Three to Six Years: Cognitive, Emotional and Social Changes PDF

Three to Six Years: Cognitive, Emotional and Social Changes Dr. Sunil Babu (M) Ch. 18,( pg. 263-264) Cognitive Changes Cognitive Changes • Preschoolers. • Reasoning grows replaced by more sophisticated and specific inquiries. • Child is very ‘me, myself and I’ oriented. How did it get so big...

Three to Six Years: Cognitive, Emotional and Social Changes Dr. Sunil Babu (M) Ch. 18,( pg. 263-264) Cognitive Changes Cognitive Changes • Preschoolers. • Reasoning grows replaced by more sophisticated and specific inquiries. • Child is very ‘me, myself and I’ oriented. How did it get so big ? Where did it come from? STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY • Cognition – refers to the ability of and Individual to learn from his or her environment Piaget’s categorization • The Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 18months) • The Preoperational Stage(18months to 7yrs) • The Concrete Operational Stage(7-12 years) • The Formal Operational Stage (12 years onwards) Cognitive Changes In Piaget’s categorization: • Preoperational. • Begins at the end of sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor period, lasts until age 6 or 7 years. Cognitive Changes Preoperational: 1- Preconceptual period (2-4years) 2- Period of intuitive thought (4-7years) Cognitive Changes 1- Preconceptual phase: ✓ Child’s mind and mental prowess develop at a rapid rate. ✓Child’s mind acquires the ability to think symbolically with mental imagery. ✓Child can play and fantasize using mental symbols. ✓Role-playing also becomes important— Children often play the roles of "mommy," "daddy," "doctor," and many other characters. Cognitive Changes • The child still generalizes all entities. Cognitive Changes • The preconceptual mind is also centered. Centration was defined by Piaget as the process of focusing all thought and reasoning of any mental problem on only one aspect of the whole of the structure and disregarding all other features. Cognitive Changes Piaget used a dramatic experiment to prove this assumption. Piaget’s Conservation Task A B C Two identical beakers shown to child, and then experimenter pours liquid from (B) into (C) A B C Child is asked if (A) and (C) have the same amount of liquid. The preoperational child says “no” and will point to (C) as having more liquid than (A). The child’s thought during these years is irreversible. Some Dimensions of Conservation: Number, Matter, and Length Type of conservation Initial presentation Number Matter Length Two identical rows of objects shown to child Two identical balls of clay shown to child Two sticks are aligned in front of child One row is spaced Experimenter changes shape of one ball Experimenter moves one stick to right “No, the longer one has more” “No, the one on top is longer” Manipulation Preoperational child’s answer to “No, the longer row has more” “Are they still the same?” Cognitive Changes 2- Period of Intuitive thought. • Starts at around 4 years of age and lasts until age 7 or 8 years. • Abilities to group objects according to class, using more complex thoughts and images. • Acquire reading and writing skills. • Increased vocabulary, • Longer attention span, • Control over impulses • Tolerance of separation from parents Cognitive Changes Lack of Hierarchical classification Emotional Changes Emotional Changes • Self-control and control of emotions, such as frustration and fear • Sense of sexual identity emerges, and a certain degree of masculine or feminine qualities is adopted by the child. • A sense of identity and a concept of self-esteem also emerge during these years. Emotional Changes • They can be taught to monitor their own behavior. • Capable of feeling guilty or anxious if and when he or she violates a moral norm. Emotional Changes Aggression is often caused by a child’s inability to exert self-control. There are two kinds of aggression. 1- instrumental aggression it is designed for achieving a goal such as taking a piece of candy from a sibling. 2- hostile aggression intended to cause hurt or pain to another person. Emotional Changes • The frequency of instrumental aggression should decline. • Children who remain hostilely aggressive during the preschool years are children who come from families in which parents and other children are also overtly aggressive. Emotional Changes Not emotionally mature but emotionally complex. This is a child who is susceptible to praise and can suffer hurt feelings. Can relate to the emotions of other people. Social Changes Social Changes • Time of enormous social growth in the child. • By age 3 years, a child can understand taking turns, and by age 4 years, cooperative play is possible. • By age 6 years, a child is capable of simple team games. Social Changes • Time of interaction 3 years – taking turns 4 years – cooperative play 6 years – simple team games Social Changes • Personal identification and how they are to relate to other people. Social Changes • The medical-psychoanalytic theory • Oedipus or Electra complex Thank you ☺