Human Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Overview A. Anatomy - study of structure (shape of the body and its parts) B. Physiology - study of function (how the body and its parts work or function) C. A & P are always related 1. Structure determines function a. Pathology - study of structural changes that lead to disease II. Levels of Study...

Overview A. Anatomy - study of structure (shape of the body and its parts) B. Physiology - study of function (how the body and its parts work or function) C. A & P are always related 1. Structure determines function a. Pathology - study of structural changes that lead to disease II. Levels of Study A. Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy 1. Study of large structures that are easily visible to the naked eye 2. Subdivisions include regional, systemic, and surface anatomy B. Microscopic Anatomy 1. Study of very small structures that can only be viewed with a microscope 2. Subdivisions include cytology and histology C. Developmental Anatomy 1. Study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan 2. Subdivisions include embryology D. Physiology has many subdivisions as well 1. Renal physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, etc. III. Levels of Structural Organization chemicals → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organismIV. Organ System Overview V. Maintaining Life A. Necessary Life Functions 1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement a. Locomotion - lots of movement b. Transport of substances throughout the body 3. Responsiveness « nerves system a. Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and respond to them land heps 4. Digestion in digestive system a. Breakdown and absorption of nutrients 5. Metabolism - all chemical reactions within the body a. Catabolism breaks things down b. Anabolism builds things up (makes body structures) c. Production of energy (ATP) 6. Excretion -urinary system, and digestive a. Elimination of wastes from metabolic reactions 7. Reproduction a. Production of offspring 8. Growth a. Increase in cell size and number B. Survival Needs 1. Nutrients a. Chemicals for energy and cell building b. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals 2. Oxygen respiratory, organ system a. Required for chemical reactions 3. Water a. 60-80% of body weight b. Involved in metabolic reactions 4. Normal body temperature 5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure VI. Homeostasis - maintaining a stable internal environment within narrow limits, regardless environmental changes A. Must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life B. Maintaining Homeostasis 1. Body communicates through neuronal & hormonal control systems a. Receptor < okan i. Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) ii. Sends information to the control center b. Control Center In the brain i. Determines set point - normal value the body is designed to maintain for a variable a. ex: body temp. 37°C or 98.6°F b. Body usually operates within a normal range (slight increases and decreases around the set point) ii. Analyzes information iii. Determines appropriate response or course of action c. Effector (muscles or glands) i. Executes response C. Feedback Mechanisms 1. Negative Feedback a. Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms i. ex: heart rate; blood pressure; body temp.; rate of respiration blood glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels, etc. b. Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity i. i.e. moves the variable back toward the set point c. Works like a household thermostat 2. Positive Feedback nner CamSc a. Has an amplifying effect that increases the original stimulus to push the variable further away from the set point b. Only normal occurrences are in blood clotting, birth of a baby, and sexual response i. Others are the result of pathology and are harmful a. ex: heart attack due to restricted blood flow to the C heart eventually results in less cardiac output which again decreases blood flow D. Homeostatic Imbalance 1. A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease 2. May be caused by infection, injury or genetic abnormality VIl. The Language of Anatomy A. Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding B. Exact terms are used for: 1. Position 2. Direction 3. Regions 4. Structures C. Orientation and Directional Terms 1. Proper Anatomical Position a. A point of reference 2. Directional Terms a. Superior / Inferior b. Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal) back c. Medial / Lateral d. Proximal / Distal arms and legs e. Superficial / Deep 3. Regional Terms a. Axial i. Head ii. Neck iii. Trunk b. Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis c. Appendicular d. Specific body areas D. Body Planes and Sections 1. Frontal (coronal dinding body anterior + posterior 2. Transverse (cross section) 3. Median or Midsagittal 4. Sagittal 5. Oblique E. Body Cavities and Membranes 1. Dorsal Cavity ~ back a. Composed of the cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities 2. Ventral Cavity a. Contains visceral organs b. Composed of the thoracic, mediastinum (pericardial), and abdominopelvic cavities c. Membranes i. Line the cavities and cover outside of organs ii. Named by lining location + cavity word Thoracic cavity lined by parietal+pleura = parietal pleura Thoracic organs covered by visceral pleura Abdominopelvic cavity lined by parietal peritoneum Abdominopelvic organs covered by visceral peritoneum Pericardial cavity lined by parietal pericardium Pericardial organ (heart) covered by visceral pericardium 3. Other Body Cavities a. Oral and digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear, synovial, etc. F. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants 1. 9 regions (specific anatomical areas) 2. 4 quadrants (common clinical use)