Urban Planning PDF

ENGINEERING URBAN PLANNING (CE 263) Urban Planners (Do what?) INTRODUCTION Identify the best way to meet community needs in terms of infrastructure and What is Urban Planning?...

ENGINEERING URBAN PLANNING (CE 263) Urban Planners (Do what?) INTRODUCTION Identify the best way to meet community needs in terms of infrastructure and What is Urban Planning? handling growth Urban Planning is a multidisciplinary field that Involves overseeing all aspects of focuses on the development and management of planning, including reviewing research on metropolitan areas. economic and environmental impacts. Work with developers and with their It is a collaborative field that involves various communities on the best way to turn professionals, including engineers and architects, proposals into reality. also social sciences, each bringing specialized This also sometimes means recommending skills to the table. that proposals be rejected if research and Objectives: analysis show that the project would not be beneficial or might actually be detrimental. To create safe, organized, and enjoyable environments for residents, addressing Qualification/skillset: both new development and existing urban Education, Training, and Certification areas, Flexibility To correct problems caused by the cities deadlines and specific priorities for expanding spontaneously, without projects often change, and planners need to adapt. planning. Verbal Communication What are the concerns of Urban Planning? Planners need to be able to interact with Building Locations members of the public, including the local business community, and members of elected Zoning councils and boards. Transportation How a town or city may look (Aesthetics) Leadership Urban planners also try to eliminate run- Serve as a point person on community down areas and prevent their development, projects, often overseeing a staff of other planners as well as preserve the natural environment or local employees. of the area. Analytic Skills Who are the Urban Planners? Review a lot of data from environmental studies market studies, population demographics, It is usually executed by a group of and more. individuals with specific skills and Able to use that information to come up backgrounds with the best possible solutions to planning Those certified professionals with problems. expertise in cultural, economic, and legal aspects of urban development. Like most disciplines, urban planning is Engineers, Architects, Environmental developed to solve a problem. Prior to the mid-19th Planner, Bs in Geography, Political century, metropolitan areas were created as Science, Social Sciences existing towns spread out; London, Paris, and Tokyo started out as small towns and simply kept What do Urban Planners do? getting bigger as more people moved to them. Communicate with Public The addresses and streets in the older Analyze Data sections of these cities can be confusing, even to natives, because they were established with little Conduct Inspections thought as to how the area might change and grow Create Maps, and Diagrams in the future.  While people always engaged in some type 3. Less Environmental Impact of town or city organization, whether settling near Sustainable Goals: Urban Planning a body of water or on higher ground for self- integrates environmental considerations, helping defense, the late 19th century is when modern urban cities manage waste, control emissions, and utilize planning began to develop. The lack of resources efficiently. organization in housing areas, industrial sections, Green Initiatives: Measures like planting and the placement of hospitals and schools often trees, promoting public transport, and raising created problems for the safety and health of environmental awareness reduce the ecological residents in older cities. footprint or urban areas. Architects and engineers, in partnership 4. Better Economy and Resource Utilization with their local government, began planning ways Economic Growth: Well-planned cities to solve these problems in existing urban areas, and create job opportunities, attract investments, and to prevent them from developing in new areas. maintain a balance between economic activity and While finding solutions for existing situations in living costs. cities is often more complicated than planning a Efficient Resource Use: Urban planning new city or urban area from scratch, both are ensures that resources are used wisely, supporting equally important parts of the field. sustainable economic development and preventing Significance of Urban Planning urban decline. As cities continue to grow, so do their 5. National Development challenges and complexities. Urban planning Urban Centers as Growth Engines: Cities offers comprehensive solutions to manage these are key drivers of national development, challenges effectively. contributing significantly to economic, social, and Proper urban planning is essential for environmental progress. ensuring cities remain functional, attractive, and Future Impact: With a growing urban sustainable, benefitting, the economy, population, well-planned cities will increasingly environment, and quality of life. shape the development and prosperity of entire Why Urban Planning Matters? nations. SEVEN REASONS 6. Disaster Prevention and Greater Credibility 1. Planned City Growth Risk Management: Urban planning help Orderly Development: Urban planning cities anticipate and prepare for natural disasters, ensures that city growth aligns with a clear vision, minimizing damage and enhancing safety. taking into account the current and future needs of Building Credibility: A well-planned city the population. fosters stability and credibility, attracting Predictable Expansion: With more people residents, investments, and opportunities, moving to cities, planned growth helps manage regardless of political changes. resources, infrastructure, and community well- 7. More Efficient Problem Solving being. Anticipation and Prevention: Effective Community Collaboration: Facilitates a urban planning allows cities to foresee potential strong relationship between local leaders, challenges and address them proactively, reducing departments, and residents, fostering a common the effort and cost of solving problems. goal of productivity and better living. Quick Response: In the event of 2. Improved Health and Quality of Life unforeseen issues, well-planned cities can react Quality of Life Focus: Urban planning swiftly, maintaining functionality and minimizing considers the quality of life for city residents, disruptions. addressing issues like traffic congestion, access to Why Urban Planning Matters? Conclusion: services, and public spaces. The Impact of Urban Planning. For long-term Healthier Lifestyles: Properly planned success and sustainability of cities. cities provide better access to essential services, The Future. They will be better equipped to meet reducing stress and promoting healthier living. challenges of the modern world. TYPES OF URBAN PLANNING CONCEPTS city’s economic visibility. Collaboration: Works closely with other 1. Strategic Urban Planning planning types, such as land-use, master planning, Focuses on high-level goal setting and and infrastructure, to ensure project feasibility. identifying desired areas of growth. The outcome is a strategic plan 6. Environmental Planning (development plan/ comprehensive plan) that Focuses on sustainability and minimizing guides the city’s future development environmental impact. The objectives may include improving Points to consider: Air and noise pollution, transportation, creating community spaces, wetlands, endangered species habitats, flood enhancing quality of life, and attractive residents zones, and coastal erosion. and visitors. Integration: Must be aligned with master, revitalization, and infrastructure plans to ensure a 2. Land- Use Planning balanced approach to urban development. Focuses on legislation and policy to influence how land is used within a city. 7. Infrastructure Planning Functions: Focuses on, developing and maintaining Residential: Housing developments like the city’s essential facilities and systems. apartments and homes. Areas Covered: Public Works: Water Commercial: Retail and office spaces. supply, sewage, electricity, and Industrial: Factories and warehouses. telecommunications. Municipal: Government buildings like Community Infrastructure: Schools, police stations and courthouses. hospitals, parks. Safety and Transportation: Ensures that land is used efficiently and in Roads, police, and fire facilities. alignment with the city’s strategic goals. Ensures that infrastructure supports the city’s strategic development goals. 3. Master Planning Focuses on the development of greenfield TECHNICAL ASPECTS sites (undeveloped land). Technical Processes in Urban Planning: Envisioning the future state of a space and planning accordingly. Land Use Planning. Legislations and policy to Considerations on: Zoning, infrastructure, influence how land is used, including zoning for transportation, and amenities. residential, commercial, industrial, and municipal Partners: Requires collaboration with purposes. landowners, government agencies, and professional consultants. Urban Design. Focuses on the physical layout and aesthetics of urban spaces, ensuring they are 4. Urban Revitalization visually appealing and functional. Focuses on, improving areas that are in decline. Natural Resources Management. Strategic Strategies, repairing infrastructure, planning for sustainable use of natural resources cleaning up pollution, and adding public spaces. like water, green spaces, and energy. Community Involvement: Engaging local Transportation Planning. Developing efficient residents and businesses to tailor the revitalization transportation networks that reduce congestion efforts to the community's needs. and promote accessibility. Implementation: May involve changing land use or incorporating environmental planning to Infrastructure Planning. Ensures that cities have rejuvenate the area. the necessary public works infrastructure (water supply, sewage, electricity, telecommunications) 5. Economic Development and community facilities (schools, hospitals, Focuses on, promoting financial prosperity parks, etc.) by attracting businesses to the city. Impact: Boosts local employment, Considerations in Urban Planning increases consumer spending, and enhances the Aesthetics. Importance of visually pleasing urban environments, considering architecture, landscaping, and public art. GROUP 1: THE HISTORY OF Safety and Security. Designing urban spaces to URBAN PLANNING minimize crime and ensure public safety through HISTORY well-lit streets, secure buildings, and accessible Pre-classical Era emergency services. The early evidence of urban planning from Decay and Urban Revitalization. Addressing civilizations like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, urban decay, including slums, and implementing and Egypt laid the foundational principles of strategies for reconstruction and renewal. organized city layouts and infrastructure. These early cities demonstrated the importance of New Master-Planned Cities. Developing entirely planning in creating functional and sustainable new cities from scratch, ensuring they are well- urban environments. planned and sustainable. Classical Era Transportation and Suburbanization Greek and Roman contributions Transport. Planning for efficient transportation formalized urban planning as a discipline, with the Hippodamus of Miletus introducing systematic systems, including public transit, roads, and grid layouts and the Romans advancing pedestrian paths, to reduce traffic congestion and infrastructure with roads, aqueducts, and public pollution. spaces. Suburbanization. Managing the expansion of Medieval Period cities into suburban areas, ensuring they are well- Following the fall of the Roman Empire, connected and maintain a high quality of life. many European cities grew organically, often Environmental and Zoning Considerations around trade routes or religious centers. The lack of formal planning led to overcrowding and poor Environmental Factors. Incorporating sanitation in many urban areas. sustainability into urban planning by managing air and noise pollution, preserving wetlands, and Industrial Revolution protecting endangered species. Early regulatory laws: Great Britain’s Public Health Act of 1848 Zoning Establishing zones for different land uses, New York State Tenement House Act of 1879) ensuring a balanced distribution of residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Progressive Era Recreational Planning Light and Sound. Managing light pollution and sound levels to improve the quality of life for EVOLUTION urban residents. The Nolli Map (1748). This was created by an architect named Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Giambattista Nolli. Access and Health Impacts. Ensuring all urban This map established the areas have access to clean water and sanitation common modern practice facilities, which directly impact public health. of showing entire cities Latrines and Sanitation Facilities. Planning for from above without a adequate latrines or public comfort rooms and single focal point. sanitation infrastructure, especially in densely Garden City (1903) populated or low-income areas. This was created by an Wastewater Management. Developing systems English Planner named for effective wastewater treatment and disposal to Ebenezer Howard. protect public health and the environment. This idea sought to solve urban overcrowding and poor quality of life by creating smaller, master- The Megaregion (1961) planned communities on the outskirts of the larger city. This was created by an architect named Jean Gottmann The Setback Principle (1916) Its concept is to describe and This was created by analyze the growing an architect named interconnectedness and integration Hugh Ferriss of urban areas that form large, Planners turned continuous, and economically their interest from interdependent regions. the layout and footprint of neighborhoods at street The Transect (2000) level to the volume of buildings as they rose toward the sky. This was created by an architect named Andres Broadacre City (1932) Danny This was created by an It was invented to architect named Frank provide a structured framework for organizing and Lloyd Wright. planning environments in a way that balances Broadacre City proposed a natural, rural, and urban areas, ensuring decentralized model where sustainable and livable communities. each family would live on URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES an acre or more of land, Pre-Colonial Age spread out over a vast area. Communities were primarily organized Radiant City (1933) into small villages called “barangays”, strategically located along coastlines, rivers, and This was created by other natural resources. an architect named Le Corbusier Spanish Regime This era marked the beginning of It aimed to create organized urban centers, focusing on the central an ideal urban “plaza” complex and a gridiron pattern for streets. environment that emphasized efficiency, order, and modern living American Colonial Period through modernist design principles, with the goal The American period introduced modern of improving the quality of life for urban dwellers. urban planning, emphasizing public health, sanitation, and aesthetics. The City Beautiful Psychogeography (1960) Movement, led by Daniel Burnham, influenced This was created by the design of cities like Manila and Baguio, an architect named focusing on creating beautiful, functional urban Kevin Lynch spaces. It was invented to Post-World War II explore and critique After World War II, urban planning in the how urban environments influence human Philippines focused on rebuilding cities and emotions and behaviors, challenging the addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization. controlled and commercialized nature of modern The establishment of new towns and planning cities. institutions marked this era, reflecting a more comprehensive approach to urban development. URBAN PLANNING TECHNOLOGIES City Development Plans (CDPs) Comprehensive Comprehensive Plan. frameworks for urban A long-term document that growth, focusing on outlines a community's housing, transportation, vision for the future, and sustainability. including its goals, Development Schemes objectives, and strategies. It's Development schemes are detailed plans also known as a master plan for land use and project development, including or general plan. site plans, architectural drawings, and feasibility Development Plan. studies. A development plan They ensure the project’s feasibility, legal is a fundamental tool compliance, and adherence to sustainability and in urban planning design standards. that provides a guide Planned Unit Development (PUD) for the strategic use and development of Flexible land-use land within a defined planning tools geographic area. It specifies land uses, zoning promoting laws, and development standards. integrated communities with Structure Plans. mixed-use A strategic document that developments. guides the development of an area over time. It's a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) framework that helps coordinate planning Creating vibrant objectives, infrastructure communities around delivery, and staging public transportation requirements. hubs to reduce car reliance. Zonal Plans Density Zonal plans divide an area In the context of land use into specific zones, each and urban planning, with defined land-use density refers to the regulations. They ensure number of individuals, that different land uses structures, or activities in coexist harmoniously and a given geographic region. facilitate effective planning and development. Urban Sprawl Area Development Plans (ADPs) Uncontrolled Are a tactical method of urban planning expansion of urban that carefully examine specific areas or districts areas into rural land, that are part of a larger metropolitan municipality. leading to inefficient These plans are specifically designed to land use. address the unique needs and challenges of these areas, aiming to improve the residents' welfare Greenfield Development and quality of life Developing previously undeveloped land, usually on the outskirts of cities. Why do we Plan? Brownfield It provides direction Previously developed sites that It reduces uncertainty may be contaminated, requiring Minimizes waste and redundancy careful planning for Sets the standards for controlling redevelopment. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Infill Development The process of building 1. Contribution to objectives: The plans on vacant or underutilized are made for the purpose of achieving the land within existing urban organizational goals. areas. It's also known as 2. Primacy of Planning: According to this urban densification or principle, the process of planning is the primary infill projects. function of all the managers. Urban Heat Island 3. Planning Premises: For the purpose of making the process of planning effective, there are certain presumptions or premises that have to be made and the planning is undertaken on the basis of these premises. 4. Principle of Alternatives: The process of planning involves the development of several A natural phenomenon that occurs when alternatives, then the planners select the temperatures in urban areas are higher than in alternative that is most appropriate for achieving rural areas. the organizational goals. Conditional Use Permit 5. Principle of timing: The plans have the is a type of regulatory license that allows capability of contributing significantly in the certain land uses within a designated zoning achievements of the organizational goals if the district, provided that certain standards are met. plans are properly timed. Environmental Impact Assessment 6. Principle of flexibility: According to Is a systematic process used to evaluate the this principle, there should be flexibility in the potential environmental consequences or impacts plans. This is very important because flexibility of proposed projects, plans, policies, or programs allows the plans to deal with the contingencies before they are approved or implemented that may develop later on. 7. Principle of comparative strategies: This requires that while formulating their plans, GROUP 2: PRINCIPLES AND the managers should also consider the plans made CONCEPT OF PLANNING by their competitors. What is Planning? 8. Principle of commitment: According Planning is a basic management function to this principle, a time frame should be provided involving formulation of one or more detailed by the plan during which the commitments made plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or in the plan have to be fulfilled. This commitment demands with the available resources allows the managers to achieve the targets in time. Through planning, organizational goals are defined, strategies to achieve those goals are established, and plans for organizational work activities are formulated  Sets foundation for control standards Enables management to analyze and NATURE AND TYPES OF PLANNING respond to its environment Definition of Planning from different authors: Types of Plans Used by Managers Peter Drucker (1973) Planning is a managerial function that includes A. Plans according to Time Frame - These are decisions and actions to ensure future results. plans that are classified according to the time period it covers. J.P Barger (2013) Planning is an ability to visualize a future process Long term plan – plans that go beyond and its results. three or more years into the future Henri Fayol (1916) Medium term plan- plans that cover time Planning is deciding the best alternative to periods of one to two years perform different managerial operations in Short term plan – plans that cover one achieving predetermined goals. year or less Koontz and O’Donnell (1972) B. Plans according to Level of Detail - These are Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how the plans that need to be detailed, clearly defines to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. and easily understand to specify the necessary Planning bridges the gap from where we are to action to achieve objectives where we want to go.” High Level - involves complex issues and William H. Newman (1950) procedures that are considered as high Planning is the process of deciding in advance priority areas. what is to be done. It is thinking ahead of time or Medium Level - pertain to medium term thinking before doing. goals Low Level – simpler and associated with Nature of Planning routinary functions Planning is goal oriented C. Plans according to Managerial Level Planning is a primary managerial function. Planning is pervasive. Strategic plan - the top level planning Planning is futuristic. which involves making decisions about the Planning is flexible organization’s long term goals. Planning involves coordination Tactical plan - the middle level Planning is a process management planning which refers to procedures and transformation of strategic Advantages of Planning plans with specific goals Operational plan- lower-level All efforts are directed toward desired management planning which involves objectives or results routine tasks repeatedly done by the firm’s Unproductive work and waste of resources lower level units. can be minimized Enables a company to remain competitive with rivals in the industry Mistakes and delay could be anticipated and avoided Allows companies to manage change effectively Investigates and identifies alternative methods or solutions to a problem Maximizes utilization of available resources for productivity and profits  4) Milestones — indicate progress and keep the project on track. Other Types of Plans 5) Tasks — specific tasks assigned to team Single use plans - plans used or stated members based on their skills. once only and tit applies to the entire 6) Resource Allocation — lists resources, organization roles, responsibilities, and tasks Standing plans – plans that are ongoing, Phases of a Project Lifecycle provide guidance for different activities done repeatedly 1) Initiation — defines goals and assesses Specific Plan - clearly stated, no room for feasibility. interpretation, language use must be very 2) Planning — outlines the project scope, understandable tasks, and team responsibilities. Directional Plans - Plans that are flexible 3) Execution — the longest phase, where and give general guidelines deliverables are created. 4) Monitoring and Management — ensures PLANNING PROJECTS the project follows the plan. Project planning is a key project 5) Closing and Review — final deliverables management discipline that outlines how to are handed over, and performance is complete a project within a specified time frame, evaluated. involving defined stages, milestones, and resources. CONCEPT OPERATIONALIZATION Guidance — provides a clear roadmap for What is Concept Operationalization? project execution. The process of translating abstract Organization — helps structure tasks, concepts into measurable variables. timelines, and resource allocation. Turning theoretical ideas into something concrete and observable. Risk Management — identifies risks and Example: develops strategies to mitigate them. Accountability — clarifies roles and Concept: “Walkability” responsibilities, ensuring that team Operationalization: Measuring walkability using members are held accountable for their metrics like pedestrian infrastructure density, tasks. street connectivity, and distance to amenities Communication — facilitates Why is Operationalization Important? communication among stakeholders, Empirically Testable: Allows researchers ensuring everyone is aligned with the to test hypotheses and gather data. project’s goals and progress. Add a little bit of body text Clarity and Efficiency — helps prevent scope creep, Consistency: Ensures everyone understands the budget overruns, and confusion, leading to concept in the same way more efficient project execution. Replication: Makes research findings more Evaluation — provides a framework for reliable and replicable. evaluating the project’s success and identifying areas for improvement in Steps in Operationalization future projects. Step 1: Define the Concept: Clearly define the concept you want to study. Key Components of a Project Plan Step 2: Identify Indicators: Determine 1) Scope — defines what the project team observable characteristics that represent the will do and sets measurable goals. concept. 2) Budget — estimates the project's cost and ensures available funding. Step 3: Choose Measurement Tools: Select 3) Timeline — outlines the project duration appropriate methods to measure the indicators (e.g., questionnaires, scales, observations). and key milestones. Step 4: Validate the Measures: Ensure the chosen measures are reliable and valid. GROUP 3: URBAN PLANNNING Example: Concept: “Green Infrastructure” (e.g., parks, green THEORIES roofs, urban forests) Urban Growth Operationalization: Urban growth refers to the expansion in Indicators: Green space per capita, tree canopy the total population residing in urban areas. This cover, stormwater management capacity. increase can occur within a single city or across Measurement Tools: GIS analysis, remote multiple cities within a country (GSDRC, 2016) sensing, field surveys. Benefits: Improved air quality, reduced heat island THEORIES OF CITY GROWTH effect, enhanced biodiversity, flood mitigation. Urban theory analyzes the economic, political, and social factors that shape the Challenges in Operationalization establishment and growth of cities (SlideShare, Subjectivity: Concepts can be interpreted 2022). There are four Theories of City Growth; differently by individuals. 1) Concentric Zone Theory Complexity: Some concepts are multifaceted and difficult to capture fully. Also called Chicago Concentric Zone Measurement Error: No measurement is Model and the Burgess Zonal Hypothesis. perfect, and there is always some degree of Formulated by Ernest Burgess error. The Concentric Zone model organizes urban areas into concentric zones GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND TARGETS extending outward from the central Goals. Broad, general statements about what the business district. organization or project aims to achieve. They are typically long-term and represent the desired end state. Objectives. Specific, measurable actions that contribute to achieving the broader goals. Objectives are often short to medium-term and provide a clear roadmap for action. Targets. Detailed, quantifiable, time-bound results that need to be accomplished to meet the objectives. Targets break down objectives into Concentric Zones smaller, actionable steps. CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD) - It is the city’s center and includes shops, offices, WHY SET GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND hotels, restaurants, theaters, banks, and other TARGETS services (Zone I). Provide Direction. Clearly defined goals ZONE OF TRANSITION - Surrounds the CBD, and objectives guide decision-making and with businesses and light manufacturing (Zone II). resource allocation. Measure Progress. Targets allow WORKING CLASS ZONE - People in Zone III organizations or planners to track work in industries that have relocated from the performance and make necessary transition zone (Zone II) but prefer to live nearby adjustments. (Zone III). Ensure Accountability. With clear targets, everyone involved in a project RESIDENTIAL ZONE - Residential areas with understands their responsibilities and the high-end apartment complexes (Zone IV) or expected outcomes. exclusive single-family home neighborhoods. COMMUTER ZONE - The commuter zone (Zone V) extends past the city limits and includes suburban neighborhoods or nearby small cities Built upon the Concentric Zone Model that are within 30–60 minutes from the CBD. (Ernest Burgess, 1925) and Sector Model (Homer Hoyt, 1939). 2) Sector Theory Introduced by economist and urban theorist Homer Hoyt in 1939 through the It challenged the idea that cities grow book “The Structure and Growth of around a single central core, proposing that Residential Neighborhoods in American cities are more complex and have multiple Cities,” centers of activity. This theory built on Ernest Burgess’s concentric zone model Hoyt found that high-rent areas in American cities are grouped in specific sectors rather than concentric rings (Hnbgu Learn, 2022). Nuclei Specializations CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD) - Focuses on business and finance. INDUSTRIAL AREAS - Focus on manufacturing Sectors and factories. Varies between Light and Heavy CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD) - Manufacturing Areas. Center of the city with high-rise buildings and RESIDENTIAL AREAS - Provide housing for downtown area. different income groups. Varies from Low-Class FACTORIES/INDUSTRY - Develops along to High-Class Residential areas. transportation links like railways, rivers, or roads. LOW-CLASS RESIDENTIAL - Home to low- 4) Peripheral Theory. income groups. Features high population density. Developed by Chauncy Harris in 1960 Close to industries. Built upon the Multiple Nuclei Model and MIDDLE-CLASS RESIDENTIAL - Occupied by incorporates elements from Urban Realms middle-income groups who can afford better Model and modern urban sprawl trends. living conditions and travel costs. Well-connected Focused more on the decentralization and to the CBD and some industries, with significant suburban growth around cities, especially residential development. post-WWII. The Peripheral Theory describes cities where the urban core is HIGH-CLASS RESIDENTIAL - Outermost area, less dominant, and urban areas spread out, farthest from the CBD. Home to wealthy residents. Characterized by cleanliness, less traffic, quiet surroundings, and large houses. 3) Multiple Nuclei Theory Developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945.  encircling the core with suburban zones, Growth poles have strong input-output highways, and edge cities. linkages. Peripheral Parts CENTRAL CITY SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL AREA SHOPPING MALL INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT OFFICE PARK SERVICE CENTER AIRPORT COMPLEX COMBINED EMPLOYMENT & SHOPPING CENTER Key Concepts and Criticism PROPULSIVE INDUSTRY. Drives regional CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ON CITY development. GROWTH POLARIZATION EFFECT. Concentration of Surplus Resources. Cities grow wherever a resources around the pole. society, or a group within it, gains control over CRITICISM. Leads to uneven development; resources greater than are necessary for the mere creates “islands of development” sustenance of life. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY Industrialization and Commercialization. The rise of factories, mechanization, and global trade Developed by Walter Christaller in 1933. concentrated workers in cities, fostering rapid Explains the economic relationships of urban growth. cities with smaller settlements. Development of Transport and When markets are in the centre, the goods Communication. Improved transport and and services of the market are easily communication systems enable cities to expand by accessible to the population of the urban connecting distant areas, facilitating the area. movement of goods, people, and ideas more efficiently. Economic Pull of the City. Cities offer more jobs, higher wages, and better business opportunities, making them a magnet for workers and entrepreneurs alike. Educational and Recreational Facilities. Cities provide higher educational and recreational STRUCTURAL CHANGE THEORY resources, from schools to libraries, drawing Structural Change Theory explores how young people and professionals into urban economies transform over time due to environments. changes in the composition of their sectors, such as moving from agriculture to industry and then to services. GROWTH POLE THEORY This theory gained prominence in the mid- Introduced by François Perroux (1955). 20th century with the work of economists Focuses on regional economic growth like Sir Arthur Lewis and Simon Kuznets. concentrated around urban centers or Core Concepts of Structural Theory industries.  a) Economic Transition. Economies Society begins to develop manufacturing and a transition through various stages: from more national and international—as opposed to primary (agriculture) to secondary regional—outlook (industry) to tertiary (services). 3) Take-off b) Industrialization. The role of industrialization in transforming Rostow describes this stage as a short period of economies and driving urban growth. intensive growth, in which industrialization begins c) Sectoral Shifts. The impact of shifting to occur, and workers and institutions become economic focus on employment patterns, concentrated around a new industry. productivity, and urbanization. 4) Drive to Maturity Structural Change and Economic Development This stage is characterized by a subsistent, i. Role in Growth. Structural change is agricultural-based economy with intensive labor, crucial for long-term economic growth as low levels of trading, and a population that does it enables economies to adapt to new not have a scientific perspective on the world and technologies and market demands. technology. ii. Product Improvements. Shifts to more productive sectors, such as industry and 5) Age of High Mass Consumption services, contribute to overall economic A country's economy flourishes in a capitalist’s efficiency. system, characterized by mass production and iii. Urbanization. The transformation from consumerism. agrarian to industrial and service economies leads to significant urban growth and development. Objections Implications for Urban Planning Oversimplification Infrastructure Needs. Economic Eurocentrism transitions demand new infrastructure to Excessive Focus on Industrialization support emerging sectors, such as business Assumes Homogenous Development districts and technology parks. Neglect of Environmental and Sustainable Land Use Changes. Shifts in economic Concerns activity lead to changes in land use, such as repurposing industrial areas for commercial or residential use. Policy Considerations. Urban planners must integrate economic policies with urban planning to ensure cohesive development and manage growth effectively. ROSTOW’S STAGES OF GROWTH 1) Traditional Society This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural-based economy with intensive labor, low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology. 2) Preconditions to Take-off