Psychology of the Self - Erikson's Stages

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Questions and Answers

What aspect of the self does William James refer to as the 'I'?

The social self

The private self

The reflective self

The thinking, acting, and feeling self (correct)

How does the social constructionist perspective view the self?

As a static entity

As independent of cultural influences

As merged with social context (correct)

As entirely separate from social context

Which term describes the part of personality that contains one's ego-ideals and conscience according to Freud?

SELF

EGO

SUPEREGO (correct)

What is the primary function of the 'Me' aspect of the self as conceptualized by William James?

To represent physical and psychological traits Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what does identity comprise?

A mix of personal characteristics and social roles Signup and view all the answers

What does Marcel Mauss refer to as the two faces of the self?

Personne and moi Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of the self as described in the content?

Static Signup and view all the answers

In terms of psychology, what major role does the ID play?

It drives instinctual behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of development is the primary challenge trust vs. mistrust?

Infancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychosocial challenge faced during young adulthood?

Intimacy vs. isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development focuses on initiative vs. guilt?

Preschool Signup and view all the answers

What role does language play in the development of the self according to Erikson?

It mediates the interaction between self and society. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is characterized by the challenge of industry vs. inferiority?

School Age Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept regarding gender and development mentioned?

Gender is subject to change and development. Signup and view all the answers

What developmental task is associated with the adolescence stage?

Identity vs. role confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage involves the conflict of generativity vs. stagnation?

Middle Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe individuals with accessory reproductive structures that do not match their gonads?

Pseudo hermaphrodites Signup and view all the answers

What happens during puberty?

Reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of embryonic development do the gonads begin to form?

Eighth week Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of true hermaphrodites?

Possessing both ovarian and testicular tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones rise during male puberty?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

At what age does male puberty typically begin?

13 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition where life begins, according to the provided content?

At fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes characterize puberty in males?

Growth of facial hair and reproductive organ enlargement Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the ideal self according to the content?

Selflessness Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is associated with processes concerning the self?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

According to Buddhist philosophy, what does the self represent?

An illusion based on ignorance Signup and view all the answers

What does attaining nirvana symbolize in Buddhism?

Freedom from worldly attachments Signup and view all the answers

What is the Western view of self primarily focused on?

Self-development and individualism Signup and view all the answers

What theory did Sigmund Freud propose regarding the self?

The self comprises the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO Signup and view all the answers

What does the quest to forget about the self aim to achieve?

Attainment of nirvana Signup and view all the answers

What effect does individualistic thinking have in the context of self-esteem?

It fosters superiority over others Signup and view all the answers

What is the main motivation for living according to Franklian Psychology?

The will to find meaning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic concepts of Franklian Psychology?

People have a will to pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What does Franklian Psychology suggest about life's demand quality?

Individuals must respond to life's demands for meaning Signup and view all the answers

In Franklian Psychology, how is the human being described?

A composite of body, mind, and spirit Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key assumptions of Logotherapy, which is part of Franklian Psychology?

People have a will to meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the uniqueness of individuals in Franklian Psychology?

Every individual is irreplaceable and seeks meaning Signup and view all the answers

Which festival is typically NOT part of the major festivals observed by the Jews?

Easter Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Torah in Jewish culture?

It serves as a guide for Jewish living and practices Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Self in Psychology

Erik Erikson - developed eight stages of psychosocial development, each with a unique task and challenge.
- Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust - establishing trust in caregivers.
- Early Childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - developing a sense of independence.
- Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt - learning to take initiative and explore.
- School Age: Industry vs. Inferiority - developing competence and a sense of achievement.
- Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion - forming a sense of identity and self-definition.
- Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation - establishing intimate relationships and connections.
- Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation - contributing to society and leaving a legacy.
- Maturity: Ego Integrity vs. Despair - reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment.
The Self and Social Development - Intertwined with language, both public and private.
- Mead and Vygotsky: Language acquisition and interactions with others are crucial for development.
- The Importance of Family: provides biological and sociological foundation for an individual's development.
Gender and the Self - A fluid and evolving aspect of self-identity.
- People are increasingly fighting for the right to express, validate, and assert their gender identity.
The Self: A Unitary and Private Construct
- Unitary: The center of all experiences, like a command post.
- Private: Unique to the individual, not accessible by others.
- William James: Conceptualized the self as having two parts: the "I" and the "Me".
  - "I": The acting, thinking, and feeling self.
  - "Me": The collection of physical and psychological traits that define you.
Social Constructionist Perspective: The self and its social context are interconnected, challenging the idea of clear boundaries.
- Carl Rogers: Emphasized "I" and "Me" as part of his theory of personality.
The Self and Culture: The interplay of staying true to oneself while adapting to different contexts.
- Marcel Mauss: Explained this phenomenon as two facets of the self: "personne" and "moi".
  - Personne: The social self, shaped by expectations and influences.
  - Moi: The personal self, more stable and enduring.
Self and Identity: A mental construct that is constantly shaped and reshaped.
- Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith: Identity is a combination of personal traits, social roles, and affiliations.
- Self-Concept: What comes to mind when asked "Who are you?"
The Frontal Lobe: Associated with self-related processes in the brain.

Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

ID: The primitive force driven by instincts and basic desires.
EGO: The rational and responsible part that balances ID and SUPEREGO.
SUPEREGO: The moral part that embodies ego-ideals and conscience.

Buddhism

The Self as an Illusion: Originating from ignorance, clinging, and human-centered needs.
Source of Suffering: The self is seen as the source of all suffering.
Nirvana: A state of liberation reached by letting go of desires and the self.

Western Self

Focus on Individualism: Emphasis on self-improvement, competition, and personal development.
Liberating the Inner Self: A belief in the importance of individual autonomy and self-expression.

Similarities between Western and Eastern Self-Concepts

Deeper Understanding of Reality: Both philosophies believe in a deeper understanding of the world.
Guiding Supreme Being: Both envision a guiding force that created and oversees humanity.

The Physical Self

Life Begins at Fertilization: The fusion of male and female sex cells initiates the journey of life.
Gonads: Reproductive organs that produce sex cells.
- Testes: Male gonads.
- Ovaries: Female gonads.
Pseudo Hermaphrodites: Individuals with reproductive structures that don't match their gonads.
True Hermaphrodites: Rare condition where an individual has both ovarian and testicular tissues.
Puberty: Period of life when reproductive organs reach their full size and become functional.
- Marked by rising levels of hormones, physical changes, and the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Franklian Psychology

Life Has Meaning Under All Circumstances: A fundamental belief.
Will to Meaning: The primary motivation in life is to find meaning.
Freedom to Find Meaning: Individuals have the power to discover their own meaning.
Goals of Franklian Psychology:
- Increase awareness of spiritual resources.
- Make conscious use of these resources.
- Build resilience and overcome adversity.

Logotherapy Assumptions

Human Being as Body, Mind, and Spirit: Consisting of soma, psyche, and noos.
Meaning in All Circumstances: Meaning can be found even in the most challenging situations.
Will to Meaning: A fundamental human drive to find meaning, distinct from the will to power or pleasure.
Freedom to Find Meaning: Individuals have the power to find meaning despite circumstances.
Demand Quality of Life: Life presents challenges that individuals must actively engage with to find meaning.
Uniqueness of Individuals: Each person is unique and irreplaceable.
Finding Meaning in Daily Living: Focusing on finding meaning in the present moment.

Judaism

Core Beliefs:
- The God of Abraham: The same God that freed the Israelites from slavery.
- The Coming of the Messiah: Belief in a savior.
- The Torah (Law): The sacred scripture of Judaism.
- Study and Interpretation of the Torah: Central to Jewish culture.
Major Festivals: Five key festivals observed by Jews.
Customs and Practices: A rich array of customs and practices define Jewish life.

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Description

Explore Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to maturity. Each stage presents unique tasks and challenges that shape the self and social identity. Test your knowledge on how these stages influence individual growth and interpersonal relationships.