Biomechanics Unit 1 & 2 (PDF)

UNIT 1 & 2 − Biomechanics 4th ed. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World-powerlifting-championship-calgary-2020-tony-reinmuth-squat-01.jpg ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES  UNIT 1 & 2 − Biomechanics 4th ed. COPYRIGHT © PE Studies Resources 2022. A...

UNIT 1 & 2 − Biomechanics 4th ed. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World-powerlifting-championship-calgary-2020-tony-reinmuth-squat-01.jpg ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES  UNIT 1 & 2 − Biomechanics 4th ed. COPYRIGHT © PE Studies Resources 2022. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means whatsoever without the prior permission of PE Studies Resources. DISCLAIMER This product has been developed to assist teachers in the delivery of the Unit 1 & 2 WACE Physical Education Studies course. It represents the author’s interpretation and approach and is not endorsed by any governing body. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this PowerPoint. PE Studies Resources cannot take responsibility for any claim, loss, damage or liability arising from the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this resource. ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 2  CONTENTS Introduction to Biomechanics Types of Motion Linear Rectilinear Curvilinear Angular General Linear Kinematics Distance and displacement Speed Velocity Acceleration Angular Kinematics Distance and displacement Speed and velocity Newton’s Laws First Second Third ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES  CONTENTS Levers First class Second class Third class Projectile Motion Angle of release Height of release Speed of release Balance Static and Dynamic balance Centre of Gravity Line of gravity Base of support References ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES  INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS What is Biomechanics? The study of motion and the effects of forces relative to the body Applies the laws of mechanics and physics to human performance Contributes to the improvement in mechanical aspects of sports performance https://vimeo.com/153596056 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 5 Home  INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS Benefits of Biomechanics Technique efficiency Injury reduction through an understanding of injury causes and the application of the correct technique Modification of sports equipment to improve sports performance at all levels E.g. Junior size equipment made lighter and easier to use E.g. Technological advancements in cricket bats, golf equipment, tennis racquets etc., to improve power and accuracy Technological development of equipment and computer technology to assist in the transition from the practice field to the playing field E.g. Bowling machine in cricket E.g. Video software https://www.flickr.com/photos/14666127@N06/2418995400 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 6 Home  TYPES OF MOTION Definition of the following terms: linear motion angular motion general motion School Curriculum and Standards Authority. Physical Education Studies ATAR Year 11 Syllabus, 2023. http://www.bloomergirlsblog.com/?p=676 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 7 Home  TYPES OF MOTION Motion ⎯ movement occurs when an object has changed position in space and in time due to the application of forces A force must be applied to an object for a motion to occur. This force can either be an; 1.Internal Force Structures of the body that interact to produce movement E.g. Action of muscles and tendons that act together to produce forces that cause movement 2.External Force A result of the interaction between the body and the environment. These can include contact forces and non-contact forces. Gravity Friction Air resistance Water resistance ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 8 Home  TYPES OF MOTION General Motion Linear motion Angular motion Projectile motion Rectilinear Curvilinear ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 9 Home  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ LINEAR MOTION motio n L ine ar Where movement is along a straight or curved line, there is no rotation, and all body parts move in the same direction at the same speed Also referred to as TRANSLATION ⎯ When a body experiences translation, it moves as a unit, and portions of the body do not move relative to each other E.g. An ice skater gliding after they completed a movement or a cyclist who stops pedalling (straight line motion) https://pixabay.com/photos/skates-figure-skating-artificial-ice-4199003/ www.flickr.com/photos/xtinamilan/3282943169/ ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 10 Home  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ LINEAR MOTION e ct iline ar motion tion – R Linear mo Movement is linear and occurs through a straight line This is often represented by the body as a whole or a certain point of the body (the head when running) A basketball chest pass or baseball pitch are good examples where the ball’s path is flat and in a straight line Vertical distance (m) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EVD-baloncesto-036.jpg Horizontal distance (m) ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 11 Home  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ LINEAR MOTION ar mot ion r v iline ar mo t ion ⎯ Cu Line Movement is linear, but objects move through a curved trajectory Think about the pathway of a ball during a shot on goal in netball or the flight path of long distance ski jumper The path is more curvilinear as it follows a curved path to reach the target Vertical distance (m) Horizontal distance (m) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SOPA_netball_2009.jpg Home ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 12  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ LINEAR MOTION motion Angular Where all the parts of a body move through a rotational pathway, through the same angle, in the same direction and at the same time. It is the rotary movement about an axis As a result, all body parts do not move through the same distance. E.g. When a gymnasts performs a giant circle on a bar, the entire body rotates, with the axis of rotation passing through the centre of the bar. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2015_European_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_-_Horizontal_bar_-_Pablo_Braegger_08.jpg ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 13 Home  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ ANGULAR MOTION When objects move through an angular pathway, all L2 body parts do not move through the same angular distance, with the most distal point (L2) covering the greatest distance. L1 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 14 Home  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ ANGULAR MOTION In the human body, angular motion can take place around 3 different axes of rotation 1. Medial axis – navel to the lower back (gymnast performing cartwheel) 2. Longitudinal / Sagittal axis – head to toe vertically (ice skater spinning) 3. Horizontal axis – hip to hip (diver performing forward somersault) Medial axis Longitudinal / sagittal axis Horizontal axis ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 15 Home  TYPES OF MOTION ⎯ GENERAL MOTION motio n ne ral Ge Combination of linear and angular motion Human movement usually consists of general motion rather than linear or angular motion. This is a result of the angular rotation of several body segments combining to produce linear motion of the body E.g. a cyclist may move in a straight line as a result of the rotation of the legs about the hip joint https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:33_ACPS_Atlanta_1996_Swimming_Jeff_Hardy.jpg www.flickr.com/photos/puliarfanita/3296070443/ ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 16 Home  DESCRIBING AND MEASURING TYPES OF MOTION Application of linear motion to sport in relation to: speed velocity acceleration School Curriculum and Standards Authority. Physical Education Studies ATAR Year 11 Syllabus, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lawn.bowls.mainpic1.jpg ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 17 Home  DESCRIBING AND MEASURING TYPES OF MOTION LINEAR ANGULAR Distance Angular distance Displacement Angular displacement Velocity Angular velocity Acceleration Angular acceleration ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 18 Home  DESCRIBING AND MEASURING TYPES OF MOTION LINEAR MOTION ANGULAR MOTION Distance: path of body as moves from one Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude and location to another direction Angular distance: the exact length of an angular Displacement: how far you finish from start path point in set direction Angular displacement: the angle between the initial and final position of the body Distance Speed = time Angular distance Angular Speed = time Displacement Angular displacement Velocity = Angular Velocity = time time !"#$% '(%)*"+,-"#"+"$% '(%)*"+, Angular Acceleration = Acceleration =."/( !"#$% $#'(%$) *+%,-"./0"#"."$% $#'(%$) *+%,-"./ 1"2+ ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 19 Home  LINEAR MOTION – DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT Distance Refers to how far you have travelled from your start to finish position, regardless of direction Measured in terms of total distance covered (42km – as per diagram) Displacement Measures the overall change in position of a person and is measured in magnitude and direction (e.g. 1km west) west – as per diagram) 6km Distance 1km 3km 5km Start Finish 5km 8km Displacement Runner 15km ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 20 Home  LINEAR MOTION – DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT Distance Distance vs Displacement of a soccer player Displacement Start Finish ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 21 Home  LINEAR MOTION – DISTANCE VS DISPLACEMENT Distance vs Displacement of a 400m runner Finish line Start and Displacement = 0m Distance = 400m ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 22 Home  LINEAR MOTION ⎯ SPEED Speed Measure of the distance an object travels per unit of time Representative of how quickly you cover a given distance Calculated by dividing distance travelled by the time taken Average Speed – total distance covered divided by the elapsed _me to cover that distance 34567 89:56;= Instantaneous Speed – speed at a given point in time ?9:56;= ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 23 Home  LINEAR MOTION ⎯ SPEED Below is the split times for Usain Bolt’s final at the Beijing Olympics. It represents the time taken to travel each 10m segment of the race Segment (m) Time (sec) 0-10 1.85 10-20 1.02 20-30 0.91 30-40 0.87 40-50 0.85 50-60 0.82 60-70 0.82 70-80 0.82 80-90 0.83 90-100 0.90 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 24 Home  Time for Usain Bolt to complete each 10m segment 2 1.8 1.6 The first 10m takes over twice as long to complete as 1.4 the 50-60m segment. This is due to reaction time and the time taken to reach maximum speed 1.2 TIME (SEC) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES SEGMENT (M) 25 Home  USAIN BOLT SPEED/VELOCITY 2008 BEIJING OLYMPICS 14 12.2 12.2 12.2 12 11.8 12 11.5 11 11 9.8 10 Velocity/speed (m/s) 8 Bolt reached a maximum speed/velocity of 12.2m/s at 6 the 60m mark of the race. He 5.4 was accelerating up until this point. 4 2 0 10m 20m 30m 40m 50m 60m 70m 80m 90m 100m ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES Distance/Displacement (m) 26  LINEAR MOTION ⎯ SPEED Types of speed If we assess the data of Usain Bolt’s 100m world record from the Beijing Olympics, ran in 9.69sec, we can calculate the following; Average speed for this Segment (m) Time (sec) interval (m/s) 0-10 1.85 5.41 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 10-20 1.02 9.80 100𝑚 20-30 0.91 10.99 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 9.69𝑠𝑒𝑐 30-40 0.87 11.49 Average speed = 10.31m/s 40-50 0.85 11.76 50-60 0.82 12.20 60-70 0.82 12.20 Maximum speed 70-80 0.82 12.20 80-90 0.83 12.05 90-100 0.90 11.11 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 27 Home  LINEAR MOTION ⎯ SPEED It is essential to determine the different types of speed as they collectively provide critical information relating to other aspects of the event. i.e. Average speed for the entire race does not tell us what went on during the race itself It does not tell us the maximum speed reached by the racer It does not indicate when the racer was speeding up or slowing down. https://www.flickr.com/photos/34128229@N06/3267659779 ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 28 Home  LINEAR MOTION ⎯ VELOCITY Velocity Speed in a given direction Calculated by dividing displacement travelled by the time taken A change in velocity could be representative of a change in speed, change in direction, or both. Average Velocity – total displacement covered divided by the elapsed _me to cover that displacement 34567 89:V76=;5 = 34567 59>= Instantaneous velocity – velocity at a given point in time ?9:V76=;5 = 39>= Speed and velocity are equal if movement occurs in a straight line and in the same direction ©PE STUDIES RESOURCES 29 Home  LINEAR MOTION ⎯ ACCELERATION Acceleration The rate at which the velocity of a body changes with respect to time. Positive acceleration: Velocity is increasing Negative acceleration (retardation): Velocity is decreasing Zero acceleration: No change in velocity WX6;Y= 9; Z=74