Biology Past Paper PDF

Unit 4 1. What type of connective tissue contains elastin, a protein which makes the tissue flexible and forms the support for our external ear? Elastic cartilage 2. When an epithelium consists of many layers of cells with only the bottom layer of cells attached to basemen...

Unit 4 1. What type of connective tissue contains elastin, a protein which makes the tissue flexible and forms the support for our external ear? Elastic cartilage 2. When an epithelium consists of many layers of cells with only the bottom layer of cells attached to basement membrane, it is said to be __________. Stratified 3. Choose below the correct order of steps in making a microscope slide from a tissue slice. Orientation, fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining 4. All cells in body are bathed by extracellular fluid. True 5. On average, males have more RBCs than do females. True 6. Which one of the following best estimates the maximum magnification of an electron microscope? 2,000,000 7. Which one of the following types of muscle contains individual cells several centimeters long? Skeletal muscle 8. The epidermis has no blood vessels. True 9. Sometimes referred to as respiratory epithelium, which one of the following best describes the epithelium that lines the majority of the upper respiratory airways? Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium 10. Choose the type of fiber that forms strong and flexible bundles and present in fibrocartilage? Collagen fibers 11. The lining of the gut, parts of uterus, and small bronchi is what type of epithelium? Simple columnar 12. What type of connective tiissue has cells which appear as signet rings with the inner space filled with fat and the nucleus appearing as the stone in the signet ring. Adipose 13. Glands that have no ducts and secrete hormones directly into the blood stream are called. Endocrine glands 14. Glands that secrete fluids outside the body via ducts are called ______________. Exocrine glands 15. __________ contains many parallel collagen fibers which resist being stretched and form tendons and ligaments. Dense regular connective tissue 16. _________ muscle tissue is composed of cells having a single nucleus and are not under our conscious control. Smooth 17. Neurons in the nervous system carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. True 18. What type of connective tissue contains cells called osteocytes, has a hard matrix and contains collagen fibers?  Bone 19. What type of connective tissue is unusual because it has a matrix that is fluid? Blood 20. Serous membranes line the cavities of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems. False 21. Which one of the following types of epithelium lines the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? Simple squamous epithelium 22. The lining of blood and lymph vessels, air sacs of lungs and the peritoneum is what type of epithelium? Simple squamous 23. A group of cells interacting in a common function is called what? Tissue 24. The bottom layer of the epidermis has living cells that die and accumulate keratin as they move away from dermis. True 25. Choose the type of fiber that is strong and stretchable and present in the walls of the lungs. Elastic fibers 26. What type of connective tissue is packed with collagen fibers and forms the intervertebral disks? Fibrocartilage 27. The dermis of the skin is composed of _________. Dense irregular connective tissue 28. Which one of the following types of connective tissue makes up the dermis of the skin, fibrous pericardium, heart valves, perichondrium and periosteum? Dense irregular connective tissue 29. Neurons in the nervous system carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. True 30. Which one of the following stains is commonly used to differentiate between nucleic acids within the nucleus and basic cytoplasmic proteins? Hematoxylin and eosin 31. ________ junctions (also called desmosomes) are spotlike welds holding cells together. Adhering 32. In the control of homeostasis, the __________ is the final target which receive the signal from the integrator and causes an effect to occur such as muscle shivering in response to cold or increased sweating in response to body heating. Effector 33. In the control of homeostasis, the environmental change which is detected by the body is called what? Stimulus 34. The sheetlike tissue that lines the free surfaces of the body, both the exterior surfaces and interior surfaces is called ___________ tissue. Epithelial 35. There are ___________ basic tissue types. Four 36. Which muscle type below is non-striated? Smooth muscle 37. Which of the following is the one type of membrane that does not exhibit epithelial cells? Synovial membrane 38. What is the type of connective tissue which covers the ends of our bones and also forms the supporting elements for the trachea? Hyaline cartilage 39. Which one of the following types of connective tissue secretes antiangiogenesis factor and as a result is avascular? Cartilage 40. Blood is classified as which one of the following types of tissue? Connective tissue 41. _________ muscle is found in the heart and these cells are branched with a single nucleus per cell. Cardiac 42. Which one of the following is a gland that secretes its products in a holocrine manner? Sebaceous gland 43. Which one of the following best describes the structure of pancreatic acinar glands, and sublingual and submandibular salivary glands? Compound tubuloacinar glands 44. Which one of the following types of epithelium has the greatest ability to stretch without tearing? Transitional epithelium 45. Epithelium is most lilely to be found in which one of the following locations? Lining the gastrointestinal tract 46. Serous membranes line the cavities of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems. False 47. _________ muscle tissue is composed of long cells, multinucleated, usually attached to bone usually and are under our conscious control. Skeletal 48. A blister forms from continuous rubbing that pulls the dermis from the hypodermis with fluid collection in the torn region. False 49. Which one of the following contains a few specialized stem cells called satellite cells which are capable of limited repair? Skeletal muscle 50. __________ junctions form points of adhesion between lining epithelial cells to prevent leakage of molecules from outside to inside the body. Tight 51. In a __________ feedback mechanism for homeostatic control, the end result of the initial stimulus is an effector response which inhibits the further action of the receptor. Negative 52. In a __________ feedback mechanism for homeostatic control, the end result of a stimulus is to increase response to further intensify output as during during childbirth when the pressure of the fetus on the uterine wall causes increasing contraction until the fetus is born. Positive  53. When an epithelium consists of a single layer, it is said to be _____________. Simple 54. In the control of homeostasis, the __________ is the portion of the brain such as the hypothalamus that determines where to route the signal from the receptor. Integrator 55. The action of which one of the following types of muscle causes the movement of partially digested matter along the intestines? Smooth muscle 56. Which one of the following best describes a type of epithelium that is multi-layered and hardened with a fibrous protein keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 57. What type of connective tissue is packed with collagen fibers and forms the intervertebral disks? Fibrocartilage 58. Choose the type of fiber that forms fine frameworks and is present in the stromal tissue of the spleen. Reticular fibers 59. The skin is composed of what type of epithelium? Stratified squamous 60. ________ junctions are protein tunnels connecting cytoplasms of two different cells. Gap 61. The lining of the secretory parts of ducts, retina, kidney tubules, ovaries, testes and bronchioles is what type of epithelium? Simple cuboidal 62. In the control of homeostasis, the _________ is usually a nerve ending which can detect a particular environmental change such temperature, touch or sound. Receptor Unit 5 1. What is the name of the process which describes sweat absorbing heat and becoming vapor moving away from the skin? Evaporation 2. Which nail region shows a white, half-moon shaped area in the proximal region of the nail? Lunule 3. What epidermal layer contributes most directly to formation of dandruff? Stratum corneum 4. The stratum lucidum epidermal cell layer is especially noticeable in the hairy skin areas of the body. False 5. The secretory portion of the apocrine gland contains mainly a watery solution that helps to contribute to thermoregulation. False 6. In thermoreception, the "warm" receptors are located in the dermis of the skin. True 7. Which one of the following best approximates the proportion of total body weight that is accounted for by the skin? 15% 8. What is name of the process which describes the transfer of heat when vasodilation of blood vessels near the skin transfers heat to the external atmosphere? Conduction 9. Which skin receptor is sensitive to touch and pressure? Merkel discs 10. Which epidermal layer contains epidermal stem cells? Stratum germinativum 11. What type of connective tissue forms the portion of the dermis just beneath the epidermis? Areolar connective tissue 12. The bulb portion of the dermal root sheath has what function? Contains blood vessels to nourish hair growth 13. The beginning of keratinocyte death and presence of keratohyalin and lamellar granules are indicative of keratinocytes in which epidermal layer? Stratum granulosum 14. Keratinocyte death begins to occur in which epidermal layer? Stratum granulosum 15. What epidermal layer contributes most directly to formation of dandruff? Stratum corneum 16. In hypothermia, what might one expect the arector pili muscles in the skin to do? Contract pulling hair up 17. Which one of the following is an immune cell routinely found in the epidermis? Langerhans cell 18. When our hands get sweaty during a tension-filled moment, which type of sweat gland is producing the excess sweat? Merocrine gland 19. Which nail region describes the nail visible on the dorsal surface of the distal end of the digit? Plate 20. Which of the following epidermal strata contains the most live cells? Stratum Basale 21. Which epidermal layer is first involved in the repair process? Stratum Basale 22. The property of strength and resistance to stretching is due to the presence of what fiber(s) in the dermis? Collagen 23. Which epidermal cell layer consists of living keratinocytes held together by desmosomes? Stratum Spinosum 24. The skin is an organ composed of two tissue types, an epithelium and a connective tissue component. True 25. Which epidermal layer is lacking in hairy skin? Stratum Lucidum 26. Which type of sweat gland secretes a substance that bacteria can act on to produce body odor? Apocrine Gland 27. Fur in mammals is considered what type of hair? Terminal hair 28. If you perceive pain in the area of skin located just below your sternum, from what organ might this pain be coming from? Intestine 29. Which one of the following cell types produces scar tissue? Fibroblasts 30. What type of skin sensory neurons are stimulated by extreme temperature, physical, mechanical or chemical irritation? Nociceptor 31. Identify the substance present in skin which absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation to protect deeper tissue from damage? Melanin 32. Which one of the following is the most common type of cell in the epidermis? Keratinocyte 33. The ability of skin to be able to recoil back to its original state is due to what fiber(s)? Elastic 34. Identify the salty, acidic substance that is secreted onto the skin and helps inhibit microbial growth? Sweat 35. Which cells in the epidermis are known as tactile cells and are associated with sensory nerve endings? Merkel cells 36. What type of sweat gland is activated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to hyperthermia? Merocrine gland 37. Which skin “appendages” listed below are produced by the epidermis? All of the listed choices 38. The very thin, unpigmented hair covering the fetus is called what? Lanugo 39. What is the name of the short, fine hair that covers the body of the newly born infant? Vellus 40. During which phase in deep wound healing does hemostasis play a role? Inflammatory phase 41. What term describes the condition when body temperature drops below normal? Hypothermia 42. What type of connective tissue forms the portion of the dermis termed the reticular region? Dense connective tissue 43. Which skin receptor is sensitive to vibration and pressure? Pacinian corpuscles 44. Which skin receptor is sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration? Meissner’s corpuscles 45. Goose bumps are caused by contraction of what muscle? Arrector pilli 46. What area of the body indicated below is the stratum corneum thickest? Soles of the feet 47. Which nail region is formed from the connective tissue underneath the nail which makes it thicker and stronger as the nail grows?  Bed 48. The sub-layer of the dermis which contains finger-like protrusions into the epidermis is called what? Papillary region 49. There appears to be a link between fingerprint patterns and certain genetic abnormalities such as Down’s syndrome. True 50. The majority of heat is lost from the body through which one of the following organs? Skin 51. The skin is considered an epithelium since it covers an external space. False 52. Which one of the following temperatures most closely approximates normal core body temperature? 98.6 degrees F 53. In the Hair Growth Cycle, what is the stage during which hair growth occurs? Anagen stage 54. In the hair Growth Cycle, what is the stage during which the hair falls out? Telogen stage 55. What important discovery did Henry Faulds, a Scottish medical missionary, make in 1880 that is still important today? surface ridges on fingertips do not change over a lifetime 56. In which epidermal layer would you find keratinization occurring? stratum granulosum 57. Which skin receptor is sensitive to vibration and pressure? Pacinian corpuscles 58. Lamellar granules found in the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum epidermal layer are composed of what substance? Glycolipid 59. If you perceive pain in the area just below your rib cage on the anterior or ventral surface, what body organ might be from where the pain arises. Liver 60. Which one of the following best approximates the proportion of total heat loss which occurs through the skin? 80% 61. In thermoreception, the "cold" receptors are located in the dermis of the skin. False 62. The stage at which the cells in the hair matrix reduces their metabolic activity with hair falling out in several months is called what stage? Telogen stage 63. Hair follicles and sweat glands are found in the dermis and are considered to be of dermal origin. False 64. What type of fiber(s) are found in the connective tissue forming the dermis? Collagen and elastic 65. Which nail region is formed from keratocytes surrounding the bail root from which the nail grows?  Matrix 66. Which statement below best describes how epidermal cells receive nutrient? Nutrient diffuses from dermal capillaries toward the epidermis 67. At puberty, what type of hair grows in the area of the face (beard) in males, and in the genital region and axillary region of males and females? Terminal hair 68. Referred pain describes the feeling of pain in one’s left chest and arm when having a heart attack. True 69. The disease, Xeroderma pigmentosum, is a genetic disease caused by what defect? Defective DNA repair enzymes 70. The stratum basale layer of cells in the epidermis is also known by what other name due to its high level of cell division? Stratum germinativum 71. Choose from the list below the name for the free edge of the nail made up of thickened stratum corneum and serves to secure the nail to the fingertip. Hyponychium 72. The portion of the hair which is embedded deep in the dermis is called what? Root 73. Which sweat glands develop during puberty and are located mainly in the armpits and anogenital areas? Apocrine gland 74. The portion of the hair that is shaped like an onion deep in dermis where cell growth occurs is called what? Bulb 75. The stage at which the cells in the hair matrix stop dividing is termed what stage? Catagen stage 76. The stage at which the cells in the hair matrix are dividing is termed what stage? Anagen stage 77. Choose the correct order of the layers in the epidermis from superficial to deep. Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale 78. Which one of the following types of glands contributes to thermoregulation? Merocrine gland 79. Which nail region is formed from the thickened skin area made from the stratum corneum which secures the nail to the fingertip? Hyponychium 80. In the region of the ear, modified sweat glands produce ear wax which is called what? Cerumen 81. Which one of the following is most significant determinant of skin color? Amount of melanin produced 82. What is the name of the process which describes warm air around the body moving away from the body surface to be replaced by cooler air? Convection 83. A precursor form of which one of the following vitamins is produced in the skin? Vitamin D 84. The cells forming the hair arise from what region?  Matrix 85. Which one of the following best approximates the time required for a cell to transition from the basal layer towards the apical layers, become keratinized, and finally be sloughed off? Four weeks