Unit 1 The Self From Various Perspectives PDF

UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn The self from various perspectives ▪ “Our soul strived for wisdom and perfection” - Philosophy - Sociology...

UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn The self from various perspectives ▪ “Our soul strived for wisdom and perfection” - Philosophy - Sociology Plato - Psychology ▪ 3-Part soul or self (Psyche) - Anthropology o Reason, - Oriental / Eastern thought o Physical Appetite & o Spirit or Passion. ▪ Plato is idealistic ▪ Plato believes that even a person is prior 1. Philosophy to education, we already have wisdom The self in a philosophical paradigm and knowledge. ▪ There are some people who did not went How do you answer the question: to school or university, but they are full of Who am I? wisdom, and they know how to live. ▪ One example person is Socrates. He did 3 philosophies not go to school properly. ▪ Be rational ▪ Our soul forgot this knowledge, so our ▪ They are students of each other. soul just simply needs to recollect those wisdom. Ancient Philosophy 1000 BC – 500 AD ▪ Plato said that 2 of the parts of soul ang laging nag aaway. The Ancient Triumvirate o Physical Appetite and Passion o Reason should make Physical Socrates Appetite and Passion to not argue with each other. “Know thy self” ▪ Reason or ego is the rational part of soul. ▪ Man must live and stand up according to ▪ his nature. Utilize your rationality. Aristotle “An unexamined life is not worth living” ▪ The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank tablet) ▪ Fail to understand who you are, your ▪ Self is composed of matter and form nature, values, principles, and purpose o Matter continuous process of then your life is not worth it. completion through experience. ▪ Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul o Matter represents the body. It is o These 2 are two distinct topics. continuously developing and o Soul represents the spiritual growing. world. This world does not die. It o Form represents the soul. It is is perfect, unchanging, and internal who strives for wisdom. internal. Our soul strives for ▪ The process of completion is through wisdom and perfection. experience. o Body represents the physical world. This world is imperfect and ▪ Aristotle is realistic. changing constantly. ▪ He thinks opposite with Plato. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn Epicureanism The school of Athens ▪ Moderate pleasure ▪ Being content with the simple things in ▪ Plato’s hand is pointing upwards life ensures that you will never be symbolizing him being idealist. disappointed. Epicureanism is the reality. ▪ Aristotle is pointing downwards or forward because he is a realist. Is the self-related to a supreme being or God? ▪ Plato said that you don’t need experience Who am I in relation to a supreme being or you just need recollection. God? ▪ Aristotle said that you need to gain experiences to be perfect. Medieval Philosophy 500 AD – 1350 AD ▪ Philosophy and religion combined. The Post-Aristotelians ▪ In the first place, magkaaway ang philosophy and religion. Stoicism ▪ It is because of the people’s question (philosophizing). ▪ They questioned the existence of God. ▪ Apathy or indifference to pleasure. ▪ Faith cannot be tested and put into o They see pleasure as bad. hypothesis to prove that God exist, and o Especially the materialistic faith exist. pleasure. ▪ Embracing Adversity. Philosophers cannot accept this fact because o or hardships of lack of material evidence. ▪ It’s a philosophy designed to make us more resilient, happier, more virtuous, Theo-centric and more wise-and as a result, better people, better parents, and better ▪ From the scientific investigation on nature professionals. and search for happiness to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in a Hedonism better world (afterlife) ▪ There was an aim to merge philosophy ▪ “Eat, drink, and be happy. and religion (Christian, Jewish, Muslim) For tomorrow, you will die” ▪ Theo-centric (God centred) ▪ Pleasure is the best good. ▪ They believe that pleasure is the only Saint Augustine good in life, and pain is the only evil, and our life’s goal should be to maximize ▪ Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets pleasure and minimize pain. of Christianity ▪ The self-strive to achieve union with God ▪ Stoicism and Hedonism fight and is through faith and reason. opposite with each other. o Faith represents religion ▪ Epicureanism is in between the Stoicism o Reason represents philosophy and Hedonism. ▪ Saint Augustine is idealistic and depends on Plato. ▪ He was one of the 4 Great Fathers of Western Christianity for his writing in the PATRISTILERA. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn Saint Thomas Aquinas ▪ Period of radical, social, political, and intellectual developments. ▪ Self-knowledge is dependent on our Rene Descartes – “The self is a thinking thing, experience of the world around us distinct from the body” (objects in our environment) ▪ The labels we attribute to ourselves are - Socrates, dualistic reality. Body and taken from the things we encounter in our Soul. environment David Hume – “There is no “self” only a ▪ “The things that we love tell us what we bundle of constantly changing perceptions are” passing through the theatre of our minds” o The things we love only tell us a portion of ourselves. - Who am I? - This question has different answers in If St. Thomas tells us that our knowledge is different points in life. However, all based on our encounter of things, these perceptions are valid and if you Does this mean that we get to know collect it and put it on a bundle, it will everything simply by experiencing it? represent your whole self. - Life is constantly changing. o Wala tayong nalalaman nang hindi pumasok sa 5 senses natin. Gilbert Ryle – The self is the way people o Processed by our internal senses. behave. Saint Thomas Aquinas - He is a behaviourist. - We are judged based on our actions. ▪ Experiencing that something exists does not tell us what it is. ▪ Knowing and learning about a thing John Locke – Personal identity is made requires a long process of understanding; possible by self-consciousness (self-awareness same with the mind and the self – with or self-mindfulness. experience and reason. - You must be self-aware first before o A lifetime is not enough to know knowing yourself. oneself. Immanuel Kant – The self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness that Modern Philosophy 14 th – early 20th makes intelligible experience possible. century Anthropocentric - Our consciousness is trying to organize all of our emotions, thoughts, experiences, spiritual, to ▪ Man centred know who we are. ▪ Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ - Organizes every piece of a puzzle to (medieval thinkers) excessive reliance on make a whole picture of who you are. authority. o Because of too many beliefs. Paul & Patricia Churchland – The self is the o There are some people who brain. Mental states will be superseded by follow traditions or practices in brain states. the religion does not know what - Brain is the organ. the inner meaning of it is. - Mind is our consciousness. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn Describe what happens to you when you fall in love. (physically, emotionally, mentally) Contemporary philosophy late 19th century 2. Sociology The self as a product of modern society among Embodied Subjectivity: other constructions. - Both Husserl and Merleau-Ponty sociological The self in the agree that our living body is a natural perspective synthesis of mind and biology. Classical sociological perspective: the Edmund Husserl – We experience our self is relatively stable set of perceptions of self as a unity which the in mental and who we are in relation to ourselves, other, physical are seamlessly woven together. and to social systems. ▪ Phenomenological approach: The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through - Describe the phenomena of the lived interaction with other people. experience (reducing biases) by ▪ As with socialization in general, the describing what your immediate individual is not a passive participant in responses are – physically, this process and have a powerful emotionally, cognitively. influence over how this process and its o Falling in love is unique to consequences develop. your own experience. o We are active participants. ▪ Passive participants – You don’t have a Maurice Merleau-Ponty – say, you just go with the follow. You follow The self-embodied subjectivity. what you are asked to do without saying any feedback. Which among these philosophies can you ▪ Active participants – You have a final say. relate with? How do they affect the way you Before you do what you are asked to do, see yourself? you questioned it, and has a say about it especially if it is something bad. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn Looking Glass Self Symbolic Interactionism (Charles Horton Cooley) (George Herbert Mead) ▪ Symbolic Interactionism – The self is created and developed through human interaction. ▪ “I and the Me” self Two aspects of self-awareness: ▪ The “me” is the socialized aspect of the person. ▪ The “I” is the active aspect of the person. ▪ A person’s self grows out of a person’s social interactions with others. ▪ The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us. ▪ Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we believe others see us. Johari Window (Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham) ▪ Technique used to enhance the individual’s perception on self and others. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn 3.1 Psychology 1st subtopic: THE SELF BASED ON PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH ▪ Sigmund Freud (The father if Psychoanalysis) ▪ The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered: o Conscious – refers to those ID (Biological Self) thoughts and feelings that we Pleasure Principle are aware of. ▪ Natural part of the self o Preconscious – experiences ▪ Animalistic nature of man that are unconscious but could ▪ Pleasure seeking part of the personality become conscious with little ▪ Determined by the genetic code effort. (naalala with efforts) ▪ Providing the raw materials o Unconscious – contains all ▪ Setting the boundary conditions for drives, urges or instincts that development are beyond our awareness but ▪ The id represents the basic need of man. motivate our feelings, thoughts, and behaviour. o If it is not satisfied, it could result to stress and tension. If the id is angered or provoked, it could destroy not only himself but also his surroundings. o If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy. If the id is properly controlled, it could bring warmth and comfort. SUPEREGO (Social Self) Idealistic Principle ▪ The superego incorporates the values and ▪ What we see is just the tip of the morals of society which are learned from iceberg. Conscious. one's parents and others EGO (Psychological Self) Reality Principle ▪ The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfil the reality principle. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn - Fetal position - Baby talking to pets Projection – Attributing the unwanted impulse to another person. - Sinisisi mo cheating sa kanya kasi nagalingan ka niya, pero ikaw talaga nag cheat. ▪ The ego constantly tries to reconcile the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of 3.2 Psychology 2nd subtopic: the world THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION Imaginary Audience ▪ Adolescents are thought to believe that When the scale is out of balance, it is the others are always watching and evaluating responsibility of the EGO to mediate the them, and that they are special and conflict between the ID and SUPEREGO unique. ▪ Weak ego will lead to ANXIETY ▪ Too much positive effect- superiority ▪ To protect the ego from anxiety, we use complex DEFENSE MECHANISMS ▪ Too much negative effect- Inferiority o Defense mechanisms are done complex unconsciously. Ego defense Mechanisms Sublimation – suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it with a creative Self-Concept cultural accomplishment. - Naglilinis ng kwarto - Nagiging productive kapag stressed Mental representation Displacement – Redirecting unacceptable ▪ What we look like urges to less threatening people or objects. ▪ How we feel in different types of situation - Nagagalit sa mga maliliit na kapatid. ▪ How we behave towards others - Sumisigaw sa unan ▪ What do we do at work - Sinusuntok pader ▪ What are the roles we have in the family or society Repression – When the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or block unpleasant feelings. - Tinatapon gamit ng ex. Regression – The ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety. UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn be in a state of congruence. ▪ We have anxiety and depression or conflicts in terms of our mind because of big incongruence between real and ideal self. ▪ We need to work hard to decrease the incongruence between real and ideal ▪ The self-concept is a knowledge self. representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our Self as defined by Social Comparison (Leon Festinger) personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as TEMPORAL COMPARISON individuals (Harter, 1999). ▪ Considering your present condition in Self Esteem relation to how you were in the past ▪ You are comparing yourself to your past ▪ Used to describe a person's overall sense self. of self-worth or personal value SOCIAL COMPARISON ▪ In other words, it refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself ▪ Evaluating yourself in comparison to ▪ Self-esteem is often seen as a personality others – using others as a basis for trait, which means that it tends to be evaluating your attributes stable and enduring ▪ You are comparing yourself to other ▪ Note: Confidence is a result of a good people. self-esteem. How does the social comparison Real and Ideal Self process work? (Carl Rogers) 1Depending on the level of someone’s motivation, he/she may have the tendency to ▪ A person's ideal self may not be compare himself/herself with others either in consistent with what actually happens an UPWARD or DOWNWARD kind of in life and experiences of the person comparison ▪ Hence, a difference may exist between a person's ideal self and Two Modes of Social Comparison actual experience ▪ Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn 1. Upward social comparison ▪ Example: A low performing student ▪ When we compare ourselves with those comparing himself/herself with a worse who we believe are better than us off student ▪ Often focus on the desire to improve our ▪ Nag compare ng quiz score kasi bagsak, current level of ability tapos may mas bagsak sayo so oks ka na. ▪ A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward comparisons, and 2. Active downward comparison usually assume himself/herself as better ▪ Happens when a person compares or equal to the “best person” himself/herself with others by demeaning ▪ Studies have shown that if given a chance, or causing harm to them people choose to make upward ▪ By derogating the target or causing harm comparisons instead of downward ones to him/her, this person generates a ▪ You are comparing yourself to other situation in which the target is worse off people that is better than you. than him/her, therefore giving him/her the chance to make a downward comparison. 2. Downward social comparison ▪ When we compare themselves to others ▪ In a party, may same dress sa’yo nagalit ka tapos papaalisin mo siya. who are worse off than ourselves ▪ Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities Self-Evaluation & ▪ A person who is unhappy or is Self-Enhancement unmotivated usually engages in this to feel better about himself/herself ▪ Motivation plays a role in this model and ▪ You compare yourself to someone who is is manifested by self-evaluation and lower than you. self-enhancement 1. Self-evaluation occurs when someone looks ▪ Note: upward and downward goal is to for positive traits in himself/herself based on feel good. the best person he/she compares himself/herself with 2. Self-enhancement, on the other hand, occurs when the person questions which Two Modes of Downward aspects of himself/herself need to be Social Comparison improved to reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with 1. Passive downward comparison ▪ Happens when a person takes into Reference Group consideration the previous condition in ▪ A group to which an individual or another making comparison group is compared ▪ According to sociologists, a reference group is any group that individuals use as UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn a standard for evaluating themselves and ▪ identity shared with others and their own behavior. derived from a culture instead of a ▪ Tell me who your friends are and I’ll tell “self” you who you are. Individualism-Collectivism ▪ Birds with the same feather flock Model Markus & Kitayama (1991) together. Individualism The Creation of Identities ▪ A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of ▪ One’s identity must balance the need to the universe and the society. be similar to one’s reference group with Collectivism the need to be a unique individual Children become aware of the need ▪ A human being is an integral part of for a group identity and are often the universe and the society afraid or acting differently ▪ People are fundamentally connected Teens often seem torn between the ▪ Duty towards all others is a very need to assert their own individual important matter identity and the need to conform to ▪ Social individuals their reference group ▪ Issubo mo na lang ibibigay mo pa New identities are forged in relation to work, parenthood, economic ▪ Kaya sa ASIA kahit matanda na, nasa status, and ageing bahay pa ng magulang. 4.ANTHROPOLOGY The self and person in contemporary anthropology Traits of Individualistic Cultures & the self being embedded in culture ▪ Self-sufficiency ▪ Uniqueness Western Self vs. non-western ▪ Independence Self ▪ Autonomy Wolter (2013) Western Self (USA) ▪ autonomous and egocentric (self-centered) Non-western/Eastern self (ASIAN) Traits of Collectivistic Culture UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn ▪ Social rules focus on promoting - People who are dying selflessness 4 noble truth ▪ Working as a group ▪ Doing what’s best for society - The truth of suffering ▪ Families and communities have a - Truth of cause of suffering - Truth of end of suffering central role - The truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. Hinduism (Fusion of various Indian cultures and traditions) Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or good actions that the individual performed in a previous life determines his or her caste. Originated in India. Buddhism and Hinduism are similar. Taoism (Lao-Tzu) Self does not exist without the existence of the other. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of otherness. 5. ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT Confucianism (Confucius) The self as embedded in relationships and Filial piety is a foundational concept in the through spiritual development in Confucian thought of Confucius. It teaches how one thought should properly act according to their relationship with other people; focused on Asian Schools of Thought having a harmonious social life. Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama) The self is the source of all sufferings. It is our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self in order to attain the state of Nirvana. Originated in India. 4 signs of life - People getting sick - People who are hermits (ermetanyo) - People who are poor UND_SELF Unit 1: The self from various perspective Khlyn “If you do not conquer self, you will be conquered by self” – napoleon hill To be good to parents Take care of parents To engage in good conduct To ensure male heirs Theft display sorrow when parents Is dying To bury parents and carry out sacrifices Remember: saint Thomas – there is nothing in our knowledge that does not pass through our five senses.