socio-sexual behavior involuntary responses.  The efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit It is the greatest amount of socio-sexual behavior that the sensory messages to the brain to create occurs b/w only one male and one female. This stimulus and later initiating a sexual usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by response. The brain will interpret the sensory curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia. message and dictate what will be the immediate and appropriate response of the Physical contact involving necking and petting is body. considered as an ingredient of the learning process  The muscles contract in response to the signal and eventually of courtship and selection of a coming from the motor nerve fibers while marriage partner. glad secretes their respective product. So, sexual response is dependent the activity of Petting differs from hugging, kissing and generalized the nervous System. caresses of the clothed body to produce stimulation  Hypothalamus and limbic system are part of the genitals. This is done due to affection as source of the brain believed to be responsible for of pleasure, preliminary to coitus [this is an insertion regulating the sexual response, but there is of male reproductive organ into female organ]. This no specialized “sex center” that has been is regarded as an important aspect in selecting partner located in the human brain. but also a way of learning how to interact with  Apart from brain-controlled sexual another person sexually. responses is the reflex. This reflex is mediated by the lower spinal cord that leads A behavior may be interpreted by society or to erection and ejaculation for male, vaginal individual as erotic depending on the context in discharges and lubricant for female when the which the behavior occurs. genital areas are stimulated.  But still, the brain can overrule and suppress Example, kissing as a gesture of intimacy b/w such reflex activity, when sexual response is couples while other sees this as respect and socially inappropriate. reverence. Sexual problems Physiology of human sexual response These may be classified as physiological, Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential psychological and social in origin. stages or phases when Physiological problems are the least among sexual activity is continued. the three categories. Small number of people suffering from diseases due or abnormal 1. Excitement phase = it is caused by increase in development of the genitalia or that part of pulse and blood pressure; a sudden rise in blood the neurophysiology controlling sexual supply to the surface of the body resulting in response. increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts particularly noticeable in Example: vaginal infection, retroverted the male and female reproductive system, rapid uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors, diabetes, breathing, secretion of genital fluids, vaginal senile changes of the vagina and expansion, and a general increase in muscle ension. cardiovascular problems. 2. Plateau phase = it is generally of brief duration. Medication: Through surgery If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs. Psychological problems: 3. Sexual climax = a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, and rapid increase in pulse rate and blood usually caused by socially induced pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance contractions of the female reproductive organ and and sexual myths held by society. ejaculation by the male that last only for few seconds normally not over ten. Example: mature sex must involve rapid erection, prolonged coitus and 4. Resolution phase = it refers to the return to a simultaneous orgasm. normal or subnormal physiological state. Whereas males return to normal even if stimulation continues, Methods: magazines, married books but continued stimulations can produce additional and general sexual folklore often strengthen orgasms in females. Females are physically capable these demanding ideals which are not always of repeated orgasms without the intervening “rest achieved; therefore, can give rise to feeling period” required by males. of inadequacy anxiety and guilt. Hence, resulting negative emotions can definitely Nervous system factors affect the behavior of an individual. Premature emission of semen is a common LESSON 2.2 MATERIAL SELF: TO BUY OR problem for young males. NOT TO BUY? Why? Because of the natural result of excessive Material self tension in a male who has been sexually deprived. Erectile impotence is almost always a psychological A Harvard psychology in the late nineteenth problem in males under 40; in other cases, the century, William James, wrote in the book, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the principles of psychology in 1890 that sexual partner, fatigue, and distraction because of understanding the self can be examined through its nonsexual worries, intoxication and other causes different components namely: such as occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy. 1] its constituents; Ejaculatory impotence 2] the feelings and emotions they aroused self- feelings; [Inability to ejaculate in coitus] is uncommon and usually of psychogenic origin. Why? It is due to the 3] the actions for which they prompt the seeking and past traumatic experiences. Warning! self-preservation. Occasional ejaculatory Constituents of self inability can be possibly expected in older men or in composed of material self, the social self, the any male who has exceeding his sexual capacity. spiritual self, and the pure ego. Medication: through psychotherapy and by gradually Material self, dilating/widening the female organ with increasing large cylinders. according to William James primarily is about: our bodies; clothes; immediate family; Sexual Reproductive diseases are the home. following: MATERIAL SELF: 1. Chlamydia 5. Human Papillomavirus 1. Body 2. Gonorrhea 6. Hepes simplex virus - Is the innermost part of material self. You are 3. Syphilis 7. Trichomonas vaginalis directly attached to this commodity that you cannot live without. You strive hard to make sure that this 4. Chancroid body functions well and good. Natural and artificial methods are the Example is following: Mariah Carey, she was reported to have placed a 1. Abstinence 5. Sympothermal method huge amount for the insurance of his vocal cords and legs. 2. Calendar method 6. Ovulation detection 2. Clothes 3. Basal body temperature 7. Coitus interruptua - is next to the body that was being influenced by the 4. Cervical mucus method “the philosophy of dress” by Herman Lotze. William James believed that an essential part of Artificial methods are the following: the material self is clothing. 1. Oral contraceptive 7. Chemical barriers Lotze stipulated in his book that any time you bring 2. Transdermal patch 8. Diaphragm an abject into the surface of your body, you invest that object into any consciousness of your personal 3. Vaginal ring 9. Cervical cap existence taking in its contours to be your own and making it part of the self. 4. Subdermal implants 10. Male condoms 3. Immediate Family 5. Hormonal injections 11. Female condoms - is the third in the hierarchy. Your Parents and 6. Intrauterine device 12. Surgical methods siblings hold another great important part of yourself. (vasectomy and ligation) What they do or became affects you. When an immediate family member dies, part of you dies, too. _____________________________________ When their lives are in success, you feel their 5) The articulation of worldview and moral codes victories as if you are the one holding the bacon. In through narratives and other means their failures, you are put to chance or guilt. When 6) Provide the creation and maintenance of social they are disadvantage situation, there is an urgent bonds and mechanism of social control within a urge to help like a voluntary instinct of saving one’s community; provide explanation for unknown self from danger. and a sense of control for individuals. 4. Home ❖ Ritual - is the fourth component of material self. Home is it is the performance of ceremonial acts where your heart is. It is the earliest nest of your prescribed by a tradition or sacred law selfhood. Your experience inside the home were (Britannica 2017). Ritual is a specific, recorded and marked on parts and things in your observable mode of behavior exhibited by all home. known societies. It is thus possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing humans. There was an old cliché about rooms: “if only walls can speak”. The home thus is an extension of self, There are three fundamental characteristics of because in it, you can directly connect yourself. rituals according to Penner (Britannica 2017). Ritual has the characteristics of: We are what we have 1) A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, o Russel Belk (1988) posits that “... we regard our fascination, or dread in possessions as part of our selves. We are what we relation tothe sacred have and what we possess.” The identification of the self to things stared in our infancy stage when we 2) Dependence upon a belief system that is make a distinction among self and environment and usually expressed in the language of myth others who may desire our possessions. 3) Is symbolic in relation to its reference o The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our self- concept, our past, and The self can be described as a ritual being who even our future. exhibits a striking parallel between their ritual and verbal behavior. Just as language is a system LESSON 2.3 SPIRITUAL SELF: BELIEVE IT of symbols that is based upon arbitrary rules, OR NOT! ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic acts that is based upon arbitrary rules. Spiritual self is one of the four (4) constituents of the Participation to rituals is expressions of religious “self” according to William James in his book, The beliefs. Principles of Psychology in 1890. Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of self – the most intimate version of There are different religious with different beliefs the self because of the satisfaction experienced when and practices. Some of thinking of one‟s ability to argue and discriminate, of one‟s moral sensibility and conscience, and our the major world religions are Buddhism, unconquerable will is purer than all other sentiments Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. of satisfaction. Excerpt of some religious beliefs and practices are found in the University of London's Religion ❖ Religion and Belief Guide 2017. Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the definition Core beliefs of religion "as a set of beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of basic characteristics. Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. These characteristics are: Instead, there are suffering, pain, and frustrations. When people suffer, they want to 1) A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, experience the goodness of life and avoid such as spirit and gods disappointments. It becomes a habit known as the reactive cycle of wanting and hating, like 2) A focus on the sacred supernatural, where and dislike, band craving and aversion. This sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and awe reactive cycle can be broken through the practice 3) The presence of supernatural power or energy of mediation, acquiring more wisdom and deeper that is found on supernatural beings as well as understanding, and acceptance of things as they physical beings and objects are. 4) The performance of ritual activities that Customs and Practices involves the manipulation of sacred object to communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control events There are two types of meditation practices: Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One God in samatha and vipassana. The Samatha is three personas: God the Father (Creator), God practiced as mindfulness of breathing and the Son( Savior),and God the Holy Spirit development of loving kindness (Metta Sustainer). Eternal after death will be achieved Bhavana). Vipassana practices aim developing through faith in Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ is, God insight language of myth the Son, who came into flesh, to spread the good news of salvation. He died on the cross for the 3) Is symbolic in relation to its reference sins of the humanity but resurrected from the death, so that anyone who believes in him The self can be described as a ritual being who will be saved in have eternal life. The holy bible exhibits a striking parallel between their ritual is a selection of books, which is divided in to two, and verbal behavior. Just as language is a system the Old Testament and New Testament. of symbols that is based upon arbitrary rules, ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic Customs and Practices acts that is based upon arbitrary rules. Participation to rituals is expressions of religious Sacrament of Baptism and Sacrament of beliefs. Communion are practiced by Christian churches. The sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices in Christian world, while the sacrament of communion is an act of remembrance of There are different religious with different beliefs Jesus Christ 's sacrificial love. Jesus Christ and practices. Some of teaching in unconditional love that is expressed in loving the poor, oppressed, and outcast of the the major world religions are Buddhism, society Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. Excerpt of some religious beliefs and practices Christmas and Resurrection (Easter) are the two are found in the University of London's Religion major celebrations in Christianity. Christmas, and Belief Guide 2017. usually on December 25, commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ while Resurrection Sunday Core beliefs (depends on the lunar calendar, Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. sometime in March or April) celebrates the Instead, there are suffering, pain, and resurrection of Jesus Christ from death. ❖ frustrations. When people suffer, they want to Hinduism experience the goodness of life and avoid disappointments. It becomes a habit known Core beliefs as the reactive cycle of wanting and hating, like and dislike, band craving and aversion. This Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional reactive cycle can be broken through the practice beliefs and religious groups; thus, there is no of mediation, acquiring more wisdom and deeper single founder or leader. Hindus believe understanding, and acceptance of things as they that existence is a cycle of birth, death and are. rebirth, governed by Karma. Karma is a concept where the reincarnated life will depend on how Customs and Practices the past life was spent. Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive There are two types of meditation practices: lives and it's next in carnation is always samatha and vipassana. The Samatha is dependent on how the previous life was lived. practiced as mindfulness of breathing and Vedas are sacred Scriptures of Hindus. development of loving kindness (Metta Mahabharata and Ramayana are two other Bhavana). Vipassana practices aim developing important texts of the Hindus. insight into reality. Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha's teaching, the Custom and practices Dharma. Through the reflection of Dharma, Buddhist can achieve a deeper understanding of Diwali and Navrati are the most celebrated life. Buddhists believe in non- violence festivals of the Hindus. Diwali is the festival of principle. lights while Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which celebrate the triumph of good over evil. Some of the major Buddhist celebrations are Hindus have set dates to honor particular Parinirvana Day in February; Buddha Day manifestations of God. (Wesak) in May; Dharma Day in July; Padmasambhava Day in October; and ❖ ISLAM Sangha Day in November. Core beliefs ❖ Christianity Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One Core beliefs God" They believe in the unity and universality of God. Muslims also have a strong sense of 1. Rosh Hashanah - the New Year community or "ummah" and an awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims worldwide. 2. Yom Kippur - the Day of Atonement Islam means "willing submission to God ". 3. Pesach - Passover Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God. Mohammed was born 4. Shavuot - Pentecost in Mecca in 570 CE and received revelations from God through the Angel Gabriel 5. Sukkot - Tabernacles. The Jewish Sabbath over a period of 23 years. The Holy Bible of begins on Friday evening at sunset andis an Islam is called the Quran, which was taught to be important time when families gather for the recited in Arabic because any translation is seen Shabbat meal. as inadequate. ❖ Finding and Creating Meaning of Life Customs and practices Another extensive study of self can be found in Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl. A survivor which are the foundation of Muslim life: of the holocaust, he published a book about logotherapy. In 1959, the book was translated to 1) Shahadah - statement of faith: "There is no English and was revised in 1963 as The doctor God but the one true God and Mohammed is his and the Soul: An Introduction to Logotherapy. messenger". His book, Man‟s search for meaning has been used as a textbook in high school and college 2) Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a courses. He died in 1997. day. Logotherapy 3) Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It comprises the 2.5% of a Muslim's It is a psychotherapy introduced by V. Frankl, assets. who is considered the father of logotherapy. The main belief of logotherapy is that “man‟s 4) Haji – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. primary motivational force is search for Muslims who can afford are asked to do the meaning.” Logotherapy aids individuals to find pilgrimage at last once in their lifetime. personal meaning of life, whatever life situation they may be. 5) Sawm – the fasting. Muslims do fasting from food, drink, and sexual act during the celebration In logotherapy, meaning can be discovered by of Ramadan s the ninth month of the creating a work or doing deed, experiencing Islamic lunar calendar. The fast is from dawn to something or encountering someone and sunset. the attitude toward unavoidable suffering. According to V. Frankl institute of logotherapy, Two of the major festivals in Islam are Eidul-Fitr it uses the philosophy of optimism in the face of and Eidul-Adha. The first one refers to the tragedy, where people are capable of turning celebration at the end of Ramadan, while Eidul- suffering into human achievement Adha is the celebration within the completion of and accomplishment deriving from guilt the the Pilgrimage, the Haji. opportunity to change oneself for the better; and deriving from life‟s transitoriness an incentive to ❖ Judaism take responsible action. Core beliefs Basic concept of Franklian Psychology The Jews believe in the God of Abraham ,the There are three basic concepts using Franklian same God that liberated the Hebrew slaves from Psychology: Egypt to Canaan, the promised land through the leadership of Moses and later, Joshua. 1) Life has meaning under all circumstances. The Jews believe in the coming of Messiah, the 2) Main motivation for living is our will to find Savior. The sacred scripture of the Jews is called meaning in life. the Torah or the Law. The Torah is the guide of the Jewish living. The study and interpretation 3) Freedom to find meaning. of Torah is part of the Jewish culture. Furthermore, his psychology aims to: Customs and Practices 1] become aware of spiritual resources - There are five major festivals observed by the Jews: 2] make conscious spiritual resources 3] use defiant power of the human spirit and stand up against adversity. Logotherapy assumptions (that cannot be proven w/certainty) These include the following: 1. The human being is an entity consisting of body [soma], mind [psyche] and spirit [noos]. i.e. according to him, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. Ie. it‟s hard to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world w/ laws that go beyond human laws. 3. People have a will to meaning. When we see meaning, we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. 5. Life has a demand quality to w/c people must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. The meaning of the moment is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found and fulfilled. 6. The individual is unique. This enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable. In essence, all human are unique w/ an entity of body, mind and spirit. We all go through unique situations and are constantly looking to find meaning. Frankl’s Sources of Meaning There are three possible sources of meaning of life: 1] Purposeful work – meaning of life is unique to every individual; 2] Courage in the face of difficulty – a meaningful life is a life with suffering. Suffering is part of life; and 3] Love – is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his personality. The ultimate factor to find meaning of life is love. Costello captured V. Frankl‟s message: “The ultimate secret on the spiritual foundation of life is that love is salvation and joy eternity.” The ultimate factor to find meaning of life is love.