Updated Development of the child in Adolescence 1_00195fb23d29857962e41acbfaa582d7.pdf

The Child in Adolescence Wonder years of Life Chapter 37 Pg: 554-561 What is ADOLESCENCE? 10 – 19 Years “Adolescence is that period of life of an individual when.... “Society no longer views you as a child but does not recognize you as an adult” What do you understand by PUBERTY ? Physica...

The Child in Adolescence Wonder years of Life Chapter 37 Pg: 554-561 What is ADOLESCENCE? 10 – 19 Years “Adolescence is that period of life of an individual when.... “Society no longer views you as a child but does not recognize you as an adult” What do you understand by PUBERTY ? Physical Changes  Refers to the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood  Commonly called teenagers  Adolescence versus Puberty Adolescence is the time period between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence is a time of change - physical, emotional, mental, and social. Puberty involves all the physical changes that need to take place in your body to change your childlike body into an adult body. Puberty  Puberty is the age at which the individual becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.  In Western society, this is said to be 14 years for boys and 12 years for girls.  Development of secondary sexual characteristics  Great increase in muscle mass and redistribution of body fat  In Girls-Pelvic growth, greater fat mass  In Boys-Shoulder growth, more lean body mass Pubertal Growth spurt  Females have the growth spurt earlier than males i.e. 2yrs earlier  Height of females more in young adolescents  Female menarche serves as a signal Amount of Change in the Growth Spurt  Females – maximum growth 9cm /year at 12 years of age  Males – maximum growth 10 cm/year at 14 years of age Note: It is important that the female menarche serves as a signal that growth is ending, but for males no such marker!!!!! Craniofacial Changes  Continuation of skeletal growth of the face and skull  There is change in facial appearance and also in dental appearance  This makes it difficult to imagine the final dentition and occlusion Profile changes in the face  Brow (forehead) becomes larger because of the pneumatization (increase in the size of the sinus) of the frontal sinus and apposition of bone at the glabella  Nose and chin become more prominent  The tip of the nasal bone lies ahead of the basal bone of the premaxilla  The circumpubertal growth (growth at the pubertal period) spurt has a greater effect on the mandible than the maxilla Changes in the Mandible  Greater prognathism  Chin becomes more prominent owing to local bone      deposition Lip prominence is reduced by these changes in adjacent structures Growth of mandible changes the profile of the individual Growth of the mandible also provides room for the third molars As the mandible grows the mandibular teeth tend to become upright (straight) May cause crowding of the lower incisors Changes in the Maxilla  Maxillary sinuses increase in size extending laterally and     vertically occuping the space created by the erupting primary teeth By puberty, the sinuses are usually fully developed and may continue to enlarge but lacks symmetry There is a lowering of the palatal vault due to remodeling Maxillary body height increases due to both sutural and appositional growth Sexual Dimorphism (different pattern of growth in males and females) Relationship of Maxillary and Mandibular Growth  Late mandibular growth increases the height of the     mandibular ramus and makes it more upright. This elongation of the ramus accommodates the large vertical expansion of the nasal region and the lowering of the palate. Usually the growth of the maxilla and the mandible are coordinated If the growth is not coordinated then siginificant orthodontic problems can occur In males there can be a late anterior growth of the mandible which can be undesirable Dental Changes  All permanent teeth (except for the third molars) have erupted by the age of 12  Sometimes the second molar may erupt at the age of 13  If a permanent tooth (except for the third molar) has not erupted by the age of 13 then the area in question should be examined radiographically  Roots of all teeth are completed by the age of 16 except for the third molars which are completed by the age of 25 Cognitive changes  Child is in the formal operational stage  The child is now able to cope with complex problems at     school or at a work place The child now has the ability to store information in the memory after perceiving (understanding it) The child has new information available to him and has the ability to analyze that information often makes him to or her to be a rebel, complainer, or an accuser. They are passionate, irascible (irritable) and apt to be carried away by the impulses Adolescent's involvement in self consciousness Persons of this age are  Introspective: Will look into their faults or strengths and analyze why they are the way they are  Analytical: will analyze each situation rather than accept what is said  Egocentric: they will place themselves at the center of all situations, everything will be about them. By middle to late adolescence the individual is  Capable of formal operational thinking  Can master a difficult subject both in and out of school  Many will become skillful communicators (like to talk and others like to listen to them)  Many will argue points and will have an opinion of their own  Dont forget that there are grades for the interaction. Lecture will be taken as usual but in the middle of the lecture i will be asking questions and you need to answer within 5-10 seconds to consider that you are listening to the lecture.  I will include everyone as moderators so that i can hear your voice so please everyone be under mute and when i ask a question, that particular student will unmute and answer. Emotional Changes Anxious about appearance  How do I look?  Am I normal?  Can I become more beautiful/handsome /macho /Smart? Emotional Changes  The child in this age group is very conscious of his or her image. Being attractive or unattractive Being loved or unloved Being strong or weak Being Masculine (male like) or feminine (female like)  Females – Menstruation- Anxiety, depression and irritability  Advent of puberty and the hormones-sexual urges and how are they handled  Emotion of love Social Changes  Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood.  If this transition is normal then the child will mature to a responsible adult (maintain loving & sexual relationships with their partner, independent of parents, capable of working with peers and be self directed)  If there are problems in this transition then the child will not mature into a responsible adult (attempted or successful suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, running away from home, teenage prostitution, and dropping out of school)  Peers are important social agents (people who influence the social behaviour of an individual) in a large society. Social Changes  As the dependence on parents declines the dependence on peers increases.  The individual may be able to share with his/her peers certain thoughts or secrets that he/she cannot share with his/ her parents  However not all peer influence is good  Wrong influence of peers, or pressure from peers may force the individual to experiment with alcohol, drugs or go against authority  All adolescents want to be popular, and the qualities in an individual that help him /her become popular are:  Friendly – likes other people  Energetic and enthusiastic  Flexible and forgiving  Laughs and has a good sense of humor  Outgoing  Self confident but not conceited (does not think he/she is better     than everyone else) Appears natural Is tolerant of shortcomings of others Shows leadership qualities Others feel good when this person is around Social Changes Dependence to independence  analytical & logical thinking; decision making  emotional independence  conflicts with parents; by late adolescence parental values are understood and appreciated Social Changes Self esteem  Measure of regard of oneself; one’s personal worth and place in society; linked with self respect  Identify good qualities and develop them Social Changes Desires and temptations  Desire to experiment  Refrain from experimenting harmful activities Going too far is risky  Often fail to distinguish infatuation and love  Adolescence is for making Career in Life (and you will get a lot of time for making Love-life.) Thank you  Difference between teenage, adolescence and puberty  Any three mandibular changes during adolescence