U.S. History Exam 3 Notes PDF

Jefferson’s Administration Thomas Jefferson: - Wrote the declaration of independence - Brilliant man, does a lot of handy work and read a ton of books. - Drives himself into bankruptcy, sells all his books and becomes the library of congress - Good with the government finances, not h...

Jefferson’s Administration Thomas Jefferson: - Wrote the declaration of independence - Brilliant man, does a lot of handy work and read a ton of books. - Drives himself into bankruptcy, sells all his books and becomes the library of congress - Good with the government finances, not his personal ones - He believed in equality of all, but still owned slaves, he is very contradicting - His wife came to monticello, she brought sally, and has a few children with her after his wife died young. - He believes in the “Ordinary People”--> farmers, craftsmen, self sufficient, etc Dealings with the court: - The federalist that were still in office pushed some actions through before they left office Judiciary Act of 1801: - the Judiciary Act of 1801 expanded federal jurisdiction, eliminated Supreme Court justices' circuit court duties, and created 16 federal circuit court judgeships. - By the federalist, create a bunch more jobs naming federalists to them so they'd be able to stay for a long time - John Marshalls is a federalists, strong nationals gov. - ‘Justice of the peace’- a job that marries people, power to hold court. There are 42 in Washington DC when realistically they only need 1 “Midnight appointments”: - Last-minute judicial appointments by the outgoing president. - Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government. William Marbury: - William Marbury had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia, but his commission was not delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to compel the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver the documents. Madison keeps the letter, Marbury is looking for it; Marbury then files a lawsuit and sues James Madsion for the letter - "Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review. John Marshal: - Chief Justice who established judicial review principle. - A federalists of the supreme court Marbury v. Madison (1803):  - Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court. - Ends up ruling that Marbury won't get the job because it shouldn't be before the supreme court, because the judiciary act is wrong - Marshal is trying to make the judicial branch more equal with the offer of two Land Policy: was a strategy for managing and distributing acquired territories. - Act of 1796 buy 640 acres cost $2, 1800 Land Act had to get 320 acres and cost $2 to pay over four years, 1804 160 acres and cost $1.64, for the new land they gained - Jefferson believes in “Yeomen People” → farmers, craftsmen, self -sufficient people. - He believes that they should be the ones to vote because they are strong minded and independent - However they need land, but it's way to much money - Facilitates the movements west, more farmers are thriving Cuts in spending: - Jefferson's policy to reduce national debt and military. - $83 Million in debt, has not been paid off, at the end he has only $57 MIllion in debt - Does not like the military, so he downsides it, and starts cutting spending on lost of things - Repeats the Whiskey Act - Homestead Acts: 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. Louisiana Purchase -1803: - Very vogue huge plot of land that the U.S buys from france. - Acquisition of territory from France, doubling U.S. size. - U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. 🤑 and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River - Amazing deal Napoleon Bonaparte: The reason why france wanted to keep it was because of this guys’ - French leader who sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. - verthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. - He is obsessed with power wants to rule the world - Napoleon needs some cash, so he ends up selling the land to the U.S in 1803 - He always pays his people on time Jefferson's Dilemma: - Jefferson is a strict constructions; he does believe that you have to follow the limits that are put in place by the U.S constitution  - And there is nothing in the constitution that says you can buy land… (bruh be so for real) However it does say that you can make treaties with other countries so he makes a treaty with France to buy there land for $15 million dollars - He gets bullied by his people for being a hypocrite and buying land Political Intrigue and Foreign Policy Aaron Burr: - Very smart man, decides to run for governor of New York - Was a “dangerous man” according to Hamilton] - Burr loses the race for governor and he blames it on Hamilton because he spoke poorly about him publicly and he has a lot sway - Burr starts writing letters to Hamilton, saying he should apologize, etc. and hamilton writes down and basically says ‘no’ - Ends up challenging Hamilton to a dual Alexander Hamilton: - Hamilton Hates dueling, but still deciding to go back because most the times tjet are able to not shoot each other, and still defend what they said - Goes to shoot to the sky and BURR MURDERS HIM AND KILLS HIM WITH A SHOT TO THE HEART Duel - Weehawken, N.J. - 1804 - Fatal confrontation between Burr and Hamilton in 1804 - Hamilton Dies in this duel The Burr Conspiracy: - Burr’s alleged plot to create and independent nation - Burr ends up disappearing, you never see him. Until general writes a letter to Jefferson explaining where Burr has been James Wilkson: - Military officer involved in Burr's conspiracy trial. - After Hamilton was killed by Burr, he planned to separate the western half of the US from the eastern half with Burr. However, he fled from the plan after finding out that TJ discovered their conspiracy - Wilkson Burr’s Trial - 1807: - When Burr is put on trial for treason because he was trying to split off the western trials of tastes and he was trying to get malitas to work with him Barbary Pirates 1801-1805: - Pirates in northern Africa - They take people into hostage as well as , cargo and want ransom for the people - Jefferson thinks this is ridiculous that they are paying “protection money” Pasha Tripoli: - In 1801, they are mad because of lack of money so they declare war on the U.S - The U.S is looking at the bill for the ransoms, $60,000 - If they were paying the protection money every year, it would have been $300.000 - 1805 the barbary pirates were happy and quieted down at the point Continuing Naval Problems: - The Americans are still having problems with France and Britain The Leopard (British) and the Chesapeake (U.S) - June 1807 - Leopard attacked the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia - British demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters - Cjeasapeak refused so the Leopard fired killing and wounding American Sailors Embargo Act - Dec. 1808: - In response to ongoing British and French interference with American Trade during the Napoleonic Wars, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act - This Act basically cut off all American trade overnight - This caused people to smuggle good Election of 1808 - James Madison: - James Madison won the 1808 presidential election - Madison inherited the fallout from the Embargo Act and continued to deal with British and French aggression Non-Intercourse Act: - This act was passed because of the failure of the embargo act - Not- Intercourse act lifted the trade embargo for all countries except for Britain and France - People are still smuggling Election of 1808 - War Hawks - Some men get elected in the West, and they are very much in favor of going to war with Britain - People in the West want war - Strongly advocated for war with Britain - They believed War would protect American honor and possibly allow for the conquest of Canada Tension in the West: Tecumsah: - A Shawnee leader who sought to from NAtive American confederacy to resist the encroachment of settlers on their lands in the Western U.S William Henry Harrison: - GOvernor of the Indiana Territory - Who was tasked with dealing with the Native American resistance led by Tescumah Battle Of Tippecanoe - 1812: - Harrison led U.S forces against Tescumseh’s brother, at Prophetstown while Tescumah was away - The battle was considered a U.S victory and weakened the Native American coalition War of 1812: - James Madison calls for a declare of war, and congress approves - He says that they are being harassed, and should be allowed to trade with whomever they want Problems facing the U.S: - The americans did not have the money to finance th warm 70% of the cost of the war is borrowed - Military weakness - Divided Public opinion - Native American Alliances with france and britain The War of 1812 Stages of War: 1. 1812-1813- No British army or navy to aid canada 2. 1813-1814- The British Navy shows up and there is a naval blockade; No British Army 3. Late 1814- British Navy and the British Army shows up War Against Canada: - The Americans believed they can attack easiest on Canada - Canada defends their land and fights for their country and land - Hull surrender his troops after the canadians start just simply marching back and forth because they had a lot of men Battle of Luke Erie - Sep. 1813 - Oliver Perryz: - Perry led the U.S Navy to a critical victory against British fleet on Lake Erie - He was letting the British shoot away and become tired - This gave the U.S control of the lake and allowed American to forces ro reclaim Detroit and defeat the British - And their Native American allies at the battle of the Thames Attack on Washington, D.C. - August 1814: - British focus invaded and burned the capital, August 1814 - British troops captured and burned significant government buildings, including the White House and the Captical - They burned a lot of things except the ‘Patent Office’ because they thought that was too far Attack on Baltimore - Ft. McHenry - Francis Scott - Ft. Mchenry needs to be taken down by the British first, so they can then take out Baltimore - The defense of Fort McHenry inspired Fransic Scott to write the ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ which later became the National Anthem Negotiating Team to Belgium: - The United States and Britain send their own negotiating team to Belgium to negotiate because they are so over war - One is John Qunincy Adams, Henry Clay(War Hawk), and Albert Gallitin they end up negotiating to British about the War - They get the Treaty signed Treaty of Ghent - Dec. 1814 - Treaty stating that the War is Over - No exchange for money, not promised of better behavior it's just over Battle of New Orleans - Jan 1815: - Fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, this battle sawe General Andrew Jackson lead American forces to a decisive victory against British troops led by General Sir Edward Pakenham - British has all attacking ships and men, America is just defending with whatever and whoever shows up - Battle was about 25 minutes, British Casualties → 2,000 and U.S Casualties → 13 Andrew Jackson - General Sir Edward Pakenham News of Peace and Vicotry Post-War and the Growth of Nationalism Economic nationalism: - Less trade in America - Self-reliant and taking on a since of pride for your economy - Focus on domestic control of the economy Second Band of the United States - National bank established in 1816 for financial stability - This bank is the biggest bank - Max of public money larger than the first bank ($20M) and the new one is ($35M) Tariff of 1816 - First protective tariff to support American industry - first high tariff approved by Congress in order to move the country towards protectionism. - Protectionism is an economic strategy in which foreign goods are taxed at high rates in order to encourage citizens to purchase locally made goods. - Made people infuriated and made them want to throw hands Internal improvements - Infrastructure projects to enhance transportation and economy - Mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements. - Improving and making roads, canals, things for transportation because the world is getting bigger - Takes an incredibly long time to make; was an extremely slow process - They started creating toll roads also know as turnpikes in order to afford to build the roads they had to charge people Election of 1816: - James Monroe's victory making the “Era of Good Feelings” - In the first election following the end of the War of 1812, Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe defeated Federalist Rufus King. James Monroe: - Fifth U.S president, served from 1817-1825 - Not necessarily the best leader or president; pretty neutral John Quincy Adams: - Secretary of State under Monroe - Was a key diplomat - Was one of the diplomats that went to Belgium for the Gatt Treaty Problems with Florida: - Empty, only a few cities and not many people - Many people in North Florida - Florida was a big problem for the south because many enslaved people would escape to Florida and join Maroon communities - Minister Onís and Secretary Adams reached an agreement whereby Spain ceded East Florida to the United States and renounced all claim to West Florida. Spain received no compensation, but the United States agreed to assume liability for $5 million in damage done by American citizens who rebelled against Spain. - Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty Andrew Jackson in Florida-1818: - Led U.S forces during the first Seminole War - Seized Spanish forts in Florida without explicit authorization - He invaded Spanish Florida to si=uppress Seminole attacks and runaway slaves - His actions pressured Spain into negotiations regarding Florida Adams-Onis Treaty: - Signed in 1819 between the U.S and Spain - The U.S relinquished claims to Texas, clarifying borders between Spanish territory and the U.S - Settled boundary disputes along the Louisiana Purchase and established the Western boundary of the U.S Problems with Missouri: - Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state, causing a conflict between free and slave states - It threatened to upset the balance of power in the Senate between free and slave states - The debate centered around the extension of slavery into new territories Missouri Compromise-1820: - Henry Clay came up with A solution to the conflict over Missouri’s statehood - That Missori was admitted as a slave state, while Maine was admitted as a free state to maintain balance. - Slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36’30’, latitude line, except for missouri Nationalism in the Courts: - Government power v. State powers - The early 19th century saw several landmark Supreme Court cases that emphasized the power of the federal government over states Dartmouth College v. Woodward - Supreme Court case where the court protected private contracts. - New Hampshire tired to change Dartmouth College from a private to a public institution - The ruling supported the inviolability of contracts, even against state interference, boosting the protection of corporations McCulloch v. Maryland - Landmark Supreme Court decision that strengthened federal power - Maryland tired to put in the Stamp Act and tax the federal gov and the Second Bank of the U.S; McCulloch was like no Sir, so he sent it to the supreme court and they ruled that states could NOT tax federal Institutions - Affirmed the principle of implied powers, supporting the constitutionality of a national bank Nationalism in Foreign Policy: - This idea of pride and might with with nationalism  - This means the U.S was starting to think of itself as strong and important, and wanted to protect its own interests in the world - The U.S wanted to make sure other countries, especially in Europe, didn't get too involved in the Americas Monroe Doctrine - 1823: - The U.S told European countries that they shouldn't try to take over any more land in North or South America - It was a way for the U.S to say that this part of the World is off-limits for New colonies or internationals from europe. - It helped the U.S show it was becoming more powerful and wanted to protect its neighbors The 1820s Era of Good Feelings - A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion, republican. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. - Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. ELection of 1824: - John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. John Quiccny Adams: - Was running for President - Pop. 109,000 EC. 84 William Corwford: - He served as secretary of the treasury and very popular in the South - He was running for president - Pop. 0 EC. 41 Andrew Jackson: - Was running for president - He keeps his mouth shut, he thinks if he starts saying something then he is going to annoy people - He tried to be all things for all people - Very Popular, slave holder, support from South - Favorite candidate of the people Pop. 154,000 EC. 99 Henry Clay - : “American System”: - Also ran for president - Politics runs in his blood you might see him senate, secretary, etc - He is the only one that has a program plan for what he is gonna do if he becomes president - Wants to see people call themselves Americans - Pop. 0 EC. 37 - Not your ordinary person House of Representatives: - Election gets thrown into House of Reps, the vote John Quincy Adams with 13-7 of AJ “Corrupt Bargain”’ - It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. - Jackson's supporters denounced this as a "corrupt bargain". Adam’s plan for government: - He wants a strong central government - He is out of step from central America - Perceives the U.S as what it is today, but that's not where it was then - Why ahead with his ideas, he doesn't get much done in his presidency Andrew Jackson – Barbarian: - Clay saw Jacoson as Barbarian, he would have never supported him in the house vote - Hales the British, isn’t very educated, rises the ranks though, people admire him - Meets Rahcel, her husband was abusive, she divorced him, later Marries Andrew Jackson not realizing that her divorce wasn't finalized - Rumors started going around about Rachel calling her names like slut, whore etc really nasty and her man was like no not today - Andrew challenged Dickonson to a duel because he insulted her girl, errrm Dickenson has the best and quickest shot but he missed… oop kinda of hit him in the chest in the lung but he is chillin - Andrew shoots Dickenson in the groan and he eventually dies Observations about Americas: - A french traveler Alexis de Tocqueville who comes to the United States and writes papers about his experience in the U.S - He said he LOVED Americans. He said that they were generous, hospitable, authentic, cruel, too busy, not good conversationalists, thought the worst about each other, ate too much, drank too much, no respect for education, etc  The Transportation Revolution, Immigration, and Stirrings of Reform Transportation Revolution: - Nineteenth-century transportation innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy. - A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation. Building of Road: ➔ The building of toll roads, highways things like that Water – steamboats, Erie Canal, ➔ The building of man made rivers so that people could travel easier along the water taking them to places they needed to be ➔ Also helped enslaved people escape kind of a partnering with underground railroad Railroads: ➔ About 303,000 miles of railroads were laid around that time ➔ Lots of trains were built, earlier when they were made with wood which sparks a lot so they risked a chance of catching on fire ➔ They also had a bad breaking paddle in the beginning ➔ And there were multiple different train companies that have a different width which made it difficult for travelers ➔ Helped with farming, agriculture, economy, help people held in slavery escaped Baltimore and Ohio (B&O): ➔ One of the first major railroads in Ohio in the U.S, chartered in 1827, connection the eastern seaboard with the interior of the country Immigration: Irish: - A significant wave of Irish immigrants came to the U.S in the mid-1800, largely due to the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) - Most Irish Immigrants are Catholic - The Irish fought for the country and fought for the freedom of enslaved people and became more liked later in the decades German: - There is a mix of Catholic, Lutherine, and Jewish religions, Catholic that was the most dominate during this time - German immigrants came to the U.S during the same period seeking political freedom and economic opportunities. - They often settled in the Midwest becoming farmers or skilled tradesmen Nativism: - People who were against immigration, they were called this because they believed that this should just be native people meaning white discarding the indigenous people - Particularly the influx of Irish and German catholics - Nativist feared that immigrants would take jobs and undermine Protestant American Culture Second Great Awakening: - A reaction to what many American believed as an era where people were leaving their religion and becoming more secular - * A protestant religious revival movement that took place in the United States Revivals, camp meetings: - Were large outdoor gatherings where preachers inspired religious fervor, urging people to seek salvation and moral reform. Church of Latter - Day Saints (Mormans) Joseph Smith: - Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Moromns) in 1830 - Claimed to have received divine revelations, including the Book of Mormon, which he published on 1830 - Believed that he could have many wives he had over 30… homy is literally preaching against everything the Lord said … get out bruh  Brigham Young: - Successor to Joseph Smith after Smith’s death in 1844 - Led the Mormon migration to Utah where they established a large and thriving community in Salt Lake City Shakers: - A religious group that practiced communal living and celibacy → no marriage and no kids - Known for their simple, communal lifestyle and craftsmanship - Believed in pacifism (no war, peace) and equality of the sexes - They build furniture very famous for it - Known for there ecstatic dancing Oneida Community - A utopian religious community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 - Practices communal living, complex marriage (shared partners), and literally sharing everything including their kids - They practiced something called “complex marriage”, which meant that everyone was married to each other, and no one person had a single spouse. - They also believed in raising children together as a community - The community was known for making and selling silverware to support themselves financially Temperance Movement: - Aimed to reduce and eliminate the consumption of ALCOHOL - Many believed alcohol was the cause of social problems like poverty, crime abuse, and family breakdowns. - Led to the eventual passing of Prohibition in (1920-1933) - Women, Religious people, and Businessmen were against alcohol - 1.6 → 1.7 gallons per person a year on average in the Colonial era it was 3.7 → gallons per person per year - During the 1830s → 5 gallons per person per year of raw hard liquor including men women and children. A lot of men drank up to 20 gallons of hard liquor per person per year Women’s Rights Movement: - A movement that fought for equal rights for women, especially the right to vote, oven property, and receive education - Began in the 19th Century and gained ,o,entu alongside other reform movements like abolitionism Cult of True Womanhood or Cult of Domesticity: - A belief in the 19th century that women’s roles were to remain in the home, focusing on virtues like piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity - This idea limited women to household duties and discouraged them from public or professional roles - Many women were teachers during this time; could not marry or have children if they wanted to work; had no rights, basically slaves… Key Women Rights Leaders Lucretia Mott: - Quaker abolitionist who advocated for women's rights and helped organize the Seneca falls convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton: - A key figure in the women's rights for movement, she co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments and worked closely with Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony: - An influential leader in the fight for women's suffrage (the right to vote). She worked tirelessly for women's equality and was a co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association Seneca Falls Convention - 1848: - The first woman's rights convention held in the U.S in Seneca Falls, New York - Organized by Elizebthe Cady Stanton and Lucretais Mott - The convection launched the women’s rights movement and demanded equal rights, including the right to vote very extreme Declaration of Sentiments: - A document written during the Seneca Falls convention - Modeled after the Declaration of Independence, It declared that “all men and women are created equal” - Called for women's suffrage and other legal and social rights for women, marking a key moment in the fight for women's equality Jackson’s Presidency Andrew Jackson - Election of 1828: - Jackson won the presidency in a decisive victory, largely due to his appeal to the “common man” and his stance against elites - His election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy. Kitchen Cabinet: - Where Jackson and all of his friend would meet in the kitchen on the cabinets and talk and chill - An informal group of advisors that Jackson relied on instead of his official Cabinet. - THese advisors were often close friends and supporters rather than formally appointed government officials Spoils System: - Jackson rewarded loyal supporters with government jobs. He thought this brought in new ideas, but others felt it encouraged corruption by prioritizing loyalty over qualifications Martin Van Buren: - Secretary of state then vice president then later President - Jacksons close ally, strategist, and vice president during his second term - Helped create the Democratic Party and later became the 8th U.S. president John C. Calhoun: - Jackson's first vice president and a strong supporter of states rights - Opposed Jackson on key issues especially during the Nullification Crisis over state power. - His wife is very strong minded and a rich women kind of iconic she also won’t invite Jackson’s stepdaughter to any party creating beef between Calhloun and Jackson Peggy O’Neal Eaton: - Her marriage to Secretary of War John Eaton led to a social scandal known as the “Petticoat Affair” - The scandal created tension within Jackson’s cabinet, as some cabinet members’s wives refused to associate with her Nullification: - A state could render or avoid a federal tariff at its ports - The idea that states could reject federal laws they believed were unconstitutional - This concept was at the center of the of the Nullification Crisis during Jakcson’s presidency South Carolina Exposition and Protest: - A pamphlet written by John C. Calhoun, this document argued that states could reject federal laws they thought were harmful - Focused on high federal tariffs that hurt the Southern economy ( because they needed to make money off of their cotton and agricultural work which is the product of slavery) Jackson Chooses Sides: - Having a nice dinner to celebrate Adams death and everyone giving a toast and Jackson speaks his mind - Jackson opposed the idea of nullification and viewed it as a threat to the union - He issued the Nullification Proclamation, station that federal laws were supreme and must be followed → Jackson finds out that Calhoun has been going behind his back 12 years later and Jasckson hates him and he is absolutely done him South Carolina Nullifies Tariff: - South Carolina declared the Tariff of 1832 void within the state, refusing to enforce it. - Jackson threatened military action to enforce federal law, leading to a compromise tariff that ended the crisis peacefully. “Force Bill”: - Passed in 1833, this law gave Jackson the power to use military force to enforce federal tariffs in states that resisted them - It was a response to South Carolina's nullification of federal tariffs, reinforcing federal authority over states. Indiana Removal from the Southeast: - Jackson supported relocation Native American tribes from their lands in the SOutheastern U.S to territories west of the Mississippi River - The indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized this process, which affected several tribes, including the Cherokee, Creek and Seminole Cherokeee are Pressured: - The Cherokee Nation faced intense pressure to give up their land in Georgia despite having established a government and adopting European-American customs - In 1832 Worcester v. Georgia case, the Supreme Court ruled in favor Cherokees, but Jackson ignored the decision, leading to forced removal “Trail of Tears”: - The forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation in 1838-1839, resulting in a tragic journey westward to designated “Indian Territory” (Present-day Oklahoma) - Thousands of Cherokees died from exposure, disease, and starvation during the march, making it one of the darkest events of Jackson's policies toward Native Americans The Jacksonian Era and the Growth of the Whig Party Jackson and the Bank: - Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States, which he saw as a symbol of elite power and corruption - He believed the bank had too much influence over the economy and was unfairly benefiting the wealthy Nicholas Biddle: - Biddle was from this well to do family in philadelphia that also where the bank was a Banker/Financier - President of the Second Bank of the U.S., Biddle strongly defended the bank and its role in stabilizing the economy - He became Jackson’s main opponent in the “Bank War” Biddle Pushes for Early Recharter: - Biddle, hoping to secure the Bank’s future, pushed Congress to renew the Bank’s charter early , in 1832 (four years before it was set to expire) - This move forced Jackson to take a stance on the bank as a key issue Jackson Vetoes Recharter: - Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank, arguing that it was unconstitutional and gave too much power to wealthy bankers - His veto speech appealed to the public by criticizing the bank as a tool for the privilege Election of 1832: - Jackson ran for re-election against Henry Clay, with the bank as a central a issue - Jackson’s victory was seen as a mandate from the people to dismantle the bank Jackson’s war Against the Bank: - After his re-election, Jackson escalated his efforts to weaken the bank by withdrawing federal funds - He redirected these deposits to state banks, which were nicknamed “Pet Banks” End of the Second Bank of the U.S: - Without government deposits, the power and influence of the Second Bank declined leading to its eventual closure in 1836 - Jackson’s actions led to economic instability but were popular among those who distrusted centralized financial power - In 1913 that's when we get our next banking system - Roger Toney: supreme court chief Creation of the Whig Party: - The Jeffersonian Republic → Republic→ National Republicans, H-Clay, JQA, Marshalls → Democratic Republicans (AJ) - And the National Republicans then became the Whigs - Formed in the 1830s as opposition to President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party, promoting modernization and economic development Election of 1836: - Martin Van Buren, Jackson’s vice president, ran as the Democratic candidate and won, marking continuity of Jacksoinian Martin Van Buren’s Presidency: - Van Buren was president from 1837 to 1841 - Soon after he became president, a big economic problem called the “Panic of 1837” happened - Many people lost their jobs, banks failed, and the economy struggled - This made Van Buren unpopular Election of 1840: - By 1840, many Americans were upset with Van Buren because of the economy - THe WHig Party chose William Henry Harrison, a military hero, to run against him - Harrison was very popular because of his strong leadership background. William Henry Harrison (“Old Tippecanoe”) - Harrison earned the nickname “Old Tippecanoe” from a famous battle against NAtive Americans at Tippecanoe Creek - People saw him as a strong leader and a hero  - His opportunity helped him win support from his voters - Then Harrison died in office of pneumonia after only being president for 3 weeks John Tyler - John Tyler was chosen as Harrison’s vice-presidential running mate. - He became Vice President when Harrison won the election. - People didn’t expect Tyler to play a big role at first. Log Cabin Campaign of 1840 - Harrison’s campaign was called the “Log Cabin Campaign.” - The Whigs promoted Harrison as a “man of the people” who understood regular citizens. - Campaign materials showed him living in a log cabin, even though he was actually from a wealthy family. - They also used symbols like hard cider to show he was down-to-earth. Harrison’s (brief) administration - Harrison became president in 1841. - Unfortunately, he got sick with pneumonia just a month into his term. - He died soon after, making his presidency the shortest in U.S. history. - After Harrison’s death, John Tyler became president, but the Whigs didn’t fully support him. Texas Revolution and Turn to the West: Stephen F. Austin: - Known as the “Father of Texas” - Brought American settlers (called “Anglo Texans”) to Texas, which was then part of Mexico - In 1830, about 20,000 have moved to Texas, they brought slaves about 1,000 - This was an issue for Mexico, because they did not like slavery but you couldn't have one without the other - Mexican government kinda jsut puts up with it but then there are concerns later on, Texas has gotten out of hand Concerns over Anglo Texans: - The Mexican government worried about the growing number of Americans in Texas and slavery which they hated - Tensions rose because Anglo Texans wanted more freedom and some even wanted Texas to join the united states General Antanio Lopez de Santa Anna: - Mexican President and military leader who wanted to keep Texas under Mexican control - Santa Anna’s army eventually defeated Texans, but it became a symbol of Texan courage  - He was a mess up and down but he ABSOLUTELY HATED SLAVERY he freed any enslaved people he encountered - He was president 11 times - Established Dictatorship when he was president Siege of the Alamo - 1836: - A famous battle where Texan fighters held out at the alamo mission in San Antonio - Santa Anna’s army eventually defeated the Texans, but it became a symbol of Texan courage Texas declares independence - March 2, 1836 - Texas officially declared itself independent from Mexico. - This led to the formation of the Republic of Texas Sam Houston: - Leader if the Texan army and later the first president of the Republic of Texas - PLayed a key role in fighting for Texas independence - He falls in love with this woman and they get married and she doesn't feel the same way about him and she leaves him and drinks all the time and becomes a drunken man - He left and went to live the Cherookee tribe, he loves native americans - Eventually he gets his life together thus texas Battle of San Jancinto - April 21,1836: - The final battle of the Texas Revolution - Sam Houston’s army defeated the Santa Anna’s forces, leading to Texas gaining its Independence “Manifest Destiny”: - The belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America - This idea influenced the push to add more territory, including Texas, California, and Oregon California and Oregon: - Part of the western lands that Americans wanted to settle - Manifest Destiny motivated Americans to move westward to these territories Election of 1844: - A presidential race between Henry Clay (Whig Party) and James K. Polk (Democratic Party) - Polk supported the idea of expanding U.S, territory, including adding California - Polk wins and becomes president Annexation of Texas - December 29, 1845  - Texas officially became part of the United the States in 1845 - This added a new state and expanded U.S territory - They count the Rio Grande Comprise on Oregon: - A deal between the U.S and Britain to divide the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel (a line of latitude) - This allowed the U.S to gain control of part of Oregon without going to War with Britain 55 Multiple Choice 11 Fill in questions 2 or 3 Bonus