School Age 6-8 Years PDF

6-8 YEARS SCHOOL AGE TODAY'S DISCUSSION Physical Cognitive Language Intelligence Learning disabilities Personality Self-Concept  Physical Changes although the changes are more difficult to observe directly, the physical changes in middle childhood are just as impressive as those in...

6-8 YEARS SCHOOL AGE TODAY'S DISCUSSION Physical Cognitive Language Intelligence Learning disabilities Personality Self-Concept  Physical Changes although the changes are more difficult to observe directly, the physical changes in middle childhood are just as impressive as those in early childhood MOTOR DEVELOPMENT growth patterns- 5cm to 8cm in height and 2.75 kg each year large muscle coordination continues to improve, children show increases in strength and speed, and hand-eye coordination also gets better increasingly good fine motor coordination makes writing possible as well as drawing, cutting and many other skills Steady increase in the myelinization of neural axons across the cerebral cortex with sensory and motor areas affected first which may be linked to the improvement in fine motor skills and hand eye coordination  RIGHT HEMISPHERE LATERALIZATION INCREASES SPATIAL PERCPETION L/R Spatial Cognition Visual Experience relative right-left males score better than visual experience is orientation improves females on spatial important in development orientation (boys early of spatial percpetion play preferences may enhance this ability)  Healthy Bodies 1/2 of overweight children become overweight adults overweight and obese children are predisposed to developing type II diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life  Healthy Bodies 1/2 of overweight children become overweight adults overweight and obese children are predisposed to developing type II diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life WHAT IS THE MAJOR FLAW WITH BMI? SO WHY DO WE STILL USE BMI ? PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 1/4 of children fail to meet the recommended daily duration of PA (60 minutes a day or more of moderate to vigorous intensity) 37% exceed the sedentary behavior recommendation (no more than two hours per day of screen time or other passive non-school related activities) WHAT ABOUT DURING COVID-19? WHAT ELSE HAPPENED DURING COVID FOR SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN? Discourse around COVID and Families We are all in this together Social Distancing/Physical Distancing Resilience  WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH APPLYING THIS CONCEPTUALIZATION OF RESILIENCE TO SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN? SOAR STUDY Resilience on a continuum Surviving: ‘fighting back‘ Persevering: ‘you just keep trying‘ Recovering: ‘keep trying and then we did it‘ Thriving: ‘working hard‘ COGNITIVE CHANGES Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget) decentration- thinking that takes multiple variables into account reversibility- understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed Increased inductive logic allows child to go from a specific experience to a general principle but deductive logic is still not strong Decentration Perspective is everyting Decentration Perspective is everyting Decentration Perspective is everyting Decentration Perspective is everyting Reversibility Things can change Reversibility Things can change Information-Processing Skills memory function continues to improve and processing efficiency increases steadily with age (ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity)  EXECUTIVE PROCESSES advancement in information-processing skills that involves devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems based on knowing how the mind works (metacognition) executive processes are improved with the use of common information processing strategies  REHEARSAL ORGANIZATION mental or vocal repetition grouping ideas, objects or words into clusters to help in remembering them (i.e. all animals, ingredients for lasagna)- this strategy is more applicable to knowledge you have experience with) LANGUAGE Master basic grammar basic grammar is mastered by 5/6 years and pronunciation in native language Expansion children learn to maintain the topic of conversation, create unambiguous sentences, and speak politely or persuasively  LITERACY literacy, the ability to read and write, is the focus of education in the 6-12 year old period phonological awareness is an important skill learning about meaningful word parts helps children to better understand what they read comprehension strategies are needed- sound-symbol connection assists writing and spelling, grammar and writing techniques must be taught (i.e. period and capitalization)  Multiple Intelligences- Gardner 1. Linguistic- ability to use language effectively 2. Logical/mathematical- numbers and logical problem solving 3. Musical- ability to appreciate and produce music 4. Spatial- ability to appreciate spatial relationships 5. Bodily/kinesthetic- ability to move in a coordinated way 6. Naturalist- ability to make fine discrimination among flora and fauna or patterns and designs of human artifacts 7. Interpersonal- sensitivity to the behaviour, moods, and needs of others 8. Intrapersonal- ability to understand oneself  STERNBERG'S 3 COMPONENTS OF INTELLIGENCE 1. Contextual- knowing the right behaviour for specific situation 2. Experiential- learning to give specific responses without thinking about them 3. Componential- ability to come up with effective strategies WHY IS THERE NO AGREEMENT ON THE MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE?  comparisons of overall IQ scores for males and females do not reveal consistent differences LEARNING DISABILITIES 10% of the Canadian population may experience learning problems that are a continuation of learning disabilities from early childhood  EXCEPTIONAL CHILD PROGRAM ACCOMMODATIONS a child who has special learning needs- adjustments of teaching methods to help the students with disabilities and gifted students child who has special needs achieve the outcomes of the standard curriculum Modified programs and IEPS  PERSONALITY Freud believed challenges in middle childhood were to form emotional bonds with peers (move beyond those with parents) PERSONALITY The Big Five five major dimensions of personality Stable THE BIG 5 not only identifiable but also stable in middle childhood Related to Competence the emergence of stable traits in middle childhood are known to contribute to the development of feelings of competence INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY Erikson- develop a sense of your own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks  BASED ON WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED TODAY WHAT (OCCURRING IN THIS AGE GROUP) USHERS IN INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY?  SELF CONCEPT from 6-12 kids understanding of themselves improves by the end of middle childhood children's self-concepts include two new components: (1) psychological self and (2) valued self PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUED understanding one's stable global evaluation of one's self- internal traits worth psychological self becomes self-esteem is quite stable in the increasingly complex and short terms but somewhat less so abstract over periods of several years (eroding self-esteem) development of self-efficacy SOCIAL COGNITION children's ability to understand others is enhanced by the development of a theory of mind in early childhood descriptions of other people move from concrete to abstract (6/7 yo focus on physical features in descriptions but 7/8 yo begin to focus on inner qualities/traits)  FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 6-8 year olds rely on their parents' presence, support, and affections despite spending less time with them  Having meals together is the best predictor of... significantly better academic success fewer behavioural problems better psychological adjustment better nutrition teen years (less likely to use maladaptive coping teen years strategies)  Having meals together is the best predictor of...So what is the mediating variable? significantly better academic success fewer behavioural problems better psychological adjustment better nutrition teen years (less likely to use maladaptive coping teen years strategies)  BEST FRIEND SUPPORTIVE 'best friend' becomes part of middle children are open and supportive of their childhood friends AGGRESSION PATTERNS TO WATCH FOR physical aggression becomes less common as children learn the cultural rules about when and how much it is acceptable to display anger/aggression at every age males show more physical aggression and more assertiveness than do females relational aggression aimed at damaging another's self- esteem or peer relationships is more common in females A CLOSER LOOK TV AND AGGRESSION 15 year longitudinal study of 6-9 year olds found TV violence leads to high amounts of direct physical aggression in adults of both genders and indirect aggression in females  TV VIOLENCE LEADS TO emotional a belief that aggression a reduction in pro social desensitization is a good way to solve behaviour regarding violence problems  TV AND AGGRESSION tv should be considered an educational medium positive and negative behaviours can be learned  Learning SHORT TERM Diagrams, models, pictures LONG TERM Peers Role models 12-18 MONTHS Analogies Responsibility Fun Reflexes