REVIEW - Understanding the Self PDF

CONCEPTS OF "SELF": I. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS: SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE or the S.P.A. 1. Socrates - body (changing) PHYSICAL REALM - soul (immortal, unchanging, important, inner self) IDEAL REALM: TRUE SELF - both attached (alive) - Famous quotes: "Ignorance the beginning of wisdom", "Know thyself"...

CONCEPTS OF "SELF": I. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS: SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE or the S.P.A. 1. Socrates - body (changing) PHYSICAL REALM - soul (immortal, unchanging, important, inner self) IDEAL REALM: TRUE SELF - both attached (alive) - Famous quotes: "Ignorance the beginning of wisdom", "Know thyself", & "Unexamined life, not worth living" - Socratic Method or the "Art of Questioning" - Final Lesson upon his death: Face Adversities Calmly 2. Plato - Student of Socrates - Soul is TRIPARTITE (harmony): - First, Appetitive Part (abdomen: bodily desires - can't resist appetites such as food, power, sex) MORTAL/PHYSICAL REALM - Second, Rational Soul (head: in control - truth and logical reasoning) IMMORTAL - Third, Spirited Part (chest: strong emotions - courageous) - His concept of Self is, "soul using the body" therefore, the body is the shell of the soul - Life's Journey: Free our Soul from the body 3. Aristotle - Composite of Body and Soul (balance) - Composed: i. body and soul, ii. mind and matter, iii. sense and intellect, iv. passion and reason (reason - supreme and govern all life's activities/ rules over senses, tends to live a happy life) - Human Happiness - Golden Mean: Moderation/Balance - Doing things in consonance with reason II. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHERs: St. Augustine & St. Aquinas 1. St. Augustine - relationship with God - happiness can be found in God 2. St. Thomas Aquinas - Faith with Reason (science: truth from reason and divine revelation never contradict) - God truth itself - Perfect happiness only in God III. MODERN (before): Descartes, Locke, Kant 1. Rene Descartes - Cartesius - Body Mind dualism: 2 Parts - (1) Immaterial mind - consciousness (2) Material body (unreliable - human senses) - Famous quote, "I think therefore I am" - Rationality and activity of mind (center of man's being) - Father of Modern Philosophy and Mathematics 2. John Locke - Mind: Tabula Rasa (blank slate - will be filled by experiences) - Impression (Infancy: very important stage and lasting consequences) - Famous quote, "We are God's property" - Chief end: Survival 3. Immanuel Kant - Moral Self: Inner (psychological and rational) and outer self (senses and physical world) - Self is prone to corruption - Kantian Categorical Imperative - Universal Law: Maxim by which you can at the same time natural law IV. CONTEMPORARY (present): Ponty, Ryle, Churchland 1. Maurice Merleau Ponty -Inextricable Union (mind and body: embodied experience intertwined) - mind always think in an embodied way 2. Gilbert Ryle - Connection of Mind and Body: Knowing how (technical ability) & Knowing that (facts and propositions) - Knowing that to knowing how 3. Paul Churchland - Adheres to materialism: empiricism (sense) - Sense of Self: Physical Brain - real only is senses can be use V. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: - norms/expectation of society 1. George Herbert Mead - self developed from social experiences and activities - Influence: restricted only to a significant others and certain periods - types of personality: " I " - natural/ existential aspect; "ME" - socialized/cultured self 2. Charles Cooley - Looking glass theory: others view impact on one's self-image (INFLUENCE BY OWN IMAGINATION) - 3 steps: (1) Imagine how we appear, (2) Imagine how others judge, (3) Feelings and responses VI. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: - holistic approach - Naomi Quinn "Self is Totality" - 2 pitfalls to avoid: (1) Strategic approach - no integration, (2) Reductionism - single level analysis - PERSON’S CULTURE INFLUENCES PHYSICAL BEING WHICH AFFECT CULTURE (BUILT) AND WAYS THEY RELATE TO FELLOWS - 2 Contrasting models: (1) EGOcentric self - “I”, (2) SOCIOcentric view of self - “ME” VII. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: - Multilevel system emerges from multifaceted interactions (neural, psychological, social levels) 1. William James - Totality of all - 2 divisions: I (subject) and ME (object) - ME: (1) Material Self - core: body, (2) Social Self - many social selves, (3) Spiritual Self - core values & most intimate self, (4) Empirical Self VIII. WESTERN AND ORIENTAL(eastern/asia) THOUGHT - Eastern: collectivism is strong, one integrated whole/ with society - Western: individualism is strong IX. UNPACKING THE SELF 1. Physical Self - Body (concrete and prone to judgment) 2. Sexual Self - 3 months (prenatal dev’t): same reproductive ducts/organs found internal - Male: Wolffian system - Female: Mullerian system - External organ: G.U.L.L. (6 weeks after fertilization - differentiate) (1) Glans: head of penis (m), clitoris (f) (2) Urethral Folds: Fuse (m), labia minora (f) (3) Lateral Bodies: shaft of the penis (m), hood of clitoris (f) (4) Labioscrotal Swellings: scrotum (m), labia major (f) Puberty stage: growth spurt (growth hormone) - High androgen (masculinization) - High estrogen (feminization) - abnormalities: (1) Androgen insensitivity syndrome/ A.I.S. (m): androgen unresponsive, developed female appearance (2) Androgenital syndrome (f): high androgens, congenital andrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (3) 5-alpha reductive deficiency: deficient enzyme, born female due to changes in puberty became male - Sex (biological characteristics) - Gender queer (self concept) - Intersex (reproductive anatomy don’t fit the binary definitions) - Transgender man (F to M) - Transgender woman (M to F) - Gender expression (manner/behave) - Sexual orientation (romantic interests): (1) Asexual - absence of physical attraction (2) Bisexual - attracted to both sex (3) Gay - male to female (4) Lesbian - female to male (5) Heterosexual - cisgender, attracted to opposite sex, normal (6) Queer - umbrella term “self-concept” - Biological factor: homosexual man (no. of older brothers)/ pregnant mother intake of pills - Environmental factor: social cognitive theory, early exposure to same sex, unavailability of opposite sex, childhood sexual abuse - Material self: body, tangible (body - all its parts; extra corporeal self - extended self/ours) - William james: body, clothes, immediate family, home - Roland Barthes: 1st to observe relationship between people and object - Signifier: physical form (e.g. gadgets) - Signified: mental concept/ meaning - The object reflects of who and what he/she is Spiritual self - Real, true, authentic (without patterns or influences) - Spirituality (individual): search for purpose/meaning/answers/ larger questions about life  Religiosity - Sherkat (supernatural) - Macayan (tradition) - Religiosity (communal/ in communities and in groups) lead us to respond - E.g. “what practices should I follow?” Political Self - Function in society - National identity - Tribal/ethnic: tagalog, bisaya, ilokano etc. - Linguistic: fil and eng, 182 living and 4 extinct - Religious: catholics, protestants, muslims - Social Identities: 1. Ethnocentrism: own group superior 2. Normative contents: nation distinctive - e.g. set of ideas, core values, territory, flag, symbols, costumes etc. - Virgilio Enriquez: Father of PH. Psychology/ re-examined ph values - (1) surface values: colonial/accommodative - hiya, gratitude; confrontative - bahala na - (2) pivotal interpersonal: kapwa-tao/ shared inner perception - (3) core value: pagkatao/shared identity - (4) foundation: kagandahang loob (shared humanity); Societal values (dignity) - Reformulated value system: Filipino adolescent framework - makadiyos at paggalang (added) Digital self (constructed) - Online identity - Creating desired image (selective/carefully decide) - Digital footprints (traces of self-representation) - Online engagements (can jeopardize career/ business) - Therefore, the lesson is to manage digital identity with care X. ECOLOGICAL SELF Prenatal stage - 6 weeks (after conception) - Sry gene: sry protein ( medula grow into testes) - Female embryo: lack sry (primordial gonads develop in ovaries) - Fatal development - Wolffian and mullerian Puberty stage - Hypothalamus - Testosterone (m - androgen) - Estradoil (f - estrogen) Variables of metacognition - Person (how you learn) - Task (to accomplish) - Strategy (ways of tackling tasks) - Metacognition: periodically check progress - PQ4R Strategy: Preview (general picture), Question, Read (w/ purpose of answering), Reflect (mental images), Recite, Review (relearning) - Self regulation: adherence (told to do so); identification (like the person asking them to do); internalization (value it/ seek to learn) - Albert Bandura: social learning theory & self efficacy - (1) mastery experience - persist; (2) social modeling/vicarous experience - inspired by others; (3) social persuasion - people lift you up; (4) state of physiology - remain positive - Dr. Carol Dweck: Growth mindset - Lock and Latham: goal setting theory - Stress: inability to cope with threat, heartbeat faster - Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic (fight/flight); parasympathetic (body to calm state) - Types: acute (strong, disappear quickly); episodic acute (may recur, pattern); chronic (long-period, linked to ailments/diseases) - Coping: beliefs, strategy to calm, manage stress holistically - Self care & compassion (be one with the suffering): empathy (feeling other going through)