CLEP Exam - US History 1 Exam Past Paper PDF

CLEP Exam - US History 1 EXAM LATEST 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | AGRADE 1. John Winthrop told the Puritans that their society would be regarded as a "city upon a hill." But first he explained that there would always be inequalities of wealth and power, that some people would always...

CLEP Exam - US History 1 EXAM LATEST 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | AGRADE 1. John Winthrop told the Puritans that their society would be regarded as a "city upon a hill." But first he explained that there would always be inequalities of wealth and power, that some people would always be in positions of authority, and that others would be dependent. His statement best illustrate the Puritans': Acceptance of the traditional belief that social order depended on a system of ranks. 2. The Portuguese prince who sponsored the explorations and mapping of previously unknown African coastlines which led eventually to Columbus sailing across the Atlantic.: Prince Henry the Navigator 3. Columbus sailed to America in: 1492 4. Columbus landed in the...: Caribbean 5. This Conquistador overthrew the Aztec Empire in Mexico: Hernan Cortez 6. Central and South America was invaded by Spanish conquistadors in the early: 1500s 7. What animal did the Spanish bring to the Americas?: The Horse 8. A large grant of land from the Spanish crown on which conquistadors took 'tribute' from the local Indians in the form of a large share of the crops they grew or the gold and silver they mined.: Encomienda 9. A friar who became an unrelenting critic of colonial violence against Indi1 / 41 ans: Bartolome de Las Casas 10. Even though he was killed in the Philippines, his crew went on to be the first to circumnavigate the globe.: Ferdinand Magellan 11. First British colony in the Americas was located in: Roanoke Island 12. The first state was named...by the British: Virginia 13. Jamestown: Established by Raleigh. Leadership under John Smith. Powhatan and Pocahontas First Tobacco crops Sir Walter Raleigh introduced smoking to British court 14. Mayflower Compact: Document created by Pilgrims/Separatists on the Mayflower prior to landing which specified that while they were still subjects of James I, they were now a "civil body politic" 15. The Great Migration: Nearly 20,000 pilgrims migrated to New England 1630-1642 16. Elected 12 times as governor of Massachusetts Bay Puritans: John Winthrop 17. Roger Williams: Thought religion and government should be separate. Thought Colony should pay Indians for land. 2 / 41 Fled the Colony and established Rhode Island. Wrote charter which included religious toleration, all religions could freely live there. 18. Anne Hutchinson: Put on trial for religious ideas Banished from Colonies Moved to Rhode Island 19. Fundamental Orders: First written constitution of the Colonies It set up a General Court No interference from British Crown 20. Pequot War: First major war between Puritans and Indians Puritans burn alive all but 5 of the Pequot tribe 21. King Philip's War: 1675 full scale war between Puritans and Indians 22. Act of Toleration: Passed 1649 All Christians in Maryland may freely practice their Faith No Jews or Non-Christians allowed 23. House of Burgesses: First representative assembly in the Colonies Burgess = representative In Virginia 24. Bacon's Rebellion: Armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. 3 / 41 Rebellion due to resentment of friendly policies towards Indians, taxation. First rebellion in the American Colonies in which the frontiersmen took part. Hastened the hardening of racial lines dealing with slavery, because this rebellion involved both black and white indentured servants which worried the ruling class. Uprising ended. Berkeley recalled to England. England takes more power to keep from another uprising from happening. 25. Navigation Acts: Series of Acts passed in the English Parliament in 1651,1660 & 1663. The colonies represented a lucrative source of wealth and trade. The Navigation Acts were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in the Colonies. 4 / 41 26. Holy Experiment: William Penn Pennsylvania should be safe state for all faiths 27. Salem Witch Trials: A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. 28. The French and Indian War led Great Britain to: impose revenue taxes on its North American colonies 29. All of the following were common characteristics of many colonial New England Families EXCEPT A. A hierarchical institution in which the father represented the source of authority B. A place that sheltered men from the workplace C. A social institution that cared for the needy and the poor D. A social institution that provided vocational training E. A basic farming unit: B. A place that sheltered men from the workplace 30. Which of the following is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia? A. It was forced on reluctant White Virginians by profit-minded English merchants and the mercantilist officials of the Crown B. It was the first time Europeans enslaved African people C. It fulfilled the original plans of the Virginia Company D. It first occurred after the invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin, which greatly stimulated the demand for low-cost labor E. It spread rapidly in the late-seventeenth century, as enslaved Africans re5 / 41 placed European indentured servants in the tobacco fields: E. It spread rapidly in the late-seventeenth century, as enslaved Africans replaced European indentured servants in the tobacco fields 31. Roger Williams defended liberty of conscience on the grounds that A. all religions were equal in the eyes of the Creator B. the institutions of political democracy would be jeopardized without it C. Puritan ideas about sin and salvation were outmoded D. theological truths would emerge from the clash of ideas E. the state should not interfere in church matters: E. the state should not interfere in church matters 32. Which of the following is true of White women in the British North American colonies? A. They were allowed to be ordained as Ministers B. They were considered politically and socially equal to their husbands C. They were eligible to work as teachers in public schools 6 / 41 D. They were eligible to run for political office E. They were restricted in holding property and making legal contracts after marriage: E. They were restricted in holding property and making legal contracts after marriage 33. Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Great Awakening in the American colonies during the mid-eighteenth century? A. More accessible, democratized piety caused separatism and secession from established churches B. Heightened interest in the supernatural caused the renewed persecution of people for witchcraft C. The growth of institutions of higher learning to fill the need for more ministers to spread the gospel D. More intensive religious devotion caused the missionary spirit to flourish E. The lessening of doctrinal rigor and a concomitant appreciation for more direct experiences of faith.: B. Heightened interest in the supernatural caused the renewed persecution of people for witchcraft 34. "The present King of Great Britain...has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws." The 'constitution' referred to in the quotation above from the Declaration of Independence was A. the principles common to all the Navigation Acts B. the Articles of Confederation 7 / 41 C. a constitution for the colonies written by Sir William Blackstone D. the laws passed concurrently by the several colonial legislatures E. the principles the colonists believed had traditionally regulated British government: E. the principles the colonists believed had traditionally regulated British government 35. "The present King of Great Britain...has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws." The protest that the king had 'combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution' referred to George III's A. alliance with the king of France B. use of Hessian mercenaries 8 / 41 C. reliance on his representatives in the colonies D. approval of parliamentary laws impinging on colonial self-government E. intention to place a German prince on the throne of British America: D. approval of parliamentary laws impinging on colonial self-government 36. By the time of the American Revolution, many American colonists had generally come to believe that the creation of a republic would solve the problems of monarchical rule because a republic would establish A. a highly centralized government led by a social elite B. a strong chief executive C. a small, limited government responsible to the people D. unlimited male suffrage E. a society in which there were no differences of rank and status: C. a small, limited government responsible to the people 37. All state constitutions drafted during the American Revolutionary era were significant because they A. were based on the principle of virtual representation B. included clauses that immediately emancipated slaves C. provided for the confiscation and redistribution of property of wealthy Loyalists D. were the first efforts to establish a government by and of the people E. introduced the concept of checks and balances: D. were the first efforts to 9 / 41 establish a government by and of the people 38. "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" were written to A. record the soil, climate, and profitable crops in the Pennsylvania colony B. chronicle the history of William Penn's colonization efforts C. argue against the power of Parliament to tax the colonies without representation D. petition King George III for colonial representation in Parliament E. encourage colonization of the western frontier: C. argue against the power of Parliament to tax the colonies without representation 39. Under the Articles of Confederation, which of the following was true about the national government? A. It had the power to conduct foreign affairs. B. It had the power to regulate commerce. C. It had a bicameral legislature. 10 / 41 D. It had an independent executive branch. E. It included a federal judiciary.: A. It had the power to conduct foreign affairs. 40. The concept that the ultimate sovereignty of the federal government rests with the people is most explicitly stated in A. the preamble to the US constitution B. 'Common Sense' C. The Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution D. the Bill of Rights E. the Articles of Confederation: A. the preamble to the US constitution 41. "There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. " The passage above is from a speech by which of the following presidents? A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. John Adams D. Andrew Jackson E. Abraham Lincoln: A. George Washington 11 / 41 42. Thomas Jefferson opposed some of Alexander Hamilton's programs because Jefferson believed that A. the common bond of a substantial national debt would serve to unify the different states B. the French alliance threatened to spread the violence of the French Revolution to America C. the federal government should encourage manufacturing and industry D. Hamilton's programs were weakening the military strength of the nation E. Hamilton's programs favored manufacturing and commercial interests: E. Hamilton's programs favored manufacturing and commercial interests 43. The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States? A. It severely damaged American manufacturing. B. It enriched many cotton plantation owners. C. It severely damaged American shipping. 12 / 41 D. It was ruinous to subsistence farmers. E. It had little economic support.: C. It severely damaged American shipping. 44. Henry Clay's American System was a plan to A. Compromise on the issue of extending slavery to new US territories B. foster the economic integration of the North, the West and the South C. export US political and economic values to oppressed people D. maintain United States noninvolvement in the internal affairs of Europe E. assert the right of states to nullify decisions of the national government: B. foster the economic integration of the North, the West and the South 45. Henry Clay's American System: This "System" consisted of three mutually re-enforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. 46. Deists of the late-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries believed that A. natural laws, designed by the Creator, govern the operation of the universe B. prayer has the power to make significant changes in a person's life C. the idea of God is merely the creation of people's minds D. the universe was created by a natural, spontaneous combining of elements E. intuition rather than reason leads people to the awareness of the divine: A. natural laws, designed by the Creator, govern the operation of the universe. 13 / 41 47. The Louisiana Purchase was significant because it A. eliminated Spain from the North American continent B. gave the US control of the Mississippi river C. eased tensions between western settlers and Native Americans D. forced the British to evacuate their posts in the Northwest E. reduced sectional conflict over the slavery issue: B. gave the US control of the Mississippi river 48. Louisiana Purchase: The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs for a total of sixty-eight million francs. Gained approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory, doubling the size of the republic. Stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west 14 / 41 and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal. Considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. 49. Between the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the outbreak of the Civil War (1861), the most important aspect of US foreign policy was A. securing access to Canadian fisheries B. reopening the British West Indies to direct trade with the US C. securing international recognition D. expanding the nations boundaries E. responding to Cuban independence: D. expanding the nations boundaries 50. Jacksonian economic policies did which of the following? A. Removed banking issues from national politics B. Stalled the Westward expansion C. Ended foreign investment in the US D. Abolished the state banks E. Encouraged the expansion of credit and speculation: E. Encouraged the expansion of credit and speculation 51. Which of the following is true of John C. Calhoun? 15 / 41 A. He advocated a strong federal government and helped to establish the bank of the US B. He supported the doctrine of nullification, which declared the right of states to rule on the constitutionality of federal law C. He became a strong opponent of southern nationalism and sought federal legislation to link the West and the South D. As vice president of the US, he helped formulate the beginnings of a new Republican Party E. He led a success movement to include the right of concurrent majority in the Constitution of the US: B. He supported the doctrine of nullification, which declared the right of states to rule on the constitutionality of federal law 52. Doctrine of Nullification: The Doctrine of Nullification suggested that states residing within the Union have the unilateral, inherent (natural, undocumented) right to void any law created by the federal government that could be deemed unconstitutional. The United States was formed on the basis of a general consensus among its individual states. 16 / 41 53. Mason-Dixon Line: The dividing line between the North and the South, free and slave states 6) was a 54. Peter Zenger: John Peter Zenger (October 26, 1697 - July 28, 174ed The New German American printer and journalist in New York City. Zenger print he governor edom of the York Weekly Journal. He was accused of libel in 1734 by William Cosby, t of New York, but the jury acquitted Zenger, who became a symbol for fre press. 55. The Great Awakening: The Great Awakening or First Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival that swept Protestant Europe and British America in the 1730s and 1740s. An evangelical and revitalization movement, it left a permanent impact on American Protestantism.It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. The Great Awakening pulled away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism, and hierarchy, and made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality. 56. French and Indian War: French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, 1754-63. The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. 57. Albany's Plan of Union: 1754. The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government. On July 10, 1754, representatives from seven of the British North American colonies adopted the plan. Developed by Ben Franklin. 58. Iroquois Confederacy: Historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. Known during the colonial years to the French as the "Iroquois League", and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy", and to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722), and later as the "Six Nations", comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples. 17 / 41 59. Sugar Act: The Sugar Act, also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764. The earlier Molasses Act of 1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion. By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. 18 / 41 These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution. 60. The Stamp Act: On March 22, 1765, the British Parliament passed the "Stamp Act" to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years' War. It required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various papers, documents, and playing cards. The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists. A consensus considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent—consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant. Their slogan was "No taxation without representation." 61. The Townshend Acts: A series of measures introduced into the English Parliament by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend in 1767, the Townshend Acts imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies. 62. The Boston Massacre: The Boston Massacre, known as the Incident on King Street by the British, was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers shot and killed people while under attack by a mob. 63. Boston Tea Party: The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. 64. Intolerable Acts: The Intolerable Acts were the American Patriots' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party.... In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts. 65. Which of the following had the greatest impact on the institution of slavery in the US in the first quarter of the nineteenth century? A. Demands of southern textile manufacturers for cotton B. Introduction of crop rotation and fertilizers 19 / 41 C. Abolition of indentured servitude D. Expanded use of the cotton gin E. The Three-Fifths Compromise: D. Expanded use of the cotton gin 66. The "putting out system" that emerged in antebellum America refers to the: A. organizing of slave labor into efficient planting teams B. production of finished goods in individual households C. sending of poor children to live in farms in the Midwest D. shipping of raw materials to European factories E. forced migration of Native Americans from valuable lands: B. production of finished goods in individual households 20 / 41 67. Antebellum: Occurring or existing before a particular war, especially the American Civil War. 68. Which of the following was a major focus of antebellum reform? A. Income tax law B. Universal suffrage C. Prison reform D. Creation of National Parks E. Machine politics: C. Prison reform Pretty, tiny and timid, DOROTHEA DIX gained the attention of the Massachusetts legislature, when they heard her say that the sick and insane were "confined in this Commonwealth in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, beaten with rods, lashed into obedience." Thus, her crusade for humane hospitals for the insane, which she began in 1841, was reaching a climax. After touring prisons, workhouses, almshouses, and private homes to gather evidence of appalling abuses, she made her case for state-supported care. Ultimately, she not only helped establish five hospitals in America, but also went to Europe where she successfully pleaded for human rights to Queen Victoria and the Pope. 69. The establishment of Brook Farm and the Oneida Community in the antebellum US reflected A. the influence of Social Darwinism on American thinkers. B. the continued impact of Calvinist ideas on American thought C. a belief in perfectionism 21 / 41 D. attempts to foster racial integration E. the implementation of all-female Utopian communities: C. a belief in perfectionism 70. During the early stages of manufacturing, the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, primarily employed A. native born, single White men who had lost their farms B. native born, single White women from rural areas C. White males from debtor's prisons D. recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe E. African American women: B. native born, single White women from rural areas 71. Emma Willard was an advocate of A) Freedom of speech 22 / 41 B) Abolition of slavery C) Temperance D) Education for women E) None of the above: D) Education for women 72. Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin? A) Ralph Waldo Emerson B) Harriet Beecher Stowe C) Sojourner Truth D) Phillis Wheatly E) Frederick Douglas: B) Harriet Beecher Stowe 73. Which president was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase? A) George Washington B) Thomas Jefferson C) John Adams D) James Madison E) Zachary Taylor: B) Thomas Jefferson 74. The idea that one branch of government is supervised by another is called A) Checks and balances 23 / 41 B) Legislative C) Democracy D) House and Senate E) Congress: A) Checks and balances 75. Which Amendment protects freedom of religion, speech, press, etc.? A) 1st Amendment B) 2nd Amendment C) 5th Amendment D) 6th Amendment E) 10th Amendment: A) 1st Amendment 76. Why did the Mormon pioneers settle in Utah? I. They were fleeing persecution in other states and Utah was both isolated and remote. II. Their prophet declared that it was the place he had seen in a vision. III. Their original destination had been California, but due to the weather they couldn't continue. 24 / 41 A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) I and III only: D) I and II only 77. Which of the following battles consisted of a victory for the colonists that convinced the French to aid their cause in the Revolutionary War? A) Yorktown B) Princeton C) Bunker Hill D) Saratoga E) Trenton: D) Saratoga. The French had been hesitating to enter the war, but after seeing the British surrender six generals, 300 officers and 5,500 soldiers they were finally convinced. 78. Ralph Waldo Emerson was known as A) A romantic B) A dark romantic C) A transcendentalist D) A creator of lithographs 25 / 41 E) None of the above: C) A transcendentalist 79. "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other..." This quote is from which document? A) United States Constitution B) Declaration of Independence C) Articles of Confederation D) Emancipation Proclamation E) Bill of Rights: C:) Articles of Confederation. The Articles created a weak national government, shown by the fact that the States are referred to as a "league of friendship" and not a collective union. 80. Members of the Whig Party organized in the 1830s agreed most on which of the following? A. Extension of slavery into western territories 26 / 41 B. Elimination of protective tariffs C. Endorsement of the doctrine of nullification D. Disapproval of Andrew Jackson's policies E. Disapproval of the "corrupt bargain" under John Quincy Adams: D. Disapproval of Andrew Jackson's policies 81. The issue of constitutionality figured most prominently in the consideration of which of the following? A. Tariff of 1789 B. First Bank of the United States C. Funding of the national debt D. Assumption of state debts E. Excise tax on whiskey: B. First Bank of the United States 82. The presidential election of 1840 is often considered the first 'modern' election because A. the slavery issue was first raised in this campaign B. it was the first election in which women voted C. voting patterns were similar to those later established in the 1890s D. for the first time, both parties widely campaigned among all the eligible voters E. a second Era of Good Feelings had just come to a close, marking a new 27 / 41 departure in politics: D. for the first time, both parties widely campaigned among all the eligible voters 83. The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following EXCEPT the belief that A. commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base B. the use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting C. westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial D. the Creator selected America as a chosen land populated by a chosen people E. the ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean: A. commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base 84. "Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the Court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this 28 / 41 kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void; and that neither the plaintiff himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner with the intention of becoming a permanent resident." The congressional act referred to in the passage above was the A. Kansas-Nebraska act B. Missouri Compromise C. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 D. Compromise of 1850 E. Fugitive Slave Act: B. Missouri Compromise Note that the ORIGINAL passages states: "...and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner with the intention of becoming a permanent resident." Dred Scott, of course, being a tip-off that this is referring to the Missouri Compromise 85. Moby Dick, The Scarlet Letter and Leaves of Grass are examples of which of the following literary traditions? A. American Renaissance 29 / 41 B. Harlem Renaissance C. Realism D. Modernism E. Genteel Tradition: A. American Renaissance 86. Which of the following represents William Lloyd Garrison's proposed solution to the slavery question? A. Immediate emancipation and resettlement in Liberia B. Immediate emancipation and resettlement in the Southwest C. Immediate emancipation with compensation for slaveholders D. Gradual emancipation without compensation for slaveholders E. Immediate emancipation without compensation for slaveholders: E. Immediate emancipation without compensation for slaveholders 87. Immediately after the Revolution, some men argued that women should be educated so that they could 30 / 41 A. oversee the instruction of their sons to be good citizens B. become clergy C. take an active role in public lie outside the home D. take an active role in business decisions with men E. make informed decisions about how to vote: A. oversee the instruction of their sons to be good citizens 88. Which of the following groups was most likely to adopt the Free Soil ideology? A. Free African Americans B. Northern capitalists C. Western Frontier settlers D. Southern Yeoman farmers E. Southern plantation owners: C. Western Frontier settlers 89. Free Soil Ideology: The primary arguments of the Free Soil Party were "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." 90. Free Soil Party: The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections as well as in some state elections. A single-issue party, its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, arguing that free men on free soil constituted a morally and economically superior system to slavery. It also sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio. 31 / 41 91. In 1848 women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY, was a protest against A. the use of women workers in textile factories B. the abuse of female slaves on Southern plantations C. the failure of the Democratic Party to endorse a woman suffrage amendment D. customs and laws that gave women a status inferior to that of men E. state restrictions that prevented women from joining labor unions: D. customs and laws that gave women a status inferior to that of men 92. Which of the following was opposed by both the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party in the mid-nineteenth century? A. Internal improvement in the West B. Extension of slavery into the territories C. Growth of textile manufacturing in New England 32 / 41 D. Unrestricted immigration from Ireland E. Use of paper money: B. Extension of slavery into the territories 93. In the pre-Civil War era, the railroads' most important impact on the economy was that they A. created a huge raw market for railway equipment B. created the basis for greater cooperation between southern planters and northern textile manufacturers C. generated new employment opportunities for unskilled urban workers D. involved the federal government in the financing of a nationwide transportation network E. provided mid-western farmers accessibility to eastern urban markets: E. provided mid-western farmers accessibility to eastern urban markets 94. Which of the following was NOT an element of the Compromise of 1850? A. Stronger fugitive slave law B. Abolition of slave trade n Washington D.C. C. Admittance of California as a free state D. Organization of the Kansas Territory without slavery E. Adjustment of the Texas-New Mexico boundary: D. Organization of the Kansas Territory without slavery 95. Compromise of 1850: Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between 33 / 41 North and South. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Furthermore, California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government was created in Utah. In addition, an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico. 96. All of the following conditions influenced the development of American agriculture during the first half of the nineteenth century EXCEPT A. settlement of the western territories B. a widespread interest in conserving soil and natural resources C. the trend toward regional economic specialization D. the enthusiasm for land speculation E. improvements in transportation by water: B. a widespread interest in conserving soil and natural resources 97. Which of the following best describes the US position in the world economy during the period 1790-1860? 34 / 41 A. It was the leading producer of finished and manufactured goods for export B. It relied heavily on European capital for its economic expansion C. It had an inadequate merchant marine and depended largely on foreign vessels to carry its trade D. It was strengthened by the acquisition of overseas colonies E. It was severely hampered by its reliance on slave labor: B. It relied heavily on European capital for its economic expansion 98. After the Civil War, the majority of freed people found work in the South as A. factory workers B. railroad employees C. independent craftsman D. tenant farmers E. domestic servants: D. tenant farmers 99. Abraham Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction included which of the following? A. Establishment of the five military districts to prepare seceded regions for readmission as states B. Punishment of Confederates through land confiscation and high property taxes C. Restoration of property to White Southerners who would swear a loyalty 35 / 41 oath to the United States D. Reestablishment of state government after 10 percent of the voters in a state pledged their allegiance to the United States E. Readmission of states to the Union contingent on their ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution: D. Reestablishment of state government after 10 percent of the voters in a state pledged their allegiance to the United States 100. All of the following elements of the Radical Republican program were implemented during Reconstruction EXCEPT A. provision of 40 acres to each freedman household B. enactment of the Fourteenth Amendment C. military occupation of the South D. punishment of Confederate leaders E. restrictions on the power of the president: A. provision of 40 acres to each freedman household 36 / 41 101. Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan allowed for Southern states to be readmitted unto the Union on condition that they A. revoke the ordinance of secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment B. prohibit the use of the Black Codes C. guarantee suffrage for all citizens, regardless of race D. give land grants to freed people E. punish ex-Confederates refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the United States: A. revoke the ordinance of secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment 102. Which of the following was a renowned African American poet in New England in the late eighteenth century? A. Benjamin Banneker B. Lemuel Haynes C. Phillis Wheatley D. Gabriel Prosser E. Sojourner Truth: C. Phillis Wheatley 103. During the antebellum period, the Auburn system was designed to A. teach factory workers proper work habits B. instill discipline in grade schools C. reform criminals D. punish escaped enslaved people 37 / 41 E. cure the mentally ill: C. reform criminals 104. California was admitted as a state to the Union A. as part of the Compromise of 1850 B. with the passage of the Wilmot Provisio C. during the Mexican-American War D. with the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 E. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act settled the issue of Western slavery: A. as part of the Compromise of 1850 105. Which of the following wrote "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl"? A. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper B. Sojourner Truth C. Lydia Maria Child D. Harriet Beecher Stowe E. Harriet Jacobs: E. Harriet Jacobs 38 / 41 106. The activities of the Freedmen's Bureau included all of the following EXCEPT A. providing food, clothing, medical care, and shelter to war victims B. reuniting families of freedmen C. establishing a network of courts D. establishing schools for freed people E. permanently redistributing land: E. permanently redistributing land 107. The United States completed the Gadsen Purchase in 1853 in order to A. obtain Oregon B. build a transcontinental railroad C. relieve population pressures D. obtain additional grazing lands E. balance slave and free states: B. build a transcontinental railroad 108. Gadsden Purchase: The Gadsden Purchase is a 29,670-square-mile region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States purchased via a treaty signed on December 30, 1853, by James Gadsden, U.S. ambassador to Mexico at that time. The purchase was the last substantial territorial acquisition in the contiguous United States. The U.S. sought the land as a better route for the construction of the southern transcontinental railway line. The purchase also aimed to reconcile outstanding border issues between the U.S. and Mexico following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the earlier Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. 39 / 41 109. Place the following educational events in he correct chronological order. Place the earliest event first. 1. Establishment of Harvard College 2. The Common School Movement 3. Establishment of schools to train teachers 4. Northwest Ordinance: 1. Establishment of Harvard College 4. Northwest Ordinance 2. The Common School Movement 3. Establishment of schools to train teachers 110. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding Benjamin Franklin? A. He founded the Bank of the United States B. He authored the Articles of Confederation 40 / 41 C. He authored the Bill of Rights D. He invented electricity E. He helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris of 1783: E. He helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris of 1783 111. The Bill of Rights: The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. 112. Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament. 113. Which of the following terms was used to refer to a means by which some people escaped slavery in the south? A. The Northwest Passage B. The Overland Trail C. The National Road D. The Underground Railroad 41 / 41 E. The Erie Canal: D. The Underground Railroad 114. The acquittal of John Peter Zenger in 1735 reflected the growing colonial belief that A. colonial governors should have absolute veto power over colonial assemblies B. Parliament should not be involved in internal matters in the British colonies C. newspaper editors should have the right to criticize public officials D. Enlightenment thought should have no place in colonial culture E. governors should have the right to limit the publication of newspapers: C. newspaper editors should have the right to criticize public officials 115. Bacon's Rebellion was A. a revolt of African Americans against treatment by their owners 42 / 41 B. the name given to a slave conspiracy in New York City C. the Philadelphia version of the Boston Tea Party D. a revolt by poor farmers and indentured servants E. an uprising of Native Americans: D. a revolt by poor farmers and indentured servants 116. Which of the following is true about the American victory at Saratoga in October 1777 during the Revolutionary War? A. It enabled George Washington to recapture New York City B. It led Congress to declare Independence C. It caused the British to evacuate Boston D. It helped convince France to enter the War E. It prompted Parliament to end the War: D. It helped convince France to enter the War 117. In the early seventeenth century, colonists in the Chesapeake bay area exported which of the following to England? A. Cattle B. Tobacco C. Tea D. Cotton E. Coffee: B. Tobacco 43 / 41 118. "That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, not be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry contrary to his or their Mind..." The excerpt above is from the charter of which of the following English colonies? A. Plymouth B. Pennsylvania C. Massachusetts Bay D. Jamestown E. Roanoke: B. Pennsylvania 44 / 41 119. According to the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Great Britain both recognized American independence and A.agreed to cancel all the prewar debts owed to the British by American citizens. B. promised to set the western boundary of the United States at the Mississippi River. C. retained fishing rights off Newfoundland. D. insisted that George III remain the titular head of the former thirteen colonies. E. agreed to the presence of British troops in the Northwest Territories for ten years.: B. promised to set the western boundary of the United States at the Mississippi River. 120. All of the following resulted from the War of 1812 EXCEPT A. the decline of the Federalist Party B. increased domestic manufacturing C. the loss of Florida to the British D. the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a war hero E. heightened patriotism: C. the loss of Florida to the British 121. In "Dred Scott vs Sandford" (1857), the Supreme Court decided that A. enslaved people could not be freed by virtue of their residence in a free 45 / 41 state B. the Compromise of 1850 was supported by the Consitution C. Dred and Harriet Scott deserved their freedom D. the principle of popular sovereignty could be applied in new territories: A. enslaved people could not be freed by virtue of their residence in a free state 122. Widely read autobiographies of escaped slaves such as "The Life and Times of Frederic Souglass," assisted the abolitionist case primarily by A. raising money for back-to-Africa colonization projects in Liberia or Sierra Leone B. demonstrating the inability of the federal government to stand up to pro-slavery interests in the Congress C. depicting slavery as benevolent and supportive of family preservation D. linking American slavery to earlier slave societies in Greece and Egypt E. transforming the popular understanding of slavery from an abstraction 46 / 41 to a tangible evil: E. transforming the popular understanding of slavery from an abstraction to a tangible evil 123. Which of the following best describes the significance of Shay's Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion? A. They were early examples of colonial opposition to the British taxes imposed after the French and Indian War B. They led to the meeting of the Constitutional Convention. C. They were precipitated by burdensome tax policies D. Alexander Hamilton led the armed forced that suppressed both rebellions E. They were caused by the inability of farmers to pay their debts: C. They were precipitated by burdensome tax policies 124. Shay's Rebellion: Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts (mostly in and around Springfield) during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels (called Shaysites) in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices. In 1787, the rebels marched on the United States' Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government. The events of the rebellion served as a catalyst for the calling of the U.S. Constitutional Convention, and ultimately the shape of the new government. The shock of Shays' Rebellion drew retired General George Washington back into public life, leading to his two terms as the United States' first President. 47 / 41 125. Whiskey Rebellion: The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but American whiskey was by far the country's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century, so the excise became widely known as a "whiskey tax". Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye, barley, wheat, corn, or fermented grain mixtures into whiskey. These farmers resisted the tax. In these regions, whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers. 48 / 41 126. Which of the following best explains the opposition of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to the First Bank of the United States? A. Capital for the bank was raised by taxes on farmers B. The bank did not provide loans to farmers for the purchase of land C. The bank gave the president too much control over the economy D. The Constitution did not grant the Congress the right to charter a bank E. Bank speculation had led to a post-Revolution depression: D. The Constitution did not grant the Congress the right to charter a bank 127. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Hartford Convention? A. To protest the impressments of American sailors into the British Navy B. To coordinate a federal response to the uprising of Tecumseh and the Prophet C. To propose amendments to the Constitution and to avoid the secession of New England states D. To select an alternate seat of government after Washington was captured by the British E. To provide a plan for the incorporation of Canada into the United States.: C. To propose amendments to the Constitution and to avoid the secession of New England states 128. Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning 49 / 41 the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and creating laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in their elimination as a major national political force. 129. War of 1812: The War of 1812 was an armed conflict between the United States of America and Great Britain. It started in 1812 and ended in 1814 - it is also known as the 'Second War for Independence'. 50 / 41 War was declared by President James Madison and resulted in a Military stalemate. The cause of the War of 1812 were the British attempts to restrict U.S. trade during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) and the British Navy's Impressment, or kidnapping, of American seamen who were used as forced labor on the British men-of-war ships. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814. 130. Which of the following were native to North America before Columbus arrived? A. Horses and pumpkins B. Dandelions and clover C. Maize and squash D. Oranges and sweet potatoes E. Rice and potatoes: C. Maize and squash 131. The Middle colonies differed from both the New England and Southern colonies in that the middle colonies A. had a system of staple crop agriculture B. prohibited slavery C. required church attendance on Sundays 51 / 41 D. were more religiously and ethnically diverse E. had no history of violence against Native Americans: D. were more religiously and ethnically diverse 132. Which of the following is true of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? A. It barred slavery north of the 36°30' line. B. It provided free land grants to anyone willing to settle in the Northwest Territory C. It established the 49th parallel as the boundary between Canada and United States D. It set aside territories for Native American tribes in the Old Northwest E. It defined the process by which territories became states.: E. It defined the process by which territories became states. 133. Northwest Ordinance: The Northwest Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from 52 / 41 lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. The upper Mississippi River formed the Territory's western boundary. It was the response to multiple pressures: the westward expansion of American settlers, tense diplomatic relations with Great Britain and Spain, violent confrontations with Native Americans, the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and the empty treasury of the American government. Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress, it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. The prohibition of slavery in the territory had the practical effect of establishing the Ohio River as the boundary between free and slave territory in the region between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. This division helped set the stage for national competition over admitting free and slave states, the basis of a critical question in American politics in the 19th century until the Civil War. 134. Which of the following was a direct consequence of the Proclamation of 1763? A. New taxes were raised on British colonists in North America B. The French and Indian War officially ended C. Slavery was prohibited in territories west of the Mississippi River D. Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains was restrained E. British colonists were encouraged to buy new lands in the southern 53 / 41 colonies.: D. Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains was restrained 135. Proclamation of 1763: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. It rendered worthless land grants given by the British government to Americans who fought for the crown against France. The Proclamation angered American colonists, who wanted to continue their westward expansion into new lands for farming and keep local control over their settled area. 136. Through its ruling in "McCulloch v. Maryland" the Supreme Court achieved all of the following EXCEPT 54 / 41 A. upholding the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States B. establishing the principle of judicial review C. accepting Alexander Hamilton's loose construction of the Constitution D. denying the state of Maryland the right to tax the Second Bank of the United States E. strengthening the power of the federal government: B. establishing the principle of judicial review 137. McCulloch v. Maryland: McCulloch v. Maryland was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. 138. "Now let any candid person examine the causes by which associations...so often fail, and he will find that it arises from the partial and selfish relations of husbands, wives and children.... Therefore, all who attempt to establish and 55 / 41 support such a system by any power of nature, or by any human wisdom, or indeed by any means short of self-denial, integrity of principle, and real chastity of person, will most certainly fail in the end." The statement best reflects the beliefs of which of the following nineteenth-century Utopian groups? A. New Harmony B. The Oneida Community C. Brook Farm 56 / 41 D. The Shakers E. The Mormons: D. The Shakers 139. The Shakers: They called themselves the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, but because of their ecstatic dancing the world called them the Shakers. The Shakers were celibate, they did not marry or bear children, yet theirs is the most enduring religious experiment in American history. Seventy-five years before the emancipation of the slaves and one hundred fifty years before women began voting in America, the Shakers were practicing social, sexual, economic, and spiritual equality for all members. The Shakers were ordinary people who chose to give up their families, property, and worldly ties in order "to know, by daily experience, the peaceable nature of Christ's kingdom." In return, they were welcomed into "holy families" where men and women lived as brother and sister, where all property was held in common, and where each participated in the rigorous daily task of transforming the earth into heaven. Shakerism was founded by an illiterate English factory worker named Ann Lee. Guided by divine visions and signs, she and eight pilgrims came to America in 1774 to spread her gospel in the New World. At their height in 1840 more than six thousand believers lived in nineteen communal villages from New England to Ohio and Kentucky. Tales of their peaceful and prosperous lives impressed the world's utopians. But Shaker aspirations were divine, not social or material. As millennialists, they were unified in the belief that Christ had 57 / 41 come again, first in the person of Mother Ann and subsequently "in all in whom the Christ consciousness awakens." It was therefore the duty of each believer to live purely in "the kingdom come" and to strive for perfection in everything he or she did. 140. The disputed election of 1876 was significant because it A. led to the growth of third parties B. ed to the expansion of executive power C. demonstrated the power of big business D. signaled the beginning of mass participation in politics E. resulted in the end of Reconstruction in the South: (E) resulted in the end of Reconstruction in the South 141. Seventeenth-century Puritans and Quakers differed primarily over the 58 / 41 A. divinity of Jesus B. importance of charity work (almsgiving) C. notion of predestination D. celebration of Christmas E. consumption of Alcohol: (C) notion of predestination 142. In the period between the American Revolution and the Civil War, the religious communities west of the Appalachians that grew fastest were A. Roman Catholics and Quakers B. Jews and Episcopalians C. Quakers and Presbyterians D. Baptists and Methodists E. Methodists and Episcopalians: (D) Baptists and Methodists 143. Which of the following did NOT occur during the transportation revolution in the nineteenth century? A. State and federal governments subsidized the construction of roads and canals B. The cost of shipping goods declined precipitously C. The postal service grew rapidly D. The Supreme Court enforced monopolies on steamboat travel and bridge 59 / 41 construction E. Railroads became a major carrier of freight by the start of the Civil War: D. The Supreme Court enforced monopolies on steamboat travel and bridge construction 144. The Jay Treaty of 1794 led to... A. more stable relations between the United States and Great Britain B. Increased trans-Mississippi migration C. the development of the first political party system D. an increase in the power of the Supreme Court E. increased migration from Eastern Europe: A. more stable relations between the United States and Great Britain 145. The Jay Treaty: The Jay Treaty, was a 1795 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792. 60 / 41 The Treaty was designed by Alexander Hamilton and supported by President George Washington. It angered France and bitterly divided Americans. It led to the formation of two opposing parties in every state, the pro-Treaty Federalists and the anti-Treaty Republicans. 146. One of the major consequences of the Mexican-American War was the A. resolution of the issue of slave states versus free states until the Civil War B. expulsion of Mexicans from the annexed territories C. passage of the Homestead Act, which granted land to settlers in the West D. prohibition of slavery in Texas E. designation of 80,000 to 100,000 Mexicans as American citizens: E. designation of 80,000 to 100,000 Mexicans as American citizens 147. "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. —That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." The Declaration of Independence 61 / 41 The author of the passage above was influenced by the writings of A. John Locke's Second Treatise on Government B. Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan C. David Hume's Of Civil Liberty D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract E. Pierre-Joseph Proundhon's An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government: A. John Locke's Second Treatise on Government 148. Which of the following statements best describes women's involvement in reform movements of 62 / 41 the antebellum period? A. Many women argued that their roles as mothers and wives gave them a unique understanding of the nature of and solutions to social ills. B. Women rarely ventured outside the private sphere and were not heavily involved in reform movements C. Women were successful in getting suffrage laws passed in many states but were unsuccessful in getting a national suffrage law passed D. Women were active in the abolitionist movement and accepted as equals within it. E. Women argued that education would lead to a more equal society and pushed heavily for the establishment of a private school system.: A. Many women argued that their roles as mothers and wives gave them a unique understanding of the nature of and solutions to social ills. 149. The purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau was to A. campaign against segregation and achieve political and social equality for all people B. inject money into the Southern economy by giving loans to freedmen to help them buy plots of land from their former masters C. grant each former slave 40 acres of land in the western territories D. help African Americans transition from slavery to freedom E. establish the first comprehensive public school system in the Southern states: D. help African Americans transition from slavery to freedom 150. All of the following intellectual traditions contributed to the ideas of the 63 / 41 Founding Fathers EXCEPT the A. French Enlightenment philosophy B. liberal traditions represented by John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government" C. Whig philosophy as represented in British political pamphlets D. skeptical tradition of David Hume E. Scottish Enlightenment philosophy: D. skeptical tradition of David Hume 151. The Second Great Awakening differed from the First Great Awakening in that the Second Great Awakening A. led to a rapid increase in membership in Congregationalists and Presbyterian churches B. caused revivalists to fear a growing threat to spiritual authority from laypeo- 64 / 41 ple C. was closely tied to social reform movements D. prohibited women from speaking at camp meetings and other religious services E. began in New York state and made its largest impact through New England: C. was closely tied to social reform movements 152. Which of the following most directly led to a more democratic political system in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century? A. Most states extended the right to vote to women and free African Americans B. Judicial review was established, limiting the power of the Supreme Court over the decisions of Congress C. Presidential elections started being determined by a combination of the electoral college and popular vote D. Many states reduced or eliminated property qualifications for voting. E. New territories were not admitted as states unless they guaranteed the right to vote for all men over the ave of twenty-one.: D. Many states reduced or eliminated property qualifications for voting. 153. The Federalist Party's political perspective was characterized by which of the following beliefs about the central government? 65 / 41 A. It should have very few powers over the states. B. It should pursue closer relations with France rather than Britain C. It should provide aid to western farmers D. It should oppose bankers and manufacturers E. It should encourage economic development.: E. It should encourage economic development. 154. Which of the following was true of Southern society in the antebellum period? A. The South experienced less social stratification than the North B. Northern women could not become school teachers in the South in order to prevent the spread of abolitionism C. Southerners expected the White women would work outside the home D. The South has a higher literacy rate than that of the North E. Southern politicians increasingly described 66 / 41 slavery as a positive institution.: E. Southern politicians increasingly described slavery as a positive institution. 155. President James K. Polk would have been most likely to upset Northerners by his A. compromise over the Oregon Territory B. opposition to invading Mexico C. support for a high tariff D. invasion of British Columbia E. support for the Wilmot Proviso: A. compromise over the Oregon Territory 156. Which of the following is true of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? A. It was a compromise that prevented further sectional divisions for the next decade B. It consolidated the concept of states' rights in regard to enforcing slavery C. Many Northerners opposed it. D. It established the right to due process for people accused of being fugitive slaves E. Most Southern politicians opposed it: C. Many Northerners opposed it. 157. Fugitive Slave Act: The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.... Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. 67 / 41 It was part of Henry Clay's famed Compromise of 1850—a group of bills that helped quiet early calls for Southern secession—this new law forcibly compelled citizens to assist in the capture of runaway slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act was one of the most controversial provisions of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a "slave power conspiracy." Background By 1843, several hundred slaves a year were successfully escaping to the North, making slavery untenable in the border states. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 required the return of runaway slaves by requiring authorities in free states to return fugitive slaves to their masters. However, many Northern states found ways to circumvent the Fugitive Slave Act. Some jurisdictions passed "personal liberty laws," which mandated a jury trial before alleged fugitive slaves could be moved. Others 68 / 41 forbade the use of local jails or the assistance of state officials in the arrest or return of alleged fugitive slaves. In some cases, juries refused to convict individuals who had been indicted under federal law. The Missouri Supreme Court held that voluntary transportation of slaves into free states, with the intent of their residing there permanently or definitely, automatically made them free, whereas the Fugitive Slave Act dealt with slaves who went into free states without their master's consent. Furthermore, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) that states did not have to offer aid in the hunting or recapture of slaves, which greatly weakened the law of 1793. These and other Northern attempts to sidestep the 1793 legislation agitated the South, which sought stronger federal provisions for returning slave runaways. In response to the weakening of the original fugitive slave law, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave liable to a fine of $1,000. In addition, officers who captured a fugitive slave were entitled to a bonus or promotion for their work, and any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to a six-month imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Law-enforcement officials everywhere now had greater incentive to arrest anyone suspected of being a runaway slave, and sympathizers had much more to risk in aiding those seeking freedom. Slave owners only needed to supply an affidavit to a federal marshal to claim that a slave had run away. The suspected runaway could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. As a result, many free black people were accused of running away and were forced into slavery. Effects of the Fugitive Slave Act The Fugitive Slave Act was met with violent protest in the North. This anger stemmed less from the fact that slavery existed than from Northern fury at being coerced 69 / 41 into protecting the institution of Southern slavery. Moderate abolitionists were faced with the choice of defying what they believed to be an unjust law or breaking with their own consciences and beliefs, and many became radical antislavery proponents as a result. Many Northerners viewed the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act as evidence that the South was conspiring to spread slavery through federal coercion and force regardless of the will of Northern voters. In many Northern towns, slave catchers were attacked, and mobs set free captured fugitives. Two prominent instances in which abolitionists set free captured fugitives include John McHenry in Syracuse, New York, in 1851, and Shadrach Minkins in Boston of the same year. 158. Which of the following best describes the American Colonization Society? 70 / 41 A. It helped provide jobs for African Americans building the Panama Canal. B. Militant abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass supported it. C. Large numbers of African Americans in the 1850s and 1860s supported it D. It promoted the settling of free African Americans from the United States to Africa E. It developed the concept of Manifest Destiny in the 1830s and 1840s: D. It promoted the settling of free African Americans from the United States to Africa 159. The American Colonization Society: The American Colonization Society, founded in 1816 to assist free black people in emigrating to Africa, was the brainchild of the Reverend Robert Finley, a Presbyterian minister from Basking Ridge, New Jersey. 160. Which of the following was a key component of Alexander Hamilton's plan for the economic development of the United States? A. Establishment of a national bank that would stabilize paper currency and extend credit B. Termination of all trade with European countries in order to bolster he United States economy C. Establishment of trade agreements with European colonies in the Western Hemisphere D. Eradication of the national debt in order to create a small federal government E. Reliance on the free market, with no government involvement in the econ71 / 41 omy: A. Establishment of a national bank that would stabilize paper currency and extend credit 161. Which of the following best explains the primary reason for the opposition in the United States to the annexation of Texas in the late 1830s and early 1840s? A. The large numbers of Catholics in Texas B. The threat of economic competition from cotton growers in Texas C. The potential for creating an imbalance in the Congress between proslavery and antislavery forces D. The migration of settlers to new land in Texas E. The potential for United States engagement in a war with Mexica: C. The potential for creating an imbalance in the Congress between proslavery and antislavery forces 72 / 41 162. In his Farewell Address, George Washington advocated that the United States should develop which of the following policies? A. Using its moral standing as a democratic nation to intervene in foreign affairs B. Annexing neighboring territories that were under Spanish colonial authority C. Adopting an isolationist position by avoiding engaging in alliances with European states D. Creating lasting alliances with newly independent states in the Western Hemisphere E. Preventing European nations from interfering in the political stability of the Western Hemisphere: C. Adopting an isolationist position by avoiding engaging in alliances with European states 163. Which of the following contributed to the start of the French and Indian War? A. Attempts by British colonists to settle areas in the Quebec region of Canada B. Skirmishes between British and French forces over disputed territory in the upper Ohio River valley C. Military confrontations between British settlers and Native Americans in the Great Lakes region D. Tension caused by new military alliances between the French and the Iroquois confederact 73 / 41 E. Raids by French soldiers on British settlements in western New England: B. Skirmishes between British and French forces over disputed territory in the upper Ohio River valley 164. Which of the following best characterizes foreign relations between Europe and the United States during the Civil War? A. Russia advocated for the independence of the South to defend the legitimacy of slavery B. France provided significant military and financial aid to the South during the war C. Britain maintained neutrality in the war despite significant economic ties to the South D. European allies of the North encouraged Mexico to plan an invasion of the South 74 / 41 E. Spain aided the North because it saw the South as a threat to Spanish interests in Cuba: C. Britain maintained neutrality in the war despite significant economic ties to the South 165. The Caribbean sugar plantations played an important role in the growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade for which of the following reasons: A. Demand for enslaved Africans was high in the Caribbean because Africans' prior knowledge of sugar cultivation increased plantation profits. B. The harsh conditions and high mortality rates associated with Caribbean sugar cultivation and production resulted in a constant demand for new labor. C European governments made slavery illegal in most of their overseas empires, which limited merchants to selling enslaved people in only a few places such as the Caribbean. D. Sugar produced and shipped from the Caribbean was in high demand in Africa, where African merchants were willing to trade slaves for sugar E. White indentured servants who came to the Caribbean refused to work in sugar cultivation, which encouraged the widespread reliance on enslaved African labor.: B. The harsh conditions and high mortality rates associated with Caribbean sugar cultivation and production resulted in a constant demand for new labor. 166. Advocates of popular sovereignty in the mid-nineteenth century asserted which of the following? A. All enslaved people should be freed by a constitutional amendment B. Presidential elections should not be decided by the electoral college 75 / 41 C. Slavery should not be extended into any new territories or states D. Residents of a territory should decide if slavery would be permitted there. E. Congress had the sole right to grant suffrage to women in new territories: D. Residents of a territory should decide if slavery would be permitted there. 167. Which of the following best describes a common characteristic of most Eastern Woodland Native American societies before contact with Europeans? A. They relied on bison as their main source of food and products for trade B. They shared a common language that enabled easy communication between tribes C. They lived in farming communities and also foraged for seasonal food sources D. They used enslaved labor to cultivate corn, squash and tobacco on plantations 76 / 41 E. They formed a single regional confederacy that settled disputes between different groups: C. They lived in farming communities and also foraged for seasonal food sources 168. "The consequences of a speedy removal will be important to the United States, to individual States, and to the Indians themselves. The pecuniary advantages which it Promises to the Government are the least of its recommendations. It puts an end to all possible danger of collision between the authorities of the General and State Governments.... It will place a dense and civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few... It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way... and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels, to... become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community." President Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1830 Jackson's reference to the "pecuniary advantages which it promises" reveals that which of the following was a motive behind the policy he proposed in the excerpt? A. Encouraging economic development through land subsidies to the railroads B. Confiscating Native American land to make it available for sale to Whites C. Passing tariffs on increased agricultural production from lands opened to farming D. Granting citizenship rights to Native Americans in order to expand the tax 77 / 41 base E. Requiring loan repayments in specie to stabilize the national banking system: B. Confiscating Native American land to make it available for sale to Whites 169. "The consequences of a speedy removal will be important to the United States, to individual States, and to the Indians themselves. The pecuniary advantages which it Promises to the Government are the least of its recommendations. It puts an end to all possible danger of collision between the authorities of the General and State Governments.... It will place a dense and civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few... It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their 78 / 41 own way... and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels, to... become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community." President Andrew Jackson, Second Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1830 By the late 1830s, the policy outlined in the excerpt resulted in A. the launch of a major military campaign by the United States Army against Native Americans in the West B. legislation that mandated the return of ancestral lands to Native American nations in the Southeast C. efforts to assimilate Native Americans into White society and culture under the Dawes Serveralty Act D. the development of alphabets for written language, constitutions, and private land ownership by Native Americans in the Southeast E. the death of many southeastern Native Americans from exposure, disease, and starvation on the forced march called the Trail of Tears: E. the death of many southeastern Native Americans from exposure, disease, and starvation on the forced march called the Trail of Tears 170. The Boston Tea party of 1773 most directly resulted in which of the following actions? A. The Massachusetts militia engaged in skirmishes with British troops at 79 / 41 Lexington and Concord. B. British soldiers opened fire on a group of colonial protesters in what became known as the Boston Massacre. C. The British parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, a series of punitive laws for the Colonies D. Representatives from the thirteen colonies formed the Stamp Act Congress to better coordinate colonial protest. E. Patrick Henry penned the Virginia Resolves to argue for the preservation of local rights against central government power: C. The British parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, a series of punitive laws for the Colonies 171. Which of the following statements best describes a role that the South played in the emerging national and international market economies in the first half of the nineteenth century? 80 / 41 A. It exported most of the cotton it produced to Norther rather than international textile marketers B. It purchased most of its luxury goods from Northern manufacturers rather than international suppliers C. It contributed an ever more diverse range of agricultural commodities to national and international markets D. Its industrial production supplied manufactured goods to Northern, Western, and international consumers E. Its economic output increasingly helped to integrate the country into international financial networks: E. Its economic output increasingly helped to integrate the country into international financial networks 172. The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1804, was a response to which of the following problems? A. Several states refused to vote on the Constitution without the inclusion of the amendment B. Conflicts within President George Washington's Cabinet prevented the government from functioning C. The original process for electing the president did not account for the rise of political parties D. The divisions between northern and southern states over tariffs led to competing party nominees for the vice presidency E. Senators disagreed with representatives on the apportioning of electoral votes by state population.: C. The original process for electing the president did not account for the rise of political parties 81 / 41