Biology Study Guide PDF

Biology Study Guide Introduction to animal systems and regulation ○ Anatomy is the form of an organism ○ Physiology is the funcion ○ The environment affects the size and shape of an organism How does an animal regulate body ○ Through homeostasis (internal balan...

Biology Study Guide Introduction to animal systems and regulation ○ Anatomy is the form of an organism ○ Physiology is the funcion ○ The environment affects the size and shape of an organism How does an animal regulate body ○ Through homeostasis (internal balance regulation system What mechanisms are used Negative and Positive feedback loops (see 40.8) ○ N: sensor detects change, signals sent to control center,response is triggered and biochemical reactions move back to set point Antagonistic factors control internal factors ○ P: does not maintain homeostasis, enhances change ○ Through Thermoregulation Metabolic rate and temperature are related External and internal factors that regulate body heat >>>amount of energy needed BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate, metabolic rate of endotherm (can constantly maintain body temp, warm-blooded; vasodilation) SMR: Standard metabolic rate, metabolic rate of ectoderm (body temp changes with environment, cold-blooded) ○ Mechanisms of heat transfer Radiation: electromagnetic waves that are warmer than absolute zero; think of the phrase “heat radiating off my body” Conduction: transfer of heat between two objects; think pot and stove Convection: transfer of heat through movement of gas or liquid Latent heat: amount of energy needed to change from liquid to gas; think evaporation Animal Behavior ○ Ethology : study of the natural history of behavior Innate Behavior: animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under genetic control. Think of the reflex test at the doctor, your knee will jerk when hit. Learned Behavior: behavior that is acquired by experience, can vary, Think of digger wasp story! Spatial learning; think of digger wasp story; they use landmarks to find nests! Classic conditioning learning; think of pavlov imprinting: the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object; baby geese following mother goose Social Learning: learning through observing  Eurosocality: Mobbing: cooperatively attacking; “ganging” up on someone Mating system and strategy Monogamy: 1 mate at a time (can be either during season or lifetime) ○ More organisms tend to survive ○ Stronger in species where both are paternal care Polygamy: more than 1 mate at a time ○ Polygyny: 1 male:many females; think “gyny” = gynecologist ○ Polyandry: 1 female:many males; think andry= ander is male part of flower Mate Selection: choice, copying; female dominated Mate-choice copying:individuals will copy the mate choice of others; females will copy the model female’s choice. Think like trends, it girl decides for everyone Competition: male dominated ○ Agonistic behavior: a contest that determines which competitor gain access to resource Game theory: evaluates alternative strategies in situations where outcome depends on strategies of all individuals involved ○ Think back to the common side-blotched lizard ○ Each type of male lizard has an advantage over the other, therefore the mating success is influenced by the abundance of the other type ○ Orange- aggressive, yellow- mimic females, blue- mates and guards 1 female ○ orange>blue, blue>sneaker, sneaker>orange; everyone gets a mate at the end Behavioral genetics Genetic basis: preset path in nervous system Altruism: sacrifice own reproduction to increase group fitness Think of kid that stays home from college to help with family Ecology ○ Study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments ○ Hierarchy of Complexity Organismal ecology- how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment Population ecology- Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecology