school age 6-8 years week 4
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Which of the following best describes the concept of resilience as it applies to school-aged children?

  • Resilience is a fixed trait that cannot change over time.
  • Resilience varies along a continuum that includes thriving. (correct)
  • Resilience is solely about surviving tough situations.
  • Resilience does not take social factors into account.

    • What cognitive ability allows children to understand that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed?

  • Decentration
  • Inductive logic
  • Metacognition
  • Reversibility (correct)

    • Which process involves grouping ideas to improve memory retention?

  • Rehearsal
  • Metacognition
  • Organization (correct)
  • Decentration

    • What cognitive change signifies a child's ability to consider multiple perspectives in problem-solving?

    <p>Decentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvement in cognitive function allows children to use their short-term memory capacity more efficiently?

    <p>Enhanced information-processing skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a crucial skill for literacy development in children aged 6-12?

    <p>Phonological awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

    <p>Emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Sternberg's theory of intelligence involves understanding appropriate behavior in specific situations?

    <p>Contextual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of teaching grammar and writing techniques to children?

    <p>To assist with sound-symbol connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which multiple intelligence reflects the ability to understand one's own feelings and motivations?

    <p>Intrapersonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected annual growth in height for children aged 6-8 years?

    <p>5 to 8 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skill improvements are associated with myelinization of neural axons?

    <p>Fine motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children exceed the recommended amount of sedentary behavior?

    <p>37%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical change is most likely to improve in children during middle childhood?

    <p>Improved hand-eye coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health risk are overweight children susceptible to later in life?

    <p>Type II diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During middle childhood, how does spatial cognition differ between genders?

    <p>Males score better in spatial orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major flaw of BMI as a measurement for children's health?

    <p>It doesn't account for fat distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum duration of physical activity for children each day?

    <p>60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of aggression is more commonly observed in females compared to males?

    <p>Relational aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to a 15-year longitudinal study, what effect does exposure to TV violence have on adults?

    <p>Higher rates of direct physical aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of desensitization associated with exposure to TV violence?

    <p>Cognitive and emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the best friend relationship in childhood?

    <p>They foster emotional and social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can exposure to violence on television have on children's behavior?

    <p>It can teach both positive and negative behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority emphasize for children in middle childhood?

    <p>Achieving mastery of culturally defined tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Canadian population is estimated to experience learning problems related to learning disabilities from early childhood?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are modified programs and Individual Education Plans (IEPs) designed to do?

    <p>Help children with special needs achieve curriculum outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about overall IQ scores for males and females is true?

    <p>IQ scores reveal no consistent differences between sexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Big Five personality model, what is significant about the emergence of stable traits in middle childhood?

    <p>They contribute to the feeling of competence in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of ______ involves survival, perseverance, recovery, and thriving in school-aged children.

    <p>resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, the ______ Operational Stage involves understanding that actions can be reversed.

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ involves mental or vocal repetition to enhance memory retention.

    <p>rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Advancements in ______ skills lead to better strategies for remembering and problem-solving.

    <p>information-processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decentration refers to the ability to consider multiple ______ in cognitive tasks.

    <p>perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Literacy, the ability to read and write, is the focus of education in the ______ year old period.

    <p>6-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phonological awareness is an important ______ skill.

    <p>literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gardner's Multiple Intelligences, the ability to appreciate spatial relationships is referred to as ______ intelligence.

    <p>spatial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sternberg's component of intelligence that involves learning to give specific responses without thinking about them is known as ______ intelligence.

    <p>experiential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the development of basic grammar, most children master it by around ______ years.

    <p>5 or 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of middle childhood, children's self-concepts include two new components: psychological self and ______.

    <p>valued self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children's ability to understand others is enhanced by the development of a theory of ______ in early childhood.

    <p>mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descriptions of other people move from ______ to abstract as children grow older.

    <p>concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    6-8 year olds rely on their parents' presence, support, and ______ despite spending less time with them.

    <p>affections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having meals together is the best predictor of significantly better academic ______.

    <p>success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During middle childhood, children grow in height by approximately ______ cm each year.

    <p>5 to 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improvements in large muscle coordination also lead to better ______ coordination and skill development.

    <p>hand-eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overweight children are at risk for developing type II diabetes and ______ disease later in life.

    <p>cardiovascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately ______ of children fail to meet the recommended daily duration of physical activity.

    <p>1/4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of myelinization across the cerebral cortex is linked to improvements in ______ motor skills.

    <p>fine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spatial perception is believed to be improved through activities and play preferences that typically engage ______.

    <p>males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children who are overweight in childhood have a higher likelihood of becoming ______ adults.

    <p>overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are recommended to have at least ______ minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical aggression becomes less common as children learn the cultural rules about when and how much it is acceptable to display ______.

    <p>anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relational aggression aimed at damaging another's self-esteem or peer relationships is more common in ______.

    <p>females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 15-year longitudinal study found that TV violence leads to high amounts of direct physical aggression in adults of both genders and indirect aggression in ______.

    <p>females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TV violence leads to emotional ______ regarding violence.

    <p>desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At every age, males show more physical aggression and more ______ than do females.

    <p>assertiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the concept of resilience on a continuum help in understanding children’s responses to challenges?

    <p>It illustrates that children can exhibit various levels of resilience, from merely surviving to thriving, depending on their experiences and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does decentration play in cognitive development during the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>Decentration enables children to consider multiple variables in problem-solving, enhancing their ability to think critically and understand complex situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how improving information-processing skills affects a child's learning capabilities.

    <p>With improved information-processing skills, children can remember information more efficiently and apply strategies for learning and problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ability to utilize rehearsals and organizational strategies important for school-aged children's memory retention?

    <p>These strategies enhance memory retention by promoting repeated exposure to information and grouping related concepts together, making recall more manageable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways does reversibility in children's thinking contribute to their understanding of the world?

    <p>Reversibility allows children to comprehend that actions and thoughts can be undone, which enhances their problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurological development is linked to improved fine motor skills in children during middle childhood?

    <p>The steady increase in myelinization of neural axons across the cerebral cortex is linked to improved fine motor skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the long-term health risks associated with overweight children?

    <p>Overweight children are predisposed to developing type II diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spatial cognition typically differ between boys and girls during middle childhood?

    <p>Boys typically score better than girls in spatial orientation due to play preferences that may enhance this ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum daily duration of physical activity for school-aged children?

    <p>Children are recommended to have at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvements in skills are children likely to experience due to enhanced hand-eye coordination?

    <p>Children experience improvements in writing, drawing, and other fine motor skills due to enhanced hand-eye coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the emotional bonds formed with peers during middle childhood according to Freud?

    <p>Freud believed that forming emotional bonds with peers helps children move beyond dependence on their parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the dimensions of the Big Five personality model manifest during middle childhood?

    <p>The Big Five dimensions become identifiable and stable during middle childhood, contributing to feelings of competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'industry vs. inferiority' stage in Erikson's theory?

    <p>This stage emphasizes the importance of mastering culturally defined learning tasks to develop a sense of competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Canadian population is estimated to experience learning problems stemming from early childhood disabilities?

    <p>Approximately 10% of the Canadian population is affected by learning problems related to childhood disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are modified programs and Individual Education Plans (IEPs) designed to achieve?

    <p>They are designed to adjust teaching methods to help children with special needs meet standard curriculum outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the relationship between the emergence of stable traits and feelings of competence in children.

    <p>The emergence of stable personality traits in middle childhood contributes significantly to children's feelings of competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way children in middle childhood can develop a sense of industry?

    <p>Children can develop a sense of industry by mastering skills and tasks recognized within their culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the development of emotional bonds with peers influence a child's behavioral skills?

    <p>The development of emotional bonds with peers enhances social skills and emotional regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do exceptional child programs play in education?

    <p>Exceptional child programs provide necessary adjustments in teaching methods to support children with unique learning needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways does the stability of personality traits in middle childhood affect children's behavior?

    <p>The stability of personality traits helps children respond consistently in social situations, influencing their interactions and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resilience in school-aged children can only be viewed as a linear progression from surviving to thriving.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decentration allows children to focus on multiple perspectives when solving problems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reversibility refers to the inability to understand that physical actions and mental operations can be undone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Information-processing skills improve steadily as children grow older, enhancing their memory function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Executive processes in cognitive development are unrelated to metacognition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children show sharp improvements in their fine motor coordination during middle childhood due to increased myelinization of neural axons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overweight and obese children are at a lower risk of developing type II diabetes as they grow older.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls outperform boys in spatial orientation tests due to their early play preferences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around 25% of children do not meet the recommended daily duration of physical activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children typically grow in height by approximately 2.75 cm each year during middle childhood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children typically master basic grammar by around 5 or 6 years old.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phonological awareness is considered an unimportant skill in literacy development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sternberg's contextual component of intelligence refers to the ability to understand oneself.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gardner identifies eight distinct intelligences, including linguistic and bodily/kinesthetic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to engage in logical problem solving is termed naturalist intelligence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Componential intelligence in Sternberg's theory involves using effective strategies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children aged 6-12 years primarily focus on emotional intelligence in education.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Speaking politely and persuasively are advanced skills children learn during conversations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comprehension strategies include learning sound-symbol connections to aid writing and spelling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of middle childhood, children's self-concepts consist of only a psychological self.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Development

    • Physical growth changes are as significant as in early childhood although less obvious.
    • Children grow 5-8cm in height and gain 2.75kg each year during middle childhood.
    • Large muscle coordination improves, resulting in increases in strength, speed, and hand-eye coordination.
    • Fine motor skills enhance writing and drawing abilities, as well as other activities like cutting.
    • Myelinization of neural axons across the cerebral cortex increases, impacting sensory and motor areas first. This may contribute to improved fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination.

    Lateralization of the Brain

    • The right hemisphere exhibits increased specialization, particularly in spatial perception.
    • Boys tend to score better on spatial orientation tests than girls, possibly due to their earlier play experiences.
    • Visual experiences play a crucial role in developing spatial perception.

    Health Concerns

    • Overweight children are at a higher risk of becoming overweight adults and have an increased predisposition to developing type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer later in life.
    • Physical activity is recommended for at least 60 minutes a day, with no more than two hours of screen time or other passive activities.
    • Children are more likely to develop resilience when they are actively involved in solving problems instead of simply "fighting back" or "persevering."

    Cognitive Development

    • Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget): Children demonstrate the ability to think about multiple variables (decentration) and understand that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed (reversibility).
    • Inductive logic improves, allowing children to draw general principles from specific experiences. Deductive logic, however, remains underdeveloped.
    • Information-processing skills continue to improve as memory function and processing efficiency increase steadily with age.

    Executive Processes

    • Executive processes involve developing and executing strategies for problem-solving and remembering, focusing on how the mind works (metacognition).
    • Rehearsal (mental or vocal repetition) and organization (grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters) are effective information processing strategies.

    Language Development

    • Mastery of basic grammar is typically achieved by age 5-6.
    • Children learn to maintain conversation topics, construct clear sentences, and engage in persuasive or polite communication.

    Literacy

    • Literacy involves the ability to read and write, a significant focus of education during the 6-12 year period.
    • Phonological awareness is a fundamental skill, and understanding word parts enhances reading comprehension.
    • Comprehending strategies include sound-symbol connections for writing and spelling, and the need to teach grammar and writing techniques like punctuation and capitalization.

    Intelligence

    • Gardner's Multiple Intelligences:
      • Linguistic: Language prowess
      • Logical-mathematical: Ability to use numbers and solve logical problems
      • Musical: Appreciation and creation of music
      • Spatial: Understanding spatial relationships
      • Bodily-kinesthetic: Coordinated movement ability
      • Naturalist: Discrimination among flora and fauna, patterns, and designs
      • Interpersonal: Sensitivity to others' moods, behaviors, and needs
      • Intrapersonal: Self-awareness
    • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:
      • Contextual: Knowing the right behavior for different situations
      • Experiential: Responding without conscious thought
      • Componential: Developing effective strategies

    Self-Concept

    • Children's understanding of themselves improves from ages 6-12.
    • They incorporate two new components into their self-concepts by the end of middle childhood:
      • Psychological self: Understanding of stable internal traits
      • Valued self: Global evaluation of self-worth
    • Self-esteem tends to be relatively stable in the short-term but can fluctuate over several years.
    • Development of self-efficacy is also crucial.

    Social Cognition

    • Children's understanding of others deepens due to the development of a theory of mind in early childhood.
    • Descriptions of others become more abstract. Younger children focus on physical characteristics, while older children incorporate inner qualities and traits.

    Family Relationships

    • Although children spend less time with parents, their presence, support, and affection remain essential from 6-8 years old.

    Mealtime Benefits

    • Family meals show a strong correlation with positive outcomes:
      • Better academic performance
      • Fewer behavioral problems
      • Improved psychological adjustment
      • Better nutrition and fewer maladaptive coping mechanisms in adolescence.

    Friendships

    • Best Friends: These relationships become an essential part of middle childhood.
    • Supportive: Children are open and supportive of their friends.

    Aggression

    • Physical aggression diminishes as children learn cultural norms regarding acceptable anger and aggression.
    • Males exhibit more physical aggression and assertiveness than females at all ages.
    • Relational aggression, targeting another's self-esteem or social connections, is more prevalent in females.

    Television and Aggression

    • A 15-year longitudinal study found that TV violence leads to higher levels of physical aggression in adults of both genders and indirect aggression in females.
    • Exposure to TV violence can lead to emotional desensitization, the belief that aggression is an effective problem-solving tool, and reduced pro-social behavior.
    • TV should be considered an educational medium, teaching both positive and negative behaviors.

    Learning

    • Short-term learning: This involves using methods like diagrams, models, and pictures for quick information processing.
    • Long-term learning: This includes peer influence, role models, and hands-on experiences like analogies, responsibility, fun, and reflexes, which contribute to long-lasting knowledge acquisition.

    Physical Changes

    • During middle childhood, children grow 5-8 cm in height and gain 2.75 kg each year.
    • Large muscle coordination improves, leading to increases in strength, speed, and hand-eye coordination.
    • Fine motor coordination development allows children to write, draw, cut, and perform various other tasks.
    • Myelination of neural axons across the cerebral cortex continues, with sensory and motor areas affected first, contributing to improved fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination.
    • Lateralization of the brain increases, with the right hemisphere playing a crucial role in spatial perception.
    • Boys tend to score better on spatial orientation tasks, possibly due to early play preferences that enhance this ability.
    • Visual experience plays a significant role in developing spatial perception.

    Healthy Bodies

    • Half of overweight children become overweight adults.
    • Overweight and obese children are at higher risk of developing type II diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.
    • Physical activity: One-fourth of children fail to meet the recommended daily duration of physical activity (60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous intensity).
    • Sedentary behavior: 37% of children exceed the sedentary behavior recommendation (no more than two hours per day of screen time or other passive non-school related activities).

    Cognitive Changes

    • Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage:
      • Decentration: Thinking that takes multiple variables into account.
      • Reversibility: Understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed.
      • Increased inductive logic allows children to go from a specific experience to a general principle, but deductive logic is still developing.
    • Information-Processing Skills:
      • Memory function continues to improve, and processing efficiency increases steadily with age.
      • Executive processes: Advancement in information-processing skills involving devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems, based on an understanding of how the mind works (metacognition).
      • Rehearsal: Mental or vocal repetition for remembering information.
      • Organization: Grouping ideas, objects, or words into clusters to aid in remembering them.

    Learning Disabilities

    • Approximately 10% of the Canadian population may experience learning problems that can continue from early childhood.
    • Exceptional Child: A child with special learning needs, requiring adjustments in teaching methods to help them achieve standard curriculum outcomes.

    Personality

    • Freud: Emotional bonds with peers become more important than those with parents during middle childhood.
    • The Big Five: Five major dimensions of personality (stable and related to competence) emerge and become more stable in middle childhood.
    • Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson): Developing a sense of competence through mastering culturally defined learning tasks.

    Self-Concept

    • Children's understanding of themselves improves between ages 6-12.
    • By the end of middle childhood, children's self-concepts include two new components:
      • Psychological Self: Understanding one's stable internal traits.
      • Valued Self: Global evaluation of one's self-worth.
    • Self-esteem generally remains stable in the short term but can fluctuate over longer periods.
    • Development of self-efficacy.

    Social Cognition

    • Children's ability to understand others improves during middle childhood.
    • Descriptions of other people shift from concrete to abstract.
    • Children aged 6-7 focus on physical features, while those aged 7-8 begin to focus on inner qualities and traits.

    Family Relationships

    • Children aged 6-8 rely on their parents' presence, support, and affection, despite spending less time with them.

    Aggression

    • Physical aggression becomes less common as children learn social rules about anger and aggression.
    • Males tend to exhibit more physical aggression and assertiveness than females at all ages.
    • Relational aggression, aimed at damaging another's self-esteem or peer relationships, is more common in females.

    TV and Aggression

    • A 15-year longitudinal study found that TV violence leads to higher instances of direct physical aggression in both genders and indirect aggression in females.
    • Effects of TV violence:
      • Emotional desensitization regarding violence
      • Belief that aggression is a good way to solve problems
      • Reduction in prosocial behavior

    Learning

    • Short-term learning strategies: Diagrams, models, and pictures.
    • Long-term learning strategies: Peers, role models, analogies, responsibility, and fun.

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    This quiz explores key concepts in child development psychology, focusing on resilience, cognitive abilities, memory processes, and multiple intelligences as they apply to school-aged children. Test your understanding of these fundamental ideas and their implications for teaching and learning. Perfect for educators and psychology students alike!

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