Philippine Folklore Stories (1816) PDF

PROVINCES Poems Biliran - Capital is Naval TO THE MOST BLESSED VIRGIN MARY Leyte - Capital is Tacloban On Her Assumption to Heaven - Translated by Southern Le...

PROVINCES Poems Biliran - Capital is Naval TO THE MOST BLESSED VIRGIN MARY Leyte - Capital is Tacloban On Her Assumption to Heaven - Translated by Southern Leyte - Capital is Maasin City Salvador Mondragon Samar - Capital is Catbalogan Northern Samar- Capital is Catarman CHRISTMAS PRESENTS - Translated by Gregorio Luangco Eastern Samar- Capital is Borongan LOVE LETTERS - Translated by Victoria S. Salazar 3.5M - Leyte (highest population) 1.5M - Biliran (smallest population) MGA KASANHI NGA SUSUMATON Biliran - Language is Waray Folk Tales THE LITERATURE The Changeling - Retold by Gertrudes Pasta , - Theater tradition: poetry, rituals, mimetic Translated by Exaltacion Cinco dances Characters: - Dances mimed the joys and activities of the Pascasio - Father of Goyang ancient Waray Kulasa - Mother of Goyang - fiction in Waray has not flourished because it Goyang - the changeling lacks a venue for publication Felipe - the young man Balac: a poetic love joust between a man and a woman Bowaon and Totoon (Waray Literature) - According to Cabardo, the balac retained its formed even as it took new names and Characters borrowed aspects of the languages of the Bowaon - selfish & envious friend), colonizers Totoon - kind & compassionate person, The - Balac: called amoral King offers them work in his palace Balac: renamed ismayling (a term derived from English word “smile”) REGION 9: ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA - According to a literary investigator, in certain PROVINCES areas of Samar, some balac form or Zamboanga Del Norte (2nd largest island in ismayling has been reinvented to express PH) - Capital is Dipolog City and Dapitan anti-imperialist sentiments City An Kaadlawon - first Waray newspaper Zamboanga Del Sur - Capital is Pagadian Eco de Samar y Leyte - In Samar, a long running City magazine in the 1900s Zamboanga Sibugay - Capital is Ipil An Lantawan (Leyte) - has extant copies from 1931 Basilan - Capital is Isabela City - highly to 1932 urbanized - printed religious and occasional poetry Leyte News and The Leader (1920s) THE HISTORY OF MINDANAO - first local papers in English MBC’S DYVL & local radio stations (1970s) PROVINCES - poetry are written mostly by local folk Cotabato - Capital is Kidapawan - poetry is tend to be occasional, didactic, and Sultan Kudarat- Capital is Isulan traditional in form Lanao del Norte- Capital is Tubod Lanao del Sur- Capital is Marawi MGA SIDAY - Poem in Eastern Visayas Maguindanao del Norte- Capital is Datu Odin Sinsuat Maguindanao del Sur - Capital is Buluan Mythology of Mindanao  Philippine Folklore Stories by Mabel Cook Cole Wild Tribes of Mindanao (1816) Diwata Magbabaya: greatest of the spirits, his name In the land of Mindanao, villages flourished until four is never mentioned above a whisper, lives in the sky fearsome monsters terrorized the region. Kurita, a in a house made of coins, there are no windows multi-limbed creature, haunted the mountains, while Tarabusaw, a monstrous man, lived on Mount Bagobo: dwell on the lower slopes of Mt. Apo Matuntun. The enormous bird Pah, whose eggs were (highest peak in PH), very industrious, forging as large as houses, resided on Mount Bita, and a excellent knives, weaving beautiful hemp cloth dreadful seven-headed bird roamed Mount Gurayn. When Sulayman heard of these monsters, he Mandarangan & Darago (his wife) - believe to live in courageously set out to destroy them with his brother the side of Mt. Apo, an evil beings who look after the Indarapat’s support, receiving a magical ring and fortunes of the warriors, these spirits are feared to sword. Sulayman defeated Kurita, Tarabusaw, and appease them with offerings ( a human sacrifice) Pah but was crushed by the latter’s massive wing. Indarapat, realizing Sulayman had perished when a Nuestra Señora La Virgen del Pilar de Zamboanga symbolic tree withered, revived his brother with a - have a great devotion to Blessed Mother, magical jar of water. Afterward, King Indarapat especially to La Virgen del Pilar in the ventured on to kill the seven-headed bird, restoring historic Fort peace to the land. During his search for survivors, - annual celebration: October 12 ( City’s Indarapat discovered a hidden cave where villagers official feast day) had sought refuge. Grateful for his heroism, the - made the Virgin of Pilar the actual patroness villagers’ leader offered his daughter in marriage, the of Zamboanga City, instead of Immaculate same woman Indarapat had seen earlier. With the Concepcion (celebrated on Dec 8) monsters defeated, the people lived peacefully and The Fort happily ever after. - Spaniards built the Fort in 1635 as a secure bastion,to stop Moros from raiding Christians Characters: and protect Jesuit Missions Kurita - terrible creature w/ many limbs, - construction was directed by Jesuit Fr. lived partly on land & partly in the sea Melchor de Vera Tarabusaw - ugly creature in the form of - known as “The Fort of Saint Joseph” man, lived on Mt. Matutun, fights Sulayman but is ultimately defeated. CHAPTER 8 : R11 NORTHERN MINDANAO AND R12 DAVAO Pah - enormous bird, wing covered the sun, REGION egg large as house, It lives on Mount Bita and kills Sulayman by crushing him with its wing before being slain. REGION 10 : NORTHERN MINDANAO Sulayman - a brave hero who volunteers to fight the monsters terrorizing the land. He PROVINCES kills three of the four monsters but is crushed Bukidnon - Capital is Malaybalay City by the wing of the giant bird Pah. He is later Camiguin - Capital is Mambajao revived by his brother, Indarapat. Lanao del Norte - Capital is Tubod King Indarapat - Sulayman’s supportive Misamis Occidental - Capital is Oroquieta brother, who provides him with a magical City ring and sword for his journey. He later kills Misamis Oriental - Capital is Cagayan de the seven-headed bird and revives Oro City Sulayman with a magical jar of water. He also marries the daughter of the headman. Known As Seven-Headed Bird - dreadful monster Malaybalay City - “South Summer Capital of capable of seeing in all directions, residing the Philippines” on Mount Gurayn. It is killed by King Camiguin - “Island born on fire” Indarapat. Lanao del Norte - “Land of beauty and bounty” Oroquieta City - “City of Good Life”  Cagayan de Oro- “City of Golden Lihangin - son of Captan, representing the Friendship” wind Licalibutan - eldest son, made of rock, LEGENDS strong and ambitious Liadlao - second son, made of gold, cheerful How Children Became Monkeys and kind Bukidnon (Mindanao) Libulan - 3rd son, made of copper, timid and gentle Characters: Lisuga - daughter, made of silver, pure and Mother and 2 children beautiful Sicalac and Sicabay - first human, created Setting: mudhole from a bamboo tree Theme: respect and empathy Pandaguan - descendant of Sicalac and Sicabay, known for his boldness and How the Moon and the Stars Came to Be defiance Bukidnon (Mindanao) Settings; mythical world, vast sea and sky, heavens, One day in the times when the sky was close to the earth ground of a spinster went out to pound rice. Before Theme; creation, family, ambition, power and humility she began her work, she took off the beads from around her neck and the comb from her hair, and The Story of Bantugan hung them on the sky, which at that time looked like Characters: coral rock. Then she began working, and each time Bantugan - main hero, brave and powerful that she raised her pestle into the air it struck the sky. warrior, prince from the kingdom of For some time she pounded the rice, and then she Bumbaran raised the pestle so high that it struck the sky very Balatama - Bantugan’s son, young but hard. Immediately the sky began to rise, and it went exceptionally brave, Bantugan sent him to up so far that she lost her ornaments. Never did they deliver his father’s marriage proposal to the come down, for the comb became the moon and the Sultan beads are the stars that are scattered about. Sultan - ruler of the distant kingdom where Bantugan’s love interest resides. The Sultan 1. The common way to pound rice is to place initially agrees to marry his daughter to bundle of the grain on the ground on a died Bantugan carabao hide and pound it with a pestle to Sultan’s Daughter loosen the heads from the straw. When they Spanish General - antagonist, determined are free they are poured into a to marry Sultan’s daughter mortar/cement and again pounded with the pestle until the grain is separated from the Theme; heroism, bravery, honor, perseverance, chaff/rubbish/trash, after which is betrayal winnowed/trimming REGION 11 : DAVAO REGION 2. According to the Klemartin myth (Borneo), PROVINCES the sky was raised when a giant named Usai CAPITAL accidentally struck it with his mallet while Compostela Valley - Capital is Nabunturan pounding rice. Davao Del Norte- Capital is Tagum City Davao Del Sur- Capital is Digos City MYTH Davao Oriental- Capital is City of Mati How the World Was Made Jama Mapun and Sama call their tales as kana-kana Characters: - a slight difference from how Tausug call theirs, which Maguayan - god of the sea is katakata. Captan - god of the sky Lidagat - daughter of Maguayan, Totol: Maranao call their tales representing the sea Tudtol: Iranon call their tales  Tudtolan: Maguindanao call their tales - Tumantangis - root word ‘tangis’ (to cry) Oman-oman: Kaagan of Davao Oriental, and ‘bud’ (mountain) Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte call their tales. (term is reduplicated) (some Kaagans Many Tausugs say that Mount Tumantangis is called have roots in Sulu) as such because sailors almost always cry when they Kata-kata of Tausug and Kana-kana of lose sight of it as the ship sails away; or when they Jama Mapuna & Samas are reduplicated return, upon seeing even just its silhouette from afar Agamaniyog: Maranao folktales, about sultans and their families and their Maranao Lake relationships with their subjects. Life, - loved because of its grandeur and grace customs, traditions, and other cultural - open ocean features found in Maranao cultural inventory are reflected in agamaniyog folktales. YAKAN - people of Basilan Posong / Pusung tales - in Sulu - Usul: Yakan call their legends, quite similar In Tausug trickster’s tale, the key character Pusung to Tausug’s usulan always deceives sultan and gets away with it. He also - Yakan legends revolve around Basilan succeeds in tricking other members of the royal family province including sultan’s wives and his beautiful daughters. - Basilan: comes from ‘basi’ (iron) and ‘lan’ Trickster’s tales in Tausug community are meant to (way or road) which is dan to Tausugs entertain by making the audience laugh. - Basilan: under the domain of Sultanate of Sulu for a very long time Myths and Legends - Bahasa Sug - one of the language spoken in Basilan province Myths and legends have religious overtones. Those who live quite far-off from major Muslim groups have Yakan Songs evolved their own literary terminology. Kaagan of - Katakata: lackadaisical melody that reflects Davao and Sangil of Sarangani are rather influenced pain & suffering of somebody who has lost a by other groups. loved one. For the Yakan, it is a song. For Tausug, it is an oral narrative, which is told to - Kapunopuno / Kasugod sugod - Kaagan an audience. call their legends, which sounds Bisaya - Lunsey: top tune of sort that resembles the - Oman-oman or gugudanun - Kaagan call Tagalog harana their myths - Sail: relates a story, may be sung during - Uduhan - Jama Mapun call their legends, weddings & burials, the subject matter suited having slight resemblance to Tausug’s to the nature of the affair usulan - Nahana: relates an ancestral story - Kissa: about royal families Iranon, Maguindanao, Maranao - 3 mainland - Jamiluddin: person’s name in Tausug, a Mindanao Muslim groups song to the Yakan, sung in a game called - Toltol - some Maranao call their myths & magdarapanyu legends, as they do with folktales - Totolan - Maranao call their legends - EPICS, BALLADS, AND POETRY - Tudtolan - Maguindanao and Iranon name for legends Epics - Bantugan: Maranao epic - Indarapatra at Solayman: Maguindanao TAUSUG epic - Tau means people, Sug means sea current - Parang Sabil hi Abdulla iban hi Isara: - “Kaawan of Bud Tumantangis” - their Tausug epic, sung and in verse Some literary favorite legend personages have refuted that Parang - Bud Tumantangis / Mount Tumantangis - Sabil… is just a mere ballad highest peak in the province (stands above - Aliyanapiya: could be a possible Tausug sea level by 853 meters) epic  Ballads - may be classified as folk songs. They tell The world began with only the sea and sky, and a kite stories as they are sung between them. The kite grew tired of flying and stirred - belong to the narrative genre up the sea, causing the sky to showered it with - Ballads of other nations are oftentimes lyrical islands. The sea breeze and the land breeze married - handed down by word of mouth and had a child, a bamboo. The bamboo struck the - always solo and sung with gabbang, kite's feet, resulting in a man and a woman.The kulintang or biyula, as simple earthquake called for their marriage, and they had accompaniment many children. The parents were tired of having many - Contemporary ballads: reflect recent & useless children and wanted to send them away. In famous Tausugs, who have made history in desperation, the father beats the children. As time their political and ideological struggles goes on, the parents become overwhelmed by their - Religious ballads: tells the virtues of Islam many children and, in frustration, drive them away. as a religion, hortatory or didactic The children scatter in different directions, and their - Kissa: ballads called in Tausug hiding places come to define their fates and social - Darangan or bayok: Kaagan call their roles: ballads - Those who hid in hidden rooms become the island - Dayunday and sometimes bayok: chiefs. Maguindanao and Iranon call their ballads - Those who hid in the walls become slaves. - Toltol: Palawanon call their ballads and - Those who ran outside became free men. folktales - Those who hid in the fireplace become people with darker skin. Epic heroes of Maranao and Maguindanao - Those who fled to the sea are gone so long that informants when their descendants return, they are white people. - Indarapatra at Sulayman - Bantugan Poems The Children of the Limokon - Bayok: poem name of Maranao and Iranon Mandaya (Mindanao) - Bayokan: Maguindanao poems - Tarasul: Tausug term for poems The Limokon , a powerful dove, laid two eggs one at - Dawut: Kaagan call their poems the mouth of the Mayo River and one farther up its course, After some time these eggs hatched.one PROVERBS AND RIDDLES becoming a man and the other a woman. The man - in Muslim cultural communities, are the lived alone on the riverbank, searching for a simplest genres of folk literature companion. He found a hair and decided to search for - highly figurative in the use of language it. He found a woman and they married, raising many - Antokanon: term for riddles of Kaagan of children who are the Mandaya still living along the Davao Mayo River. - Antoka: Maguindanao call their riddles - Untukan: Yakan call their riddles, slightly Untukan: Yakan call their riddles, slightly 1. The origin story is of a very different type - Tigum-tigum: Tausug Samas, and Jama from those of the Bukidnon and Bagobo. Mapun call their riddles While the others show foreign influence, this - Tukud-tukud: another name for tigum-tigum appears to be typically primitive. in Sulu 2. The limokon is the omen bird of the Mandaraya. It is believed to be a messenger Riddles from the spirit world which, by its calls, warns - called saknahan or dalian the people of danger or promises them - Masaalla or Dalil akkal: Tausug call their success. If the coo of this bird comes from proverbs the right side, it is a good sign, but if its on MYTHS the left, in back, or in front, it is a bad sign and the Mandaraya knows that he must The Creation Story change his plans  3. Conformity Origin 4. We are Born Bagobo (Mindanao) 5. Breaking point The Good Prince Bantugan AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO The story of Bantugan revolves around a kingdom PROVINCES CAPITAL ruled by an old king, where Prince Bantugan, the younger brother, is Basilan admired for his bravery and goodness. Despite the Lanao del Sur - Capital is Marawi City envy of the old king, Prince Bantugan leads his men Maguindanao - Capital is Shariff Aguak to defend the kingdom against enemies. Due to a plot (Maganoy) by the evil king, Prince Bantugan decides to leave Shariff Kabunsuan - Capital is Datu Odin and embarks on a journey to the Sinsuat (googled) Kingdom-Between-Two-Seas. There, he falls weak Sulu - Capital is Jolo and dies outside the gates, where Princess Tawi-Tawi - Capital is Panglima Sugala Datimbang falls in love with him. His body is brought (Balimbing) , Bongao (googled) back to his kingdom, causing great sorrow. Prince Madali, his younger brother, retrieves his soul from LITERARY ARTS death and revives him, leading to a joyous celebration and Prince Bantugan marrying Princess Datimbang. Maguindanao (folktales) - short stories involving simple events CHAPTER 9 : R12 NORTHERN MINDANAO AND 1. Lagya Kudarat R13 CARAGA Characters: Lagya Kudarat - male protagonist, a brave REGION 12 : SOCCSKSARGEN adventurous figure Puteli Sittie Kumala - Lagya Kudarat’s PROVINCES CAPITAL sister South Cotabato - Capital is Koronadal City Sumedsen - a Prince who marries Puteli Cotabato (North Cotabato) - Capital is Kumala Kidapawan City Kabayan - elderly unmarried woman Sultan Kudarat - Capital is Isulan Princess - royal figure who marries Lagya Sarangani - Capital is Alabel, General Kudarat Santos City 2. Pat-I-Mata Butuan City - regional center ‘Caraga’ - originated from Visayan word Characters: Kalagan: “Kalag” meaning soul or people Pat-I-Mata -( a cruel ruler with four eyes and “An” meaning land. )antagonist, cruel ruler, rules Kabalukan, has 4 eyes; when his 2 eyes sleep, his other two POETRY are awake. Known for his cruelty to women, marrying them when they are beautiful and EARTH-MAN SONG by Evee V. Huervana returning them after they have gone ugly. Pat-I-Mata's tyranny—marrying women and 1. Decrescendo abandoning them—leads to unrest. 2. Crescendo Datu sa Pulu - (a kinder ruler). protagonist, wise & just leader, reigns over Reina PRAEVALET ILLICITA by Karen Pioquinto Regente People of Kabalukan - They symbolize the FIVE MATH POEMS by Eileen Tupaz oppressed and seek relief from Pat-I-Mata’s 1. I’m tired of being a zero vector tyranny, motivating the Datu to act. 2. Soulmates LITERARY CULTURE  Humans - imperfect beings - Folk Speech: expressed through riddles The Story of the Creation (antuka/pantuka/paakenala) and lyric poems Bilaan (Mindanao) (bayok) - Narratives may be divided into Islamic and 1. This story is well known among the Bilaan, folk traditions who are one of the tribes least influenced by - Islamic: includes Quran; tarsila or the Spaniards, and yet it bears so many genealogical narratives; luwaran incidents similar to biblical accounts that (embodiment of customary laws), hadith or there is a strong suggestion of Christian sayings of the Prophet; quiza or religious influence. It is possible that these ideas stories came through the Mohammedan Moro - Folk tradition: comprises tudtul (folktales), 2. Melu is the most powerful of the spirits and and the epics Raja Indarapatra, Darangen, people resort him in times of danger and Raja Madaya - Mindanao riddles: promote friendship in a Melu created the earth from dead skin rubbed off his group and a tools for basic pedagogy. Its body. He shaped two humans but was interrupted by structure consists of an image and a subject Tau Tana, who made their noses upside down. After a - 4 Types of Image; comparative, descriptive, heavy rain, Melu corrected the noses to save the puns or puzzles, and narrative humans from drowning. Humans were grateful and promised to honor him. Riddling - Should not be done at night, so as not to Characters: invite evil spirits Melu - creator of the earth and humans - Avoidance of the word nipai (snake) Tau tana - interferer - Ida-ida a rata (children rhymes sung in Human - creations of Melu and Tau Tana chorus) - Tubud-tubud (short love poem) Epic Raja Indarapatra - Bayok: composed in metaphorical language, resorted to when a cautious & euphemistic This epic tells of two brothers, Raja Indarapatra and expression is required Raja Sulayman, who battle terrifying creatures to save Salsilas or tarsilas Mindanao. Raja Sulayman fights first but dies - family heirlooms that trace one’s line of heroically. Raja Indarapatra continues the mission, descent avenging his brother and restoring peace to the land. - Used to ascertain noble lineages that may The story emphasizes heroism, loyalty, and the go back to the days of the Kabungsuan triumph of good over evil. MYTHS Characters: In the Beginning Raja Indarapatra - A brave and wise hero Bilaan (Mindanao) who saves Mindanao. Raja Sulayman - selfless brother who dies Four beings lived on a tiny island and created the fighting evil creatures. earth using soil and seeds brought by a bird. They Terrible creatures - symbolic of chaos & attempted to create humans from wax but failed. destruction Later, they made humans from dirt, though the noses were initially upside down. Melu fixed the noses, Kapampangan leaving a mark on them. - People called themselves and their language - River bank “pampang” or “pang-pang” Characters: - One of the richest provinces during Spanish Melu - leader and creator, greatest of the rule four - “Culinary Center of the Philippines” Fiuweigh, Diwata, Saweigh - co-creators PAMPANGA TOWNS & CITIES Buswit (the bird) - symbol of exploration, brought some earth, piece of rattan, and Angeles City some fruit - Known as Culiat Apalit - Dubbed as “Egg Basket of Luzon” because - Known for its weaving & metal industries of its large-scale poultry industry - Site of annual colorful traditional fluvial - Used to be called ‘Minalis’ meaning ‘moved’ parade (since 1844) Porac Arayat - September 16, 1867 - town transferred to its - Home of the beautiful fairy ‘Mariang present site called ‘Capatagan’ (plain), near Sinukuan’ (protects the mountains’ flora & a river called ‘Porag’ fauna) - The river got its name from ‘kurag’ or - Known as “Balayat ning Pambuit” ‘purag’, a rattan plant growing near the river Bacolor City of San Fernando - Was called Bakulud from “makabakulud” - Carved out of the towns of Mexico & Bacolor (upland) surrounded by “cababan” or “babo - Founded in 1754 lubao” ( lowland) San Luis Candaba - Originally named ‘Cabagsak’ (from - Derived from ‘Candawe’, a name of a place ‘bagsakan kabag’ plenty of fruit bats) close to Sitio Culumanas, was later - Renamed ‘San Nicolas Cabagsac’, in honor corrupted by Spanish derivation to Candaba of its first parish priest, Fray Nicolas de - Origin: “Cang Daba” or Brother Daba Orduno, OSA - ‘Daba’ - a term used for a big earthen jar & San Simon obese people were teased - divided into 2 parts; Apalit (southern part) - “Buru” (pickled fish) and San Luis (northern part). Both sides Floridablanca decided to petition the Gov Gen Simon de - Spanish word meaning ‘maputing Anda y Salazar to consider declaring it a sampaga’ or ‘white flower’ town Lubao - named after the Apostle Simon - First printing press was set up in by Sasmuan Augustinian friars - Formerly called ‘Sasmoan’ (from ‘sasmo’ or - Also called Baras (from Spanish ‘barras’), assemble) meaning sandbars - It is where Kapampangan soldiers Mabalacat assembled prior to attacking Chinese - Became a town in 1712 insurgents in upstream Guagua - Named after ‘balacat’ tree, a fourth class Sta. Ana timber - Previously known as ‘Bale Pinpin’ (‘laid - ‘Mabalacat’ means full of ‘balacat’ aside’) Macabebe Sta. Rita - Historically known for its cloth traders and - Once part of Porac bravery of its soldiers under Rajah Soliman - First formed by the clearings and settlement - ‘Macabebe’: bordering river banks’ and made at a place called ‘Gasac’, now known ‘pampanga’ means the same as San Isidro Magalang Sto. Tomas - San Bartolome - old Magalang site - Known as ‘Baliwag’ means tardy in Spanish - Known as ‘Balen Melacuan’ (abandoned - Used to be a portion of Minalin town) and now a barrio of Concepcion Masantol Legend of Sinukwan - Used to be called San Miguel, once part of Macabebe Characters: - Got its name from the fruit tree (santol tree) Sinukwan - legendary king of Mount Arayat Mexico Mariang Makiling - goddess and wife of - ‘Masiku’ pre-Spanish name, meaning Sinukwan abundance of water Baluga - nursemaid - Other claims got its name from ‘chico’ fruits Mariang Malagu, Mariang Matimtiman, or ‘makasiku’ (river elbowing or town Mariang Mahinhin - 3 beautiful daughters of elbowing neighboring towns) Sinukwan and Mariang Makiling Minalin, Pampanga  Miguel Masikan - suitor of Mariang Malagu, 9. Diparan - folkloric aphorism of proverb succeeded building the tomb which embody well-known truths or common Miguel Matapang - suitor of Mariang facts ascertain by experience/observation Matimtiman, rid all ferocious animals & 10. Kumidya - derived from Spanish Comedia, poisonous snakes using his magic crystal dealt w/ romances of high-born ladies and ball princesses, liberally strewn w/ military Miguel Masipag - suitor of Mariang skirmishes between Christian & Moros…may Mahinhin, trimmed down all the big trees be classified as metrical romance using his magic bolo 11. Kuriru - derive from Spanish word Aring Punsalan - king of Zambales ‘corridor”, romance or light poetic Mountain Range who challenges Sinukwan composition (jacara) in assonants w/ Conflict: Man vs Man accompaniment of a guitar for light Theme: pride, power, love and sacrifice, magic, entertainment nature 12. Zarzuela - song interspersed w/ dialogue, classified according to its place of origin; CHAPTER 10: Zarzuela de la Provincia de Guenco… CLASSIFICATION OF KAPAMPANGAN LITERATURE Imagery and Figures of Speech in the CLASSIFICATION OF KAPAMPANGAN Kapampangan Language LITERATURE 1. Simile - comparison between two unlike 1. Basulto - kind of composition that contains things, often introduced with the word “like”, vague, metaphorical, or allusive words “as”, “resemble”, “similar to” (balamu, anti, familiar to herdsmen pasturing their kalupa) carabaos, cows, and goats. Ex. Tinanam 2. Metaphor - directly compares seemingly Kung Kamantigi, Karin Pu Kekami, Puntung dissimilar subject. It doesn’t use ‘like’ or ‘as’ Biabas, Inyang Malat Ku 3. Personification - human characteristics are 2. Goso - has definite moral message and slow attributed to an abstract quality, animal, or tempo, sung with violins, guitars, inanimate object tambourines on the eve of All Saints Day 4. Apostrophe - addresses personified objects 3. Pamuri - variant of Kapampangan love as real persons, absent as if they were song, derived from buri (like) Ex. Atsing present, and dead as if they were alive Neneng & Aruy! Katimyas na Nitang Dalaga 5. Allusion - may refer to anything, including 4. Pang-obra - song in praise of labor. Ex. paintings, opera, folk lore, mythical figures, Dating tatanam Pale (These People Who religious manuscripts. E.g. Historical, Plant Palay) & Bye Ning Kasamak Biblical, Literary 5. Paninta - from the word sinta (love) Ex. E Ku 6. Hyperbole - exaggeration of idea in order to Pa Kelingwan (I Haven’t Forgotten), Atin Ku produce a more vivid or graphic image Pung Singsing (I Have A Ring), Ing 7. Irony - statement or situation where the Dalumdum Ning Bengi (The Darkness of The meaning is contradicted by appearance or Night) presentation of idea. Listener has the 6. Karagatan - ancient poetic & literary game speaker’s tone & facial expression to give performed during wakes based on the loss of him a hint a ring belonging to a princess in mid-sea 8. Synecdoche - term for a part of something 7. Duplo - poetic game amounting to a contest is used to refer to the whole of something or in both poetic powers of expression & vice-versa general cultural knowledge, stringing all in a 9. Aphaeresis - omission of letters from the slender narrative line… dupleros start of a word, typically removing a (participating poets) hold debates during complete syllable wakes of literary occasions 10. Zeugma - use of one verb for two actions. 8. Sapatya - another form of poetic joust; verse Parts of a sentence are joined together is sung & participants dance to the beats of grammatically or semantically by a single their castanets… informal debate is word other than a conjunction improvised RIDDLES - bugtung SHORT STORY - Tools that help us make meaning of the literature we read. Ing Hermanu Mayul by Braulio D. Sibug - Understanding what these theories are and how they work provides us with tools that Characters help us find meaning in what we have read. Tiyo Cosme - ambitious, prideful hermano mayor, eager to impress the village TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM Tiya Culasa - practical & concerned wife of Tiyo Cosme, who worries about their 1. MORAL CRITICISM financial stability Bario people & relatives - supporting - a type of literary critique that judges the characters who help organize the fiesta & value of the literature based on its moral play a role in the celebrations lessons or ethical teachings. Setting: small barrio in Pampanga - it originates from philosophers like Plato and Exposition: Tiyo Cosme is excited to host the fiesta Aristotle, who believed literature should as hermano mayor while Tiya Culasa is concerned inspire goodness and moral insight in its about the financial strain it could cause audience. Theme: pride, ambition, tension between societal - Criticizes Literature for its larger purpose in expectations teaching morality and to probe philosophical issues KAPAMPANGAN POETS AND THEIR POETRY - Critics view literature to have an effect on its DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL readers, subtly or indirectly, and deliver an - “Bayung Sunis” means The New Rhyme important message. - “Sapa” means Stream - Ex. “Ibong Adarna”, “To Josefa Gatmaitan” - “Gripu” means Artesian Well by Marcelo H. Del Pilar - “Gareta” means(Cart) “Ibong Adarna” - A Filipino epic about a magical bird JOSE M. GALLARDO whose song can heal illnesses and bring peace but - Author of “Ing Bie Alang Bakas” (A Life requires perseverance, honesty, and moral integrity to Without a Trace) obtain. - “Ing Bie Alang Bakas” means A Life Without a Trace Moral Lesson: - age 13 - The value of kindness, forgiveness, and ZOILO HILARIO perseverance - Age 27 - earned title of poet laureate for a - The consequences of jealousy and deceit poem dedicated to womanhood, entitled “Ing Babai” - The triumph of virtue and goodness over evil - Poems; Luguran Pati Kasalang (Love Even Our Enemies) Reflection on Ethics: - Luguran Pati Kasalang mean Love Even Our Enemies - make ethical choices and act with integrity, - even in tough situations AURELIO TOLENTINO - teaches that compassion and forgiveness - Crissotan - literary jousts in Pampanga are better than hate or revenge. - Tolentinuan - an honor similar to that 2. FORMALISM accorded to Soto and conferred on no other - focuses on the intrinsic qualities of a poet, playwright, or essayist literary work, such as its form and - Poem; Caring Capatad (To The Brethren) technique, rather than its content, historical - Caring Capatad means To The Brethren relevance, or author. CHAPTER 11 : THEORIES OF LITERATURE - analyzing how metaphors and symbolism are used in a poem. LITERARY CRITICISM  - treats a work of literature as its own distinct New Criticism: "How do the text's parts piece, separate from its cultural, social, work together?" historical, and even authorial context. New Aristotelian: "Does the text achieve its - its focus is purely on its form, including purpose and emotional impact?" grammar, syntax, meter, and rhythm. - Ex. “Mi Ultimo Adios” by Jose Rizal, “Bonsai” Example: “Florante at Laura” by Francisco Balagtas by Edith L. Tiempo, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” by William Shakespeare an epic by Francisco Balagtas about Florante, a noble warrior, who faces betrayal and struggles to be with Structure and Form: using a formal and reflective his love, Princess Laura. tone. Emotional Impact: the epic evokes pity and Language: uses vivid imagery like “sunset” and fear. “fields Moral Lessons: teaches the importance of loyalty, bravery, and justice. Techniques: Metaphors, like comparing his death to Purpose: To inspire readers to act with a sacrifice for freedom, and symbolism. integrity, bravery, and honor, even when faced with trials and betrayal. 3. NEW CRITICISM 5. MARXIST CRITICISM - examines the relationships between the - literature reflects the struggles between ideas and themes in a literary work and its oppressed and oppressing classes. form. - focuses on class conflict, economic - the work’s theme/meaning is reinforced and inequality, and social structures. unified in the text’s form (imagery, narrative - Prioritizes social meaning over artistic style. structure, point of view, and other literary - Based on the philosophy of Karl Marx saying elements). that whoever owns the means of production - Ex. “The Mats” by Francisco Arcellana in society (the factories) control the society (culture) Focuses on themes of family dynamics, sacrifice, and - Deals with the political and economic unspoken emotions. The tone is subtle and emotional, problems of a society in terms of the with an underlying sense of sadness. The story is struggles between members of different structured around the revelation of the father’s true socio-economic classes feelings for his family. - Ex. “Noli Me Tangere” by Dr. Jose Rizal. “Olvidon” by F. Sionil Jose 4. NEO ARISTOTELIAN CRITICISM - it examines speeches based on Aristotle's Class Conflict: portrays the division between the principles of rhetoric to determine if the elite (Spanish colonizers, friars, and wealthy speaker used the proper means of landowners) and the poor (indigenous Filipinos, persuasion to achieve their intended effect peasants, and workers). on the immediate audience. Oppression: Filipino people are depicted as being Considers: oppressed by both the Spanish authorities and the Catholic Church. Invention - main ideas, themes, content, etc. Economic Inequality: It reflects the economic Arrangement - Organizational Structure inequality that existed during the Spanish colonial Style - word of choise, metaphors, stories, rule. etc. Delivery - use of voice, facial expressions, 6. READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM use of body etc. - a literary theory that focuses on the reader’s In simple terms; experience of text and theory role in constructing its meaning. Formalism: "How is the text built?"  - it is based on the idea that readers are active 8. NEW HISTORICISM agents who construct meaning in a text, rather than passive consumers of the - emphasizes analyzing a literary text within its meaning created by the author. historical and cultural context, viewing - focuses on the reader's role in creating the literature as a product of social, political, and meaning of a text. Instead of relying solely ideological forces present during the time it on the author’s intentions or the text’s was written, rather than focusing solely on inherent structure, this approach emphasizes the text’s formal structure. how individual readers or specific audiences - Ex. “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo” interact with the text and generate their own by Jose Rizal, “Dekada ‘70” by Lualhati interpretations. Bautista - Ex. “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost, “Bata, Bata Paano Ka Ginawa” by Lualhati New Historical Analysis: Bautista Historical Context: Noli Me Tangere was 7. STRUCTURALISM written during the Spanish colonial period, a time of oppression and unrest in the - a critical approach that analyzes a text by Philippines. The novel's depiction of abusive friars, corrupt officials, and social injustices examining its underlying structures, patterns, reflects the real conditions experienced by and systems of meaning. Filipinos. - focuses on how different elements within a Interplay of Text and Context: The novel work relate to each other and contribute to a serves as a critique of Spanish colonial rule larger, overarching structure, rather than and Catholicism’s role in perpetuating solely interpreting the content on a surface inequality. It can also be analyzed as a level. product of Rizal's exposure to Enlightenment - focuses on understanding the underlying ideas in Europe, which shaped his vision of structures and patterns, further studying reform and nationalism. language can guide us towards analyzing Power and Ideology: The book reveals how and understanding literary pieces. colonial power structures oppress - Ex. “Cinderella”. “Biag ni Lam-Ang” by Pedro marginalized communities and highlights the Bukaneg struggles of the Filipino people to reclaim their identity and freedom. Structural Analysis: Using Vladimir Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, a structuralist might 9. POST-COLONIAL CRITICISM analyze Cinderella by identifying its narrative functions and roles. - a critical approach that analyzes literature in terms of colonial history and its ongoing Functions (Actions): impact on culture, identity, and power dynamics. The "lack" (Cinderella is mistreated and wants a better life). - focuses on the effects of colonization on both The "helper" (the fairy godmother). the colonized and the colonizers. The "test" (attending the ball and losing the - concerns itself with literature written by slipper). colonizers and those who were/are The "resolution" (Cinderella is united with the colonized. It looks at issue of culture, prince). religion, politics and economics within the text and how these relate to colonial Roles (Characters): hegemony. - addresses the problems, consequences, and The Hero (Cinderella). challenges that decolonized country goes The Villain (the stepmother and stepsisters). through. The Donor/Helper (the fairy godmother). - “Po-on” (1984) by F. Sionil Jose, “Mga Ibong Mandaragit” by Amando V. Hernandez Set during the Spanish colonial era, it follows the Patriarchy: Male-dominated social and story of Isagani, a young Filipino man grappling with political structures. colonial oppression and social injustices. Gender Roles: How literature reflects and reinforces traditional gender roles. Post-Colonial Lens: Women’s Agency: The ability of women characters to take control of their lives and The novel critiques Spanish colonial rule and challenge societal norms. explores how colonialism disrupts Filipino culture, society, and values. 11. QUEER CRITICISM Cultural identity, social inequality, and the psychological effects of colonization. - A literary approach that examines The story reflects on the struggles of representations of gender and sexuality, Filipinos under colonial oppression, challenging heteronormative assumptions examining the push for independence and and exploring LGBTQ+ themes. reclaiming cultural identity. - explores the representation of gender and sexuality in literature. Concepts: - Ex. “Lihim ni Antonio” by Ricardo Lee, “Chambers of the Sea” by Edith L. Tiempo Colonial legacy: How colonial powers shaped societies and cultures. The story follows Antonio, a young man grappling with Hybridity: The blending of cultures under his sexual identity in a conservative society. He faces colonial influence. internal conflict and societal rejection as he comes to Resistance: The struggle of colonized terms with his homosexuality. people to regain their identity and independence. Queer Lens: 10. FEMINIST CRITICISM The novel explores the struggles of LGBTQ+ individuals in the Philippines, a country with - A literary approach that examines the roles strong traditional and religious values. and representation of women in literature, Self-discovery, social stigma, the tension focusing on gender inequality, power between private and public identity. structures, and societal expectations. The novel challenges societal norms about - studies literature for its stereotypes and gender and sexuality, highlighting the other cultural assumptions challenges faced by LGBTQ+ people in a - concerns the struggle against patriarchy and heteronormative society. sexism and explores how literature is portrayed or influenced by patriarchal Concepts: narratives. - Ex. “Babaylan” by Nicanor Tiongson, Heteronormativity: The assumption that “Central” by Lina Sagaral Reyes, “Caravan heterosexuality is the default or normal of the Water Bearers” by Marjorie M. Evasco sexual orientation. Fluidity of Identity: The idea that gender Set in pre-colonial Philippines, the novel tells the story and sexual identities are not fixed but fluid. of a woman who becomes a babaylan—a spiritual Subverting Traditional Roles: How healer and leader in indigenous communities. literature challenges and deconstructs traditional gender and sexual norms. Feminist Lens: It critiques the suppression of women's CHAPTER 12 : LITERARY CRITICISM power and authority during Spanish colonization, when the role of the babaylan was replaced by male religious figures. LITERARY CRITICISM Concepts:  derives from greek term kritikos, which was - Example: “A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles used in the 4th century BC. It means “a Dickens judge of literature” helps us to understand the relationship The climax of the story involves Sydney Carton’s between authors, readers, and texts selfless act of taking Darney’s place at the guillotine, the comparison, analysis, interpretation, demonstrating the transformation power of love and and/or evaluation of works of literature the ultimate sacrifice. written study, evaluation, and interpretation of a work of literature 3. MORALIST APPROACH ELEMENTS OF LITERARY CRITICISM - to study literature from the moral/intellectual 1. CHARACTER perspective is therefore to determine - Person in a work of fiction whether a work conveys a lesson or - Characteristics of a person message and whether it can help readers - Characteristics of a character; individual, lead better lives and improve their developing, static understanding of the world. 2. THEME - Example: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper to identify the theme: Lee - observe & analyze the title. It highlights the importance of empathy, courage, - notice the repeating patterns & symbols and moral integrity in the face of adversity. - take note of the details and particulars of the story that gives a greater meaning 4. FEMINIST APPROACH 3. PLOT - focuses on how literature presents women - Elements of a plot; Exposition, Complication, as subjects as socio-political, psychological, Climax, Resolution and economic oppression 4. SETTING - focuses on female representation in - conditions of a setting; place, time literature. Paying attention to female points 5. CONFLICT of view, concerns, and values. - Human vs. Human -Human vs. Nature - Example: “Disney Moana” written by Jared -Human vs. Society Bush - Human vs. Self 6. RESOLUTION - unfolding or solution to a complicated issue in a story 5. READER-RESPONSE APPROACH - focuses on the individual reaction and BENEFITS OF LITERARY CRITICISM interpretation of a text by the reader as it is literary criticism expands your worldview proposed that only the reader can give a text literary criticism helps you to understand the sufficient meaning literature better - each and every reader will interpret a text literary criticism creates opportunities for differently between readings depending on new styles of writing their intellect or knowledge of the history of which the text describes, mood, personal CRITICAL APPROACHES experiences, ideologies, and culture 1. Formalist Approach - Example: “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson - holds that the true meaning of a text can be “ “The Lottery” forces us to address some unpleasant determined only by analyzing the literary aspects of human nature, such as people’s elements of the text and by understanding obediences to authority and tradition and their how these elements work together to form willingness to carry out evil acts in the name of up a cohesive whole superstition. - Example: “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald 6. MARXIST APPROACH - examines the relationship of a literary 2. HISTORICAL APPROACH product to the actual economic and social - involves the understanding of the historical reality of its time and place including; class and cultural conditions that influence the stratification, class relations, dominant production of the literary work ideology  - tries to understand how Power, Politics, and Money play a role in literary texts and how these elements impact the society and characters in the text - Example: “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant TRADITIONAL CRITICAL APPROACHES 1. BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH/CRITICISM - examines how an author’s life influences their writing. - Example: “Lord of the Flies” by William Goding 2. MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH/CRITICISM - approaches literature based on its ethical merits - Example: “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald 3. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH/CRITICISM - evaluates literature based on its relationship to society - examines author’s status in their society - Marxist criticism - one form of sociological criticism - Example: “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens 4. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH/CRITICISM - examines literature based on the psychological desires & neuroses of the characters within a particular piece of literature - Psychoanalytic critics believe that an author’s unconscious thoughts are expressed through their work 5. PRACTICAL APPROACH/CRITICISM - encourages leaders to examine the text without regard to any outside context - like the author, date, and place of writing, or any other contextual information that may lighten the reader 6. POST STRUCTURALISM - refers to a way of thinking that emphasizes the radical uncertainty of knowledge and posits that “truth” is not a fixed concept, but instead constantly changes based on your cultural, political, social, and economic position in the world. 7. DECONSTRUCTIONISM - act of breaking something down into its separate parts in order to understand its meaning, especially when this is different from how it was previously understood.